Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo nā makika nā mea lawe mua o nā maʻi, e hoʻopili ana ma mua o 400 miliona mau kānaka a e make ana ma kahi o 40,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou ua hoʻomohala kekahi ʻano makika, ʻo Aedes aegypti, ka mea e hoʻoili i nā maʻi like ʻole e like me ke kuni dengue, ka maʻi Zika, a me ke kuni melemele, i ke kūʻē ʻana i kekahi o nā insecticides i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka honua no ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi. Ua ʻike pū nā mea noiʻi i ka ikaika hoʻokele ma hope o kēia kūʻē ʻana: kahi protein e hana hou ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i kamea pepehi lāʻau makeUa ʻōlelo ka hui ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano pale kūloko o nā makika ma mua o ko lākou hoʻomohala piha ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana he mea nui ia i ke kāohi ʻana i ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hilinaʻi nā papahana olakino lehulehu i nā pesticides kemika e kāohi i nā makika, ʻo ia paha kekahi kumu e lilo nei i mea paʻakikī ke kāohi ʻana i nā makika. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hiki i nā pesticides ke hana i nā hoʻololi biochemical a me genetic i loko o nā makika, e hāʻawi ana i kekahi mau heluna makika i kahi pono ola.
Ma kahi noiʻi hou i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai ʻo Frontiers in Tropical Diseases, ua nānā nā kānaka noiʻi mai India i nā ʻano hana o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka α-cypermethrin, kahi insecticide i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā vector maʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Ua ʻike mākou ua hiki aku ka nui o ka make ma ka heluna makika Aedes aegypti ma India i 97.91% ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana i ka nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻōlelo ʻia ocypermethrin."Hōʻike kēia e ulu ana paha kēia mau makika i ke kū'ē ʻana i kēia lāʻau pepehi kanaka," wahi a Kauka Rohit Lakhwani, ka mea kākau mua o ke aʻo ʻana a he hoa noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Delhi.
"He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana olaola o ke ola ʻana o nā makika i nā wā mua o ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke pepeke," i hoʻohui ʻia e Kauka Salita Kumar, ka mea kākau alakaʻi o ke aʻo ʻana a he polopeka ma ka 'Oihana Zoology ma ke Kulanui ʻo Delhi.
Loaʻa i nā pepeke nā enzymes detoxifying—nā protein a lākou e hana maoli ai e pale iā lākou iho mai nā mea ʻawahia—e hoʻomaka pinepine ana e hana i loko o kekahi mau hola o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana.
"Ke komo ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka i loko o ke kino o ka makika, hoʻāla ia i ka ʻōnaehana hōʻailona kelepona. Hoʻoulu kēia i kahi moʻo o nā hopena i loko o nā pūnaewele o ka pepeke a hoʻolalelale i ka hana ʻana o nā protein pale," wahi a Kumar.
Hoʻopaʻa ka enzyme detoxifying i ka mole pesticide, e uhaki ana i ka pilina molekala a waiho ana i nā hui ʻino ʻole e maʻalahi ke hoʻopau ʻia mai ke kino.
Ua koho ke kime noiʻi i ʻelima mau enzyme detoxification i ʻike mua ʻia he mau ʻano hana detoxification koʻikoʻi. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka bioassay o ka World Health Organization (e hōʻike ana i nā makika ola i nā nui o nā pesticides e pili ana i ka diagnostics), molecular docking (kahi ʻano loiloi kōkua kamepiula i hoʻohana ʻia e wānana i ka pilina paʻa o nā pesticides i nā enzymes detoxification), a me ka loiloi biochemical e ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa ma nā pae o nā enzymes detoxification like ʻole ma waena o nā heluna makika.
Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo nā β-esterases—nā enzymes e wāwahi pono i kekahi mau hui i loaʻa pinepine i nā insecticides e like me α-cypermethrin—ua pane ikaika loa i nā insecticides. Ua piʻi aʻe kā lākou hana ma mua o 21-fold ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka insecticide, a ua hoʻopaʻa paʻa loa lākou i nā mole insecticide. Hōʻike kēia ʻo kēia enzyme ke ʻano mua e pale aku ai nā makika iā lākou iho mai ka α-cypermethrin.
