ʻO ke kulina, ma ke ʻano he poʻokela o nā mea kanu meaʻai nui ʻekolu o Kina, nona ka wahi kanu nui loa a me ka huina hana kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā mea kanu meaʻai āpau. Loaʻa iā ia kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana meaʻai aupuni, e kākoʻo ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana hānai a me ka ʻāpana hana hohonu. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kumu he nui e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻano lako a me ke koi kūloko a me ka honua, ka emi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai i kēlā me kēia manawa, a me ka piʻi mau ʻana o nā kumukūʻai hana, ke kū nei ka ʻoihana kulina i kahi pilikia kūkulu o ka "hana kiʻekiʻe akā haʻahaʻa ka pono".
Ma kēia ʻano, ma muli o ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana kulina o Kina, ua kālailai pono kēia pepa i nā ʻōkuhi koʻikoʻi e like me ka hana ʻana, nā kumukūʻai mākeke, ke kālepa lawe mai a me ka lawe aku, ke ʻano kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa kālā kanu. Nānā pono ia i ke kūlana o ka lako a me ke koi, nā ʻano loli o ke kumukūʻai a me nā loli o ke kumukūʻai-loaʻa kālā ma ka mākeke kulina kūloko, a hoʻohālikelike pono i nā ʻokoʻa o nā kumukūʻai kanu kulina a me nā loaʻa kālā ma waena o Kina a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ka Nānā ʻana i ke Kūlana Hana Kulina o Kina
1.1. Ua hoʻokō ka ʻāina i ka ulu maikaʻi no ʻekolu mau makahiki i ka lālani.
Wahi a nā helu helu o ka National Bureau of Statistics, i ka makahiki 2025, ua hōʻea ka nui o ka wahi i kanu ʻia ai ka kulina ma Kina i 6,744.12 miliona mu (ma kahi o 674 miliona ʻeka), he piʻi ʻana o 330.15 miliona mu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2024, me ka piʻi ʻana o kahi o 0.49%. Ua hoʻi hou ia i ka pae kiʻekiʻe mōʻaukala o 2015. Eia nō naʻe, ke hōʻike nei ka nui o ka ulu ʻana i kahi ʻano o ka lohi mālie, e hāʻule ana mai 4.99% i ka makahiki 2021 a i 0.49% i ka makahiki 2025, e hōʻike ana ua lilo ka wahi no ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka wahi kanu kulina ma Kina i mea palena iki.
1.2. Ua ʻoi aku ka hana ma mua o 300 miliona tone
Mai 2015 a i 2025, ua hōʻike ka hana kulina a Kina i kahi ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka "emi mua a laila piʻi". Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka piʻi hou ʻana o ka "ʻano U" ma kahi kanu, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka hana a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka piʻi ʻana. Mai 2015 a i 2018, he wā ia o ka emi iki ʻana, me ka emi ʻana o ka hana mai 264,992.2 miliona tons a i 257,173.9 miliona tons, he emi nui ma kahi o 2.95%. Mai 2019 a i 2025, ua komo i loko o kahi wā o ka ulu mau ʻana. Koe wale nō kahi hoʻoponopono iki i ka makahiki 2020, ua loaʻa iā ia ka ulu maikaʻi no ʻelima mau makahiki i ka lālani, e piʻi ana mai 26,077.89 miliona tons a i 30,123.5 miliona tons, he piʻi nui ma kahi o 15.51%. I ka makahiki 2025, ua ʻoi aku ka hana kulina a Kina ma mua o 300 miliona tons no ka manawa mua, e hoʻonohonoho ana i kahi moʻolelo mōʻaukala hou.
1.3. Ka Hoʻonohonoho ʻĀina o ka ʻOihana Kulina
I ka makahiki 2024, ua helu ʻia ka hana kulina o nā panalāʻau he 10 aʻe - ʻo Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Sichuan, a me Yunnan - ma nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe 1 a 10 ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana o kēlā me kēia panalāʻau ma mua o 100 miliona tons - he 24089.16 miliona tons (ma kahi o 2.41 biliona tons), e helu ana i 81.68% o ka hana kulina aupuni. I waena o lākou, ua mālama ʻo Heilongjiang i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano o ka nui o ka hana ʻana, a hiki i 4584.94 miliona tons, e helu ana i 15.55% o ka hana holoʻokoʻa aupuni.
