Lambda-cyhalothrin, 'ike 'ia he cyhalothrin a me kungfu cyhalothrin, ua ho'omohala maika'i 'ia e ka hui AR Jutsum i ka makahiki 1984. 'O kona 'ano hana 'o ia ke ho'ololi i ka permeability o ka membrane nerve insect. Loaʻa i ka Lambda-cyhalothrin nā hiʻohiʻona o ka spectrum insecticidal ākea, ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka lōʻihi o ka hopena, a he kūpono ia no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu e like me ka palaoa, ka palaoa, nā lāʻau hua, ka pulupulu, nā mea kanu cruciferous, etc.
1 Kūlana kumu
高效氯氟氰菊酯inoa Pelekane: Lambda-cyhalothrin; Huina mole: C23H19ClF3NO3; Puni paila: 187～190 ℃/0.2 mmHg; Helu CAS: 91465-08-633.
Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka huahana ma ka Figure 1.
Kiʻi 1 Ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka beta-cyhalothrin
2 ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa a me nā pahu hopu
Loaʻa ka Beta-cyhalothrin i ka pepehi kanaka a me nā hopena ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻōpū, a loaʻa pū kekahi hopena pale a ʻaʻohe hopena ʻōnaehana. He hopena maikaʻi kona i ka nau ʻana i nā mea ʻeha waha e like me Lepidoptera larvae a me kekahi mau Coleoptera beetles, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā mea hoʻomakei waha e like me ka pear psyllium. ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu nui o ka beta-cyhalothrin he midges, armyworms, kulina borers, beet armyworms, heartworms, leaf rollers, armyworms, swallowtail butterflies, fruit armyworms, pulupulu bollworms, red bollworms, cabbage caterpillars, etc. Kina, nui loa mai Malaki a ʻAukake; ʻAmelika Hema/ ʻĀkau, mai Malaki a Mei a me Kepakemapa a Dekemaba; Asia Hema, mai Dekemaba a Mei; ʻEulopa, mai Malaki a Mei a me Kepakemapa a hiki i Dekemaba ka mahina.
3 Kaʻina hana synthesis a me nā mea waena
(1) Synthesis o trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid chloride
Hoʻopili ka Trifluorochlorochrysanthemum acid (Kung fu acid) me ka thionyl chloride, desolubilizes a hoʻoponopono i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka trifluorochlorochrysanthemic acid chloride.
(2) Synthesis o ka aila ʻaila chlorofluorocyanide
Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Chlorofluroyl chloride, m-phenoxybenzaldehyde (ether aldehyde) a me ka sodium cyanide no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka aila ʻaila chlorofluorocyanide ma lalo o ka hana o ka catalyst.
(3) Hoʻohui i ka beta-cyhalothrin
Ma lalo o ka hana a nā amine organik, hoʻomaka ka chlorofluorocyanide crude epimerization e hana i ka beta-cyhalothrin.
4 Kūlana makeke kūloko
Wahi a ka nīnau ʻo China Pesticide Information Network, mai Mei 20, 2022, ʻo ka helu o nā inoa inoa ʻenehana alpha-cyhalothrin he 45, a ʻo nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 81%, 95%, 97%, 96%, a me 98%. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana me 95%, 96%, a me 98% ʻikepili i helu ʻia no ka hapa nui.
Wahi a ka China Pesticide Information Network nīnau, mai Mei 20, 2022. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili hoʻopaʻa inoa kūloko o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka beta-cyhalothrin aia nā hui pū hoʻokahi, ʻo ia ka 621 i hoʻokahi-dose a me 216 i hui pū ʻia. Hoʻokahi helu: 621 i hoʻopaʻa inoaʻia,ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau nuiʻana he 2.5%, 2.7%, 5%, 25g / L microemulsion, 5%, 10%, 25g / L, 2.5% wai emulsion, 5%, 2.5%, 25% g / L, 50 g / L EC, 50 g / L EC, 10% EC, 10%. 2.5%, 10%, 25 g/L microcapsule suspension, etc. Compounding mixtures: 216 registered, majorly with Acitretin, Acitrate, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Phoxim, Triazophos, Dextromethrin, Pymetrozine and other products compound ʻO nā ʻano hana nui: 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 22%, 44% aqueous emulsion, 16%, 20%, 25%, 26% EC, 15%, 22%, 30% suspending agent, 2%, 5%, 10%, 30%, 10%, 30% granules, 4.5%, 22%, 24%, 30% wettable pauka, etc.
