Lambda-cyhalothrin, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo cyhalothrin a me kungfu cyhalothrin, ua hoʻomohala pono ʻia e ka hui AR Jutsum i ka makahiki 1984. ʻO kāna ʻano hana, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka permeability o ka membrane nerve pepeke, kāohi i ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka axon nerve pepeke, luku i ka hana neuron ma ka launa pū ʻana me ke kahawai ion sodium, hoʻonāukiuki nui i ka pepeke make, maʻi lolo a make, a hiki ke hoʻokuʻi koke i ka pest. Loaʻa iā Lambda-cyhalothrin nā ʻano o ka spectrum insecticidal ākea, hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka lōʻihi o ka hopena, a kūpono no ka kaohi ʻana i nā pest o nā mea kanu e like me ka palaoa, kulina, nā lāʻau hua, ka pulupulu, nā mea kanu cruciferous, a pēlā aku.
1 Kūlana kumu
高效氯氟氰菊酯Inoa Pelekania: Lambda-cyhalothrin; ʻAno molekala: C23H19ClF3NO3; Kiko paila: 187～190℃/0.2 mmHg; Helu CAS: 91465-08-633.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka huahana ma ke Kiʻi 1.
Kiʻi 1 Ke ʻano hana o ka beta-cyhalothrin
2 Nā pahuhopu ʻawahia a me ka kaohi
Loaʻa i ka Beta-cyhalothrin nā hopena pepehi kanaka a me ka make ʻana o ka ʻōpū, a he hopena pale ʻana hoʻi a ʻaʻohe hopena ʻōnaehana. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena kaohi maikaʻi i nā mea ʻino waha e like me ka larvae Lepidoptera a me kekahi mau pepeke Coleoptera, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino waha e omo ana e like me ka pea psyllium. ʻO nā mea kaohi nui o ka beta-cyhalothrin he mau midges, armyworms, corn borers, beet armyworms, heartworms, leaf rollers, armyworms, swallowtail butterflies, fruit armyworms, cotton bollworms, red bollworms, cabbage anuhe, etc. I nā mea kanu mauʻu, mauʻu a me nā mahina maloʻo, hiki iā ia ke pale a kaohi i ka grass borer, etc. Hoʻohana i nā kau ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua: Kina, ʻo ia hoʻi mai Malaki a ʻAukake; ʻAmelika Hema/ʻĀkau, mai Malaki a Mei a Kepakemapa a Dekemaba; ʻAsia Hikina Hema, mai Dekemaba a Mei; ʻEulopa, mai Malaki a Mei a Kepakemapa a Dekemaba mahina.
3 Ke kaʻina hana synthesis a me nā mea waena nui
(1) Hana ʻia o ka trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid chloride
Hoʻopili ka waikawa Trifluorochlorochrysanthemum (ʻakika Kung fu) me ka thionyl chloride, desolubilizes a hoʻoponopono ʻia e loaʻa ai ka trifluorochlorochrysanthemic acid chloride.
(2) Hana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻaila maka chlorofluorocyanide
Ua hoʻohuihui ʻia ʻo Chlorofluroyl chloride, m-phenoxybenzaldehyde (ether aldehyde) a me ka sodium cyanide e loaʻa ai ka ʻaila maka chlorofluorocyanide ma lalo o ka hana a ka mea hoʻoulu.
(3) Hana ʻia ʻana o ka beta-cyhalothrin
Ma lalo o ka hana a nā amines organik, ua hana ka chlorofluorocyanide maka i ka epimerization e hana i ka beta-cyhalothrin.
4 Ke kūlana o ka mākeke kūloko
Wahi a ka nīnau a ka China Pesticide Information Network, ma ka lā 20 o Mei, 2022, ʻo ka nui o nā hoʻopaʻa inoa loea alpha-cyhalothrin he 45, a ʻo nā ʻike i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he 81%, 95%, 97%, 96%, a me 98%. I waena o lākou, ʻo nā hoʻopaʻa inoa me 95%, 96%, a me 98% ka ʻike i helu ʻia no kahi hapa nui.