2.1. Koi o ka Mea Kūʻai a me nā ʻAno Kūʻai
Mai ka manaʻo o ke ʻano hoʻohana ʻana, i ka makahiki kālā 2024/2025, ʻo ka huina o ka ʻai ʻana o ka kulina ma Kina ma kahi o 297.86 miliona tone. Ma waena o kēia, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai hānai ka mea nui, ma kahi o 193.50 miliona tone, e helu ana ma kahi o 64.96% o ka huina o ka ʻai ʻana. I ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai, ʻo ka mahi puaʻa ma kahi o 50%, a ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai moa ma kahi o 40%. Ua ukali kokoke ʻia ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻoihana, me ka nui o ka ʻai ʻana ma kahi o 83.40 miliona tone, e helu ana ma kahi o 28%. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ka hiki ke hana, ua lilo ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻoihana o ka kulina i mea paʻa. Hoʻolaha nui ʻia ka hiki ke hana ma nā wahi hana kulina ma ka Hikina ʻĀkau a me Kina ʻĀkau, me ka huina i hui pū ʻia ma mua o 80% o ka huina o ka hiki. He liʻiliʻi ka ʻai ʻana o nā hua, e helu ana ma kahi o 0.43%. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻoihana ma mua o 92%, ʻo ia ka mea nui e hoʻokele ai i ka ʻai ʻana o ka kulina ma Kina.
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2023 a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2026, ua hōʻike pinepine nā kumukūʻai kulina kūloko i kahi ʻano emi iho, e hāʻule ana mai 3.04 yuan no ke kilokani i Ianuali 2023 a i 2.5 yuan no ke kilokani i Malaki 2026, me ka emi ʻana o ka huina ma kahi o 17.76%. I loko o ia manawa like, ua hōʻike pū nā kumukūʻai kulina honua i kahi ʻano emi iho, e hāʻule ana mai 2.82 yuan no ke kilokani a i 2.24 yuan no ke kilokani, me ka emi ʻana o ka huina ma kahi o 20.57%. Ua ʻoi aku ka pinepine o nā loli o ke kumukūʻai honua, a ua hōʻike nā mea ʻelua i ka nāwaliwali o ke ʻano cyclical, akā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai kūloko ma mua o ke kumukūʻai honua i ka hapa nui o nā manawa.
2.2. Ka Nānā ʻana i nā ʻAno Kālepa Lawe Mai a me ka Lawe Aku
Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai nā dute o Kina, i ka makahiki 2025, ʻo ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai o nā huahana e pili ana i ka palaoa ma Kina he 266.35 miliona tons, ʻo ia hoʻi he 213 miliona tons ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku (53.38 miliona tons); ʻo ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai he 715 miliona kālā US, e helu ana ma kahi o 0.34% o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai o nā huahana mahiʻai aupuni i ka makahiki 2025 (207.41 biliona kālā US); ʻo ka nui o ka lawe ʻana aku he 404 miliona kālā US, e helu ana ma kahi o 0.39% o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana aku o nā huahana mahiʻai aupuni i ka makahiki 2025 (104.16 biliona kālā US); ua hōʻea ka hemahema kālepa i 3.11 biliona kālā US.
Mai ka manaʻo o nā waiwai kālepa, i ka makahiki 2025, ʻo nā huahana nui i lawe ʻia mai o ka kulina ma Kina, ʻo ia ka "kulina, koe wale nō no ke kanu ʻana", "kulina ʻono hauʻoli", "kālai kulina", "kulina ʻono i hana ʻole ʻia a mālama ʻole ʻia paha e ke ʻano vīnega", "pauka kulina", "kulina no ke kanu ʻana", a pēlā aku, he 10 mau ʻano. ʻO ka waiwai me ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai, ʻo ia ka "kulina, koe wale nō no ke kanu ʻana" - me ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai he 2,646,290.81 tons (ma kahi o 264.63 miliona kilokani) a me ka waiwai o ka lawe ʻana mai he 692,642,700 kālā US (ma kahi o 693 miliona kālā US), e helu ana i 99.35% a me 96.82% o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai a me ka waiwai o ka lawe ʻana mai o nā waiwai e pili ana i ka kulina ma Kina ma o ka makahiki 2025.
ʻO nā huahana nui i lawe ʻia aku i waho, ʻo ia ka "starch kulina", "kulina momona i hana ʻia a mālama ʻia paha e nā ʻano hana ʻacetic ʻole", "kulina momona hauʻoli", "nā ʻaila kulina ʻē aʻe a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa mai", "kulina forage", a pēlā aku, he 10 mau ʻano. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka huahana me ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku i waho, ʻo ia ka "starch kulina" - ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku i waho i ka makahiki 2025 he 213,444.1 tons (ma kahi o 21.34 miliona tons), a ʻo ke kumukūʻai hoʻokuʻu aku he 81.9832 miliona kālā US (ma kahi o 0.82 miliona kālā US), e helu ana i 39.99% a me 20.29% o ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku i waho a me ka waiwai hoʻokuʻu aku i waho o nā huahana e pili ana i ka kulina ma Kina i ka makahiki 2025. ʻO ka huahana me ka waiwai hoʻokuʻu aku nui loa ʻo ia ka "kulina momona i hana ʻia a mālama ʻia paha e nā ʻano hana ʻaʻole acetic" - ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku i ka makahiki 2025 he 172,079.29 tons (ma kahi o 17.21 miliona tons), a ʻo ka waiwai hoʻokuʻu aku he 181.123 miliona kālā ʻAmelika (ma kahi o 1.81 miliona kālā ʻAmelika), e helu ana i 32.24% a me 44.82% o ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku a me ka waiwai hoʻokuʻu aku o nā huahana e pili ana i ka kulina ma Kina i ka makahiki 2025.
