Ke kū nei ka makika Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus darlingi), ka mea hoʻoili malaria, i nā lāʻau pepehi pepeke.

Wahi a ka World Health Organization's World Malaria Report 2025, ua piʻi aʻe nā hihia malaria ma ʻAmelika ma 15.7% ma waena o 2015 a me 2024.
He maʻi koko ka Malaria i laha ʻia e nā makika e lawe ana i ka parasite Plasmodium. ʻOiai nā hana kaohi makika, ke laha mau nei ka malaria ma nā ʻāpana o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻAsia, a me ʻApelika. Ma kahi pepa Malaki ma Science, ua nānā ʻo Jacob Tennison a me nā hoa hana i ka genomics heluna kanaka o Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi, ka mea lawe malaria mua ma ʻAmelika Hema. Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi e ulu nei ka pale ʻana o Anopheles darlingi i nā insecticides.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Tennessen a me kāna mau hoa hana i nā genomes o 1,094 mau makika mai nā ʻāina ʻeono (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, a me Venezuela). Ua ʻike lākou i nā ʻano loli genetic e hana hou ʻia ana i nā heluna kanaka e pili ana, ʻoiai i loko o kahi puka makani 150-kb e hoʻopuni ana i ʻeono mau genes e hoʻopili ana i ka cytochrome P450. Pili nā mutations i loko o nā genes P450 me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticides pyrethroid, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma Anopheles funestus a me Anopheles gambiae ma sub-Saharan Africa.
E ʻike i ka mōakāka maikaʻi ʻole ma o kahi kahua hoʻokahi e hoʻohui pū ana i ka ʻikepili kū hoʻokahi, ka naʻauao hana, a me ka ʻike loea.
Ua ʻike hou aku nā mea kākau i kēia mutation koho nui ʻia he polymorphism i loko o ka gene CYP6AA1, kahi e hoʻopili ai kekahi allele i ka threonine ma ke kūlana 283, a ʻo kekahi e hoʻopili ana i ka lysine. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana inā hāʻawi kēia polymorphism i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide i loko o nā makika, ua hopu nā kānaka noiʻi i 16 mau Anopheles darlingi hihiu a mālama iā lākou me deltamethrin. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua ola nā makika e lawe ana i ka threonine-lysine polymorphism ma mua o ka poʻe homozygous no ka threonine a i ʻole homozygous no ka lysine. No laila, ke koho ʻia nei ka heluna kanaka Anopheles darlingi no nā mutations e hoʻoikaika i kona kūʻē ʻana i ka deltamethrin.
Wahi a ka "World Malaria Report 2025" a ka World Health Organization (WHO), ua piʻi aʻe nā hihia malaria ma ʻAmelika ma 15.7% ma waena o 2015 a me 2024, me Venezuela, Brazil, a me Colombia e helu ana no 75% o kēia mau hihia. Ua wānana nā epidemiologists ma GlobalData ma ka makahiki 2026, e loaʻa iā Brazil ma mua o 160,000 mau hihia i hōʻoia ʻia o ka malaria a ʻoi aku ma mua o 1.6 miliona mau hihia hou.
ʻO ke kī i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka malaria aia i ka kaohi ʻana i nā vector. Ua hoʻomohala nā makika o ka genus Anopheles africanus i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticides pyrethroid, a me he mea lā e ulu kūʻokoʻa ana kēia kūʻē ʻana i loko o nā makika o ka genus Anopheles dulcis. I ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kaomi evolutionary i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā makika, e lilo ana ka kaohi ʻana i ka heluna makika i mea paʻakikī, a e lilo ana ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka malaria i mea paʻakikī. No laila, pono e hāʻawi ʻia ka mea nui i nā ʻano hana kaohi vector a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
E ʻike i ka mōakāka maikaʻi ʻole ma o kahi kahua hoʻokahi e hoʻohui pū ana i ka ʻikepili kū hoʻokahi, ka naʻauao hana, a me ka ʻike loea.
E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i kā mākou Kulekele pilikino no ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i kā mākou lawelawe, me ke ʻano o kā mākou hoʻohana ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ke kaʻana like ʻana i kāu ʻikepili pilikino, kou mau kuleana e pili ana i kāu ʻikepili pilikino, a pehea e kāpae ai i ke kau inoa ʻana mai nā kamaʻilio kūʻai aku e hiki mai ana. Kuhi ʻia kā mākou lawelawe i nā mea hoʻohana ʻoihana, a ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo nei ʻoe ʻo ka leka uila āu e hāʻawi ai ʻo ia kāu leka uila ʻoihana.