Ua hāʻawi nui nā enzyme ʻē aʻe i komo i ke aʻo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana detoxification. He enzyme pluripotent ʻo CYP450 i hiki ke pane i nā ʻano kemika haole like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo GST ke kuleana no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā molekala pale i nā hui ʻawahia; ua helu ʻia ko lākou reactivity ma ka lua a me ke kolu, kēlā me kēia.
"ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā makika, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonui nui i ka hana ʻana o kahi enzyme kūpono loa. Hōʻike nā enzyme ʻē aʻe i ka hana ākea e kūʻē i nā mea ʻawahia like ʻole, akā ʻaʻole paha ʻo ia ke koho maikaʻi loa no kēia insecticide kikoʻī," wahi a Kumar.
Ua kaupalena ʻia ka pono o nā enzyme detoxifying i ka hakakā ʻana i nā molekala pesticide, ʻo ia ka mea e wehewehe ai i ka pane nāwaliwali o kekahi o lākou.
ʻOiai ua hōʻike kēia mau makika i nā hōʻailona mua o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka cypermethrin, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻomohala i ke kūʻē mau. Ua ʻōlelo ka hui noiʻi he hōʻailona hopohopo kēia. ʻO ka mea nui ka hiki ke kūʻē i waena o nā makika a me nā insecticides me nā ʻano hana like.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kumar, "No ka mea, ulu ka pale ʻana ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke wānana i ka wā e laha ai ke pale ʻana a hiki i kahi e lilo ai ka α-cypermethrin i mea ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia ke pale biochemical inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana hou ʻia kahi insecticide kikoʻī."
Hiki i nā heluna makika ke hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticide ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide ma kahi ʻāina i hāʻawi ʻia, nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni, a me nā ana kaohi vector kūloko. No laila, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā makika ma kekahi mau ʻāina i ka lambda-cyhalothrin ma mua o ko India.
Aia kekahi mau ala e lanakila ai i nā hopena o nā enzyme detoxifying, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa e ālai i ka ʻōnaehana pale. Hiki i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā insecticides ke kaupalena i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē, e pale ana iā ia mai ka hana ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā wahi hoʻoulu makika a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kaohi olaola e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o nā insecticides e kū nei a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hopena kaohi lōʻihi.
Ua ʻōlelo ka hui noiʻi e pili wale ana kā lākou mau ʻike i nā heluna kanaka o nā makika Aedes aegypti i hānai ʻia ma ka hale hana i kahi manawa kikoʻī, a hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā pae kūʻē i nā heluna kanaka ʻē aʻe, nā ʻāpana, a i ʻole nā wahi kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike mau ka haʻawina i ka β-esterase ʻo ia ka enzyme koʻikoʻi i komo i ka detoxification o α-cypermethrin.
Ua hoʻopau ʻo Kumar: "ʻO ka waiwai o kā mākou noiʻi ʻaʻole wale ia e hōʻike ana i ke kūʻē ʻana, akā, i ke kōkua ʻana hoʻi i ka wehewehe ʻana pehea e kū mai ai ke kūʻē ma ka pae molekala. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole i laha nui kēia kūʻē. ʻAe kēia i nā keʻena olakino e hoʻokō i nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele kūʻē ma mua o ka lilo ʻole ʻana o nā pesticides i mea ʻole loa."
Kulekele Paʻi Hou: ʻO ke komo ākea i nā hopena noiʻi a me kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana kekahi o nā misionari o ka puke pai Frontiers. Inā ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia, hiki iā ʻoe ke paʻi hou i nā ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele nūhou Frontiers, akā pono ʻoe e hāʻawi i kahi loulou i ka noiʻi mua. Kapu ke kūʻai aku i kēia mau ʻatikala.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Aug-18-2026