3. Ka Nānā ʻana i ke Kumukūʻai a me ka Pōmaikaʻi o ke Kanu ʻana
3.1. Huina Kumukūʻai no kēlā me kēia ʻEka
Wahi a ka "National Agricultural Product Cost and Revenue Data Compilation", i ka makahiki 2024, ʻo ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa no ka mu o ka kulina ma Kina he 1,316.7 yuan. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2023, ʻo ia hoʻi he 1,312.04 yuan, ua piʻi aʻe ia ma 4.66 yuan, e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana ma kahi o 0.36%. Mai kahi kuanaʻike lōʻihi, ua hōʻike ka huina kumukūʻai no ka mu o ka kulina ma Kina mai 2014 a i 2024 i kahi ʻano piʻi e loli mau ana. I loko o nā makahiki he 10, ua piʻi aʻe ia mai 1,063.89 yuan a i 1,316.7 yuan, me ka piʻi ʻana o 23.76%.
3.2. Ka huina o ka waiwai hoʻopuka no kēlā me kēia Mu
Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka "National Agricultural Cost and Revenue Data Compilation", mai 2014 a 2024, ua hōʻike ka waiwai o ka hana no kēlā me kēia ʻeka o ka kulina ma Kina i kahi ʻano loli like ʻole o ka "emi mua, a laila piʻi, a laila hāʻule hou". Mai 2014 a 2016, ua hāʻule mau ka waiwai o ka hana no kēlā me kēia ʻeka mai 1,145.71 yuan a i 765.89 yuan, me ka emi ʻana o 33.15%. A laila ua komo i kahi wā ulu e mau ana no ʻehiku mau makahiki, a hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana mai 2017 a 2023, e hōʻea ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe mōʻaukala o 1,466.43 yuan i ka makahiki 2023, me ka piʻi nui loa o ka makahiki ma 2020, ma 27.87%. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki 2024, ua hāʻule nui ka waiwai o ka hana no kēlā me kēia ʻeka i 1,093.94 yuan, me ka emi nui ʻana o 25.40% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka makahiki, e hoʻi ana i ka pae o 2015 a i 2019.
3.3. Loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia ʻeka
ʻO ka loaʻa kālā mai ka hana kulina e pili ana i ka loaʻa kālā hope loa i loaʻa mai nā hana kanu kulina ma hope o ka unuhi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hana āpau e like me nā hua, nā mea hoʻouluulu, ka hana, a me nā mīkini. ʻO ia ke ana nui no ke ana ʻana i nā pono waiwai o ka hana kulina. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka "National Agricultural Product Cost and Revenue Compilation", ma muli o ka loaʻa kālā no kēlā me kēia ʻeka o ka kulina ma Kina mai 2014 a 2024, hōʻike ka loaʻa kālā kanu i nā ʻano o "nā loaʻa kālā a me nā pohō like ʻole, me ka piʻi ʻana o nā loli i nā makahiki i hala iho nei": i ka makahiki 2014, he loaʻa kālā iki o 81.82 yuan, mai 2015 a 2019, he pohō ʻelima makahiki i hala (ʻo ka pohō koʻikoʻi loa i ka makahiki 2016 he 299.7 yuan), mai 2020 a 2023, he loaʻa kālā ʻehā makahiki i hala, a i ka makahiki 2022, ua hiki i ka piko o 163.25 yuan, akā i ka makahiki 2024, ua emi loa ia i -222.76 yuan, e hoʻi ana i kahi pae pohō hohonu. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka ʻikepili waiwai hoʻopuka, ʻoiai ua emi ka waiwai hoʻopuka ma 25.4% i ka makahiki 2024, ua hāʻule ka loaʻa kālā mai ka loaʻa kālā o 154.39 yuan i ka pohō o 222.76 yuan, e hōʻike ana ua piʻi nui ke kaomi kumukūʻai a ua ʻoi aku ka emi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-19-2026
