ʻO ke kaua ʻana i nā maʻi lele he heihei kūʻē i ka ulu ʻana. Hoʻomohala nā bacteria i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā antibiotics, a ulu mau nā virus e pālahalaha wikiwiki. ʻO nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā pepeke ke kūʻē i kahi kahua kaua ulu ʻē aʻe: ke ulu nei nā pepeke i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā mea make a ke kanaka e hoʻohana ai e pepehi iā lākou.
ʻOi aku ka nui, pepehi ka maʻi malaria i lawe ʻia e nā makika ma mua o 600,000 mau kānaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Mai ke Kaua Honua II,nā mea pepehi pepeke—ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kaua kemika i hana ʻia e pepehi i nā makika Anopheles i loaʻa i ka parasite malaria—e hakakā i ka malaria.
Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomohala koke nā makika i nā hoʻolālā e hana ai i kēia mau meaʻaʻole pono nā mea pepehi insecticide, e hōʻike ana i nā miliona o ka poʻe i ka nui o ka pilikia o nā maʻi make. ʻO kaʻu noiʻi i paʻi ʻia nei, i mālama ʻia me nā hoa hana, e wehewehe ana i ke kumu.
Ma ke ʻano he loea i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻano, ke aʻo nei au i ke koho kūlohelohe—ke kumu o ka hoʻomohala adaptive. ʻO nā ʻano loli genetic e pono loa no ke ola e pani i nā mea maikaʻi ʻole, e alakaʻi ana i nā loli i nā ʻano. He mea kupaianaha maoli nā hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka makika Anopheles.
I ka waena o nā makahiki 1990, ua maʻalahi ka hapa nui o nā makika Anopheles ma ʻApelika i nā lāʻau pepehi kanaka pyrethroid, i loaʻa mua mai nā chrysanthemums. Ua hilinaʻi nui ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika ma luna o ʻelua mau ʻano hana pyrethroid: nā ʻupena makika i mālama ʻia me ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka e pale aku i nā makika hiamoe a me nā pīpī lāʻau pepehi kanaka koena ma nā paia hale. ʻO kēia mau ʻano hana ʻelua wale nō paha i pale aku i nā hihia malaria ma mua o 500 miliona ma waena o 2000 a me 2015.
Eia nō naʻe, ke ulu pinepine nei nā makika mai Ghana a i Malawi i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā pesticides ma nā nui he 10 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nui make ma mua. Ma waho aʻe o nā hana e kāohi ai i nā makika Anopheles, hiki i nā hana mahiʻai ke hōʻike hewa i nā makika i nā insecticides pyrethroid, e hoʻonui hou aku i ko lākou kū'ē.
Ma kekahi mau wahi o ʻApelika, ua hoʻomohala nā makika Anopheles i ke kūʻē ʻana i ʻehā mau papa o nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i ka malaria.
Loaʻa pū nā makika Anopheles a me nā parasites malaria ma waho o ʻApelika, kahi i emi iki ai ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticides.
Ma ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ka makika Anopheles darlingi ka mea lawe malaria mua. He ʻokoʻa loa kēia makika mai nā mea lawe malaria ma ʻApelika a no laila paha no kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ia—ʻo Nyssorhynchus. Me nā hoa hana mai ʻewalu mau ʻāina, ua kālailai au i nā genomes o nā makika Anopheles darlingi ma mua o 1,000 e hoʻomaopopo i ko lākou ʻano like ʻole, me nā loli i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hana kanaka i hala koke nei. Ua hōʻiliʻili koʻu mau hoa hana i kēia mau makika mai 16 mau wahi ma kahi ʻāina ākea e moe ana mai ke kahakai ʻAkelanika o Brazil a i ke kahakai Pākīpika o Andes ma Colombia.