5 Kūlana makeke ma waho
5.1 Kakau inoa ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau ma waho
ʻO nā kumu nui hoʻokahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 25 g / L, 50 g / L, 2.5% EC, 2.5%, 10% WP.
ʻO nā hui nui he: beta-cyhalothrin 9.4% + thiamethoxam 12.6% microcapsule suspension, beta-cyhalothrin 1.7% + abamectin 0.3% EC, thiamethoxam 14.1% + kiʻekiʻe-efficiency chlorofluorocarbon chlorofluorocarbon Cypermethrin 10.6. Beta-cyhalothrin 1.5% EC.
5.2 ʻO nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku o Kina
Mai 2015 a 2019, he 582 mau hui i lawe aku i nā huahana cyhalothrin kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻoihana he ʻumi kiʻekiʻe he 45% o ka nui o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana (5-makahiki hōʻiliʻili). Ua helu ʻia nā ʻoihana he ʻumi ma ka Papa 2.
He 2,400 tons / makahiki ka awelika o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku o nā mea ʻenehana, a ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana he 3,000 tons / makahiki. Ua hoʻonuiʻia ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka 2015 a hiki i ka 2019. ʻO ka awelika o ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau kino he 14,800 tons / makahiki, aʻo ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku he 17,000 tons (2017), a laila paʻa ka nui o ka laweʻana; ʻO ka awelika ka nui o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana he 460 tons / makahiki, a ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa he 515 tons / makahiki.
Mai 2015 a 2019, ua lawe ʻia nā huahana ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o cyhalothrin i nā mākeke 77. ʻO nā mākeke ʻelima kiʻekiʻe ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Belgium, India, Argentina, a me Pakistan. ʻO nā mākeke ʻelima kiʻekiʻe he 57% o ka nui o nā mea i lawe ʻia aku ma Kina. (5 makahiki huila).
6 Nā ʻano mākeke hou loa
Wahi a nā kumu media, ma Mei 7, 2022, ka manawa kūloko, kahi hale hana o ka hui agrochemical India Bharat Rasayan, ka mea e hana nui i nā huahana pyrethroid a me nā mea pili pili, i puhi ʻia i ke ahi ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o ka paila.
ʻO India kekahi o nā mea hana pesticides non-patent nui ma ka honua, i waena o ka nui o ka hiki ke hana i nā mea waena o nā huahana pyrethroid, methyl betinate a me ether aldehyde, he kiʻekiʻe. I ka makahiki 2021, e hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo Bharat Rasayan i ka huina o 6,000 tons o nā lāʻau lapaʻau pesticide, hoʻomākaukau a me nā mea waena, ʻo 61% nā lāʻau lapaʻau loea, 13% hoʻomākaukau a me 26% intermediates (ka nui o nā pyrethroid intermediates). Ma ke ʻano he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ka synthesizing pyrethroid pesticides, ether aldehyde kahi koi kūloko makahiki ma kahi o 6,000 tons, kahi kokoke i ka hapalua e pono ke kūʻai ʻia mai India.
No ka mea, ua kokoke e pau ka mākeke kūloko no ka cyhalothrin, a ʻaʻole ʻo ka ʻoihana India ka ʻoihana nui e hana ana i nā kikowaena pili alpha-cyhalothrin e like me ka ether aldehydes, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena ma ka mākeke kūloko, a he mea nui ia e hoʻolohe i ka hoʻopuka hou ʻana. Nā huaʻōlelo.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-08-2022