Wahi a ka nīnau a ka China Pesticide Information Network, e like me Mei 20, 2022. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili hoʻopaʻa inoa kūloko o nā hoʻomākaukau beta-cyhalothrin aia nā hui hoʻokahi mahele, 621 o ia mau mea he hoʻokahi mahele a 216 i hui pū ʻia. Hoʻokahi mahele lāʻau: 621 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ʻo nā hoʻomākaukau nui he 2.5%, 2.7%, 5%, 25g/L microemulsion, 5%, 10%, 25g/L, 2.5% emulsion wai, 5%, 2.5%, 25% g/L, 50 g/L EC, 25%, 10%, 2.5% WP, 2.5%, 10%, 25 g/L microcapsule suspension, a pēlā aku. Nā hui hoʻohuihui: 216 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi me Acitretin, Acitrate, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Phoxim, Triazophos, Dextromethrin, Pymetrozine a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe i hui pū ʻia. ʻO nā ʻano hana nui: 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 22%, 44% emulsion wai, 16%, 20%, 25%, 26% EC, 15%, 22%, 30% mea hoʻokuʻu, 2%, 5%, 10%, 12%, 30% microemulsion, 2%, 4% granules, 4.5%, 22%, 24%, 30% pauka pulu, a pēlā aku.
5 Ke kūlana o ka mākeke ma waho
5.1 Ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau ma waho
ʻO nā mahele nui hoʻokahi i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he 25 g/L, 50 g/L, 2.5% EC, 2.5%, 10% WP.
ʻO nā hui nui: beta-cyhalothrin 9.4% + thiamethoxam 12.6% microcapsule suspension, beta-cyhalothrin 1.7% + abamectin 0.3% EC, thiamethoxam 14.1% + chlorofluorocarbon Cypermethrin 10.6% suspending agent, Acetamiprid 2% + Beta-cyhalothrin 1.5% EC.
5.2 Nā mea i hoʻokuʻu aku ʻia e Kina
Mai 2015 a i 2019, ua hoʻokuʻu aku he 582 mau ʻoihana i nā huahana loea a me nā huahana hoʻomākaukau cyhalothrin kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku o nā ʻoihana he ʻumi kiʻekiʻe he 45% o ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku (hōʻiliʻili 5 makahiki). Ua helu ʻia nā ʻoihana he ʻumi kiʻekiʻe ma ka Papa 2.
ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o nā mea loea e hoʻokuʻu aku ai he 2,400 tons/makahiki, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku he 3,000 tons/makahiki. Ua piʻi ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai 2015 a i 2019. ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku o nā hoʻomākaukau kino he 14,800 tons/makahiki, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku he 17,000 tons (2017), a laila paʻa ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku; ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku o nā hoʻomākaukau he 460 tons/makahiki, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe loa he 515 tons/makahiki.
Mai 2015 a i 2019, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku nā huahana loea a me nā huahana hoʻomākaukau o ka cyhalothrin i 77 mau mākeke. ʻO nā mākeke ʻelima kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Pelekiuma, India, Argentina, a me Pakitana. ʻO nā mākeke ʻelima kiʻekiʻe loa he 57% o ka huina o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu aku ʻia e Kina. (5 mau makahiki i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia).
6 Nā ʻano mākeke hou loa
Wahi a nā kumu pāpāho, ma ka lā 7 o Mei, 2022, manawa kūloko, ua puhi ʻia kahi hale hana o ka hui agrochemical India ʻo Bharat Rasayan, ka mea nāna i hana nui i nā huahana pyrethroid a me nā mea waena e pili ana, i ke ahi ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o ka paila.
ʻO India kekahi o nā mea hana pesticide nui ʻole ma ka honua, kahi i kiʻekiʻe ai ka hiki ke hana i nā mea waena koʻikoʻi o nā huahana pyrethroid, methyl betinate a me ether aldehyde. I ka makahiki 2021, e hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo Bharat Rasayan i ka huina o 6,000 tons o nā lāʻau lapaʻau loea pesticide, nā hoʻomākaukau a me nā mea waena, nona ka 61% he mau lāʻau lapaʻau loea, 13% hoʻomākaukau a me 26% nā mea waena (ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea waena pyrethroid). Ma ke ʻano he mea waena koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā pesticides pyrethroid, loaʻa i ka ether aldehyde kahi koi kūloko makahiki ma kahi o 6,000 tons, kahi kokoke i ka hapalua e pono e kūʻai ʻia mai India.
ʻOiai ua kokoke ka hopena o ka mākeke kūloko no ka cyhalothrin, a ʻaʻole ʻo ka hui India ka ʻoihana nui e hana ana i nā mea waena e pili ana i ka alpha-cyhalothrin e like me ka ether aldehydes, ua liʻiliʻi ka hopena ma ka mākeke kūloko, a he mea nui e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻokuʻu aku i waho. Nā ʻōlelo.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-08-2022