Ua ʻike mākou, e like me kona mau hoahānau ʻApelika, hōʻike ʻo *Anopheles darlingi* i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka genetics kiʻekiʻe loa—ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 mau manawa o ke kanaka—e hōʻike ana i kahi heluna nui loa. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻano me ia waihona gene nui e hoʻololi i nā pilikia hou. Ke nui ka heluna kanaka, piʻi ka likelika o ka puka ʻana mai o nā mutations kūpono e hāʻawi ana i kahi pono i makemake ʻia. Ke hoʻomaka kēia mutation e pālahalaha, mahalo i ka pono helu, ʻoiai ka make ʻana o kekahi mau makika, ʻaʻole ia e alakaʻi i kona pau loa.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole i kū ka ʻaeto ʻōhule, kahi ʻōiwi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka DDT a i ka hopena ua kū i ka pau ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana o nā miliona o nā pepeke ma mua o kekahi mau tausani manu. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua ʻike mākou i nā hōʻailona o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā genes e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o nā makika Anopheles darlingi.
Hana nā Pyrethroids a me DDT, ma waena o nā insecticides ʻē aʻe, ma ka pahuhopu molekala like: nā kahawai ion e hiki ke wehe a pani i loko o nā pūnaewele nerve. Ke wehe ʻia kēia mau kahawai, hoʻoulu nā pūnaewele nerve i nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe. Hoʻoikaika nā insecticides i kēia mau kahawai e noho wehe a hoʻomau i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā impulses, e alakaʻi ana i ka maʻi lolo a me ka make ʻana o nā pepeke. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā pepeke ke hoʻomohala i ke kū'ē ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o nā kahawai ponoʻī.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā haʻawina genetic mua e nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, a me kā mākou haʻawina, kēia ʻano kū'ē i loko o Anopheles darlingi. Akā, ua ʻike mākou e ulu ana ke kū'ē ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa: ma o kahi hui o nā genes e hoʻopili ana i nā enzymes e wāwahi i nā pūhui ʻawahia. ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau enzymes, i ʻike ʻia ʻo P450s, ke kuleana pinepine no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kū'ē pesticide i loko o nā makika ʻē aʻe. Mai ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ua loli kūʻokoʻa ka hui like o nā genes P450 ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻehiku mau manawa ma ʻAmelika Hema.
Ma Guiana Farani, ua hōʻike pū kekahi hui o nā genes P450 i kahi ʻano hoʻomohala like, e hōʻoia hou ana i ka pilina pili ma waena o kēia mau enzymes a me ka hoʻololi ʻana. Eia kekahi, i ka wā i waiho ʻia ai nā makika i loko o nā pahu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hōʻike ʻia i nā insecticides pyrethroid, ua pili nā ʻokoʻa o nā genes P450 i waena o nā makika pākahi me ko lākou manawa ola.
Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo nā hoʻolaha hoʻomalu malaria nui e hoʻohana ana i nā pesticides he mau mea sporadic wale nō a ʻaʻole paha ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā makika. Akā, ua hōʻike pololei ʻole ʻia nā makika i nā pesticides mahiʻai. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua ʻike mākou i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o ka ulu ʻana ma nā wahi me ka mahiʻai i hoʻomohala ʻia.
ʻOiai ka hiki ʻana mai o nā lāʻau pale hou a me nā holomua ʻē aʻe i ka kaohi ʻana i ka malaria i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika ke kī nui i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka laha ʻana o ka malaria.
Ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi mau ʻāina i ka ʻenekinia genetic e hakakā i ka malaria. Pili kēia ʻenehana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā heluna makika e hōʻemi i ko lākou helu a i ʻole e hōʻemi i ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ka parasite malaria. ʻOiai ʻo ka hiki ke hoʻololi kupaianaha o nā makika ke lilo i mea paʻakikī, he mea hoʻohiki nā manaʻolana.
Ke hana nei au me kaʻu mau hoa hana e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano hana no ka ʻike ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticide e kū mai ana. He mea nui ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka genome no ka ʻike ʻana i nā pane evolutionary hou a i ʻole i manaʻo ʻole ʻia. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pilikia adaptive ma lalo o ke kaomi koho lōʻihi a ikaika; no laila, ʻo ka hoʻēmi ʻana, ka hoʻololi ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē.
He mea nui ka nānā ʻana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a me nā pane kūpono e hakakā ai i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e ulu nei. ʻAʻole e like me ka ulu ʻana, hiki i nā kānaka ke wānana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ua loaʻa iā Jacob A. Tennessen ke kālā mai nā National Institutes of Health ma o ke Kula Ola Ola ʻo Harvard TH Chan a me ka Broad Institute.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-21-2026
