ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā pests Lepidoptera koʻikoʻi ʻekolu, ʻo ia hoʻi,ʻO Chilo suppressalis,Scirpophaga incertulas, aCnaphalocrocis medinalis(ʻo Crambidae āpau), ʻo ia nā pahuhopu oBtlaiki, a me na mea ino nui o Hemiptera elua, oia hoi,Sogatella furciferaaNilaparvata lugens(ʻelua Delphacidae).
Wahi a ka moʻolelo, ʻo nā mea hoʻomake nui o nā pests raiki lepidopteran no nā ʻohana ʻumi o Araneae, a aia kekahi mau ʻano mea hoʻomake ʻē aʻe mai ka Coleoptera, Hemiptera, a me Neuroptera.No nā ʻohana ʻeono o Hymenoptera nā parasitoids o nā ʻōpala laiki lepidopteran me kekahi mau ʻano mai ʻelua ʻohana o Diptera (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Tachinidae a me Sarcophagidae).Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano ʻano pepeke lepidopteran nui ʻekolu, ka LepidopteraNaranga aenescens(Noctuidae),Parnara guttata(Hesperiidae),Mycalesis gotama(Nymphalidae), aPseudaletia separata(Noctuidae) ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia hoʻi ma ke ʻano he lāʻau pest.No ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻolilo i ka nui o ka laiki, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokolokolo ʻia, a ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ko lākou mau ʻenemi maoli.
ʻO nā ʻenemi maoli o nā mea ʻino hemipteran nui ʻelua,S. furciferaaN. lugens, ua aʻo nui ʻia.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano predator i hōʻike ʻia e hoʻouka i nā herbivores hemipteran, ʻo ia nā ʻano like i hoʻouka i nā herbivores lepidopteran, no ka mea, he poʻe maʻamau lākou.No nā ʻohana hymenopteran ʻo Trichogrammatidae, Mymaridae, a me Dryinidae nā parasitoids o nā pest hemipteran no ka Delphacidae.Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia nā parasitoids hymenopteran no ka ʻōpala mea kanuNezara viridula(Pentatomidae).ʻO nā thripsStenchaetothrips biformis(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) he mea laiki ma'amau ma Kina Hema, a no ka Coleoptera a me Hemiptera ka nui o kona mau mea pupule, oiai aole nae he parasitoid i kakau ia.ʻO nā ʻano ʻano Orthopteran e like meOxya chinensis(Acrididae) ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā māla laiki, a ʻo kā lākou mau mea ʻaihue ka nui o nā ʻano o ka Araneae, Coleoptera, a me Mantodea.Oulema oryzae(Chrysomelidae), he mea ʻino Coleoptera koʻikoʻi ma Kina, ua hoʻouka ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue coleopteran a me nā parasitoids hymenopteran.ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o nā pest dipteran he hymenopteran parasitoids.
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka pae i ʻike ʻia ai nā arthropods i nā protein Cry i lokoBtUa mālama ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua ma kahi kokoke i Xiaogan (Hubei Province, Kina) i nā makahiki 2011 a me 2012.
Ua like nā manaʻo o Cry2A i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā ʻiʻo laiki i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma 2011 a me 2012.Loaʻa i nā lau laiki nā koina kiʻekiʻe loa o Cry2A (mai 54 a 115 μg/g DW), a ukali ʻia e ka pollen laiki (mai 33 a 46 μg/g DW).Loaʻa i nā kumu nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa (mai 22 a 32 μg / g DW).
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana laʻana like ʻole (me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ka pepa kuʻi a me ka ʻimi ʻike maka) no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻano arthropod he 29 i ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā mea kanu.Bta hoʻomalu i nā ʻāpana laiki i ka wā a ma hope o ka anthesis i ka makahiki 2011 a ma mua, i ka wā a ma hope o ka anthesis i ka makahiki 2012. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa o Cry2A i nā arthropod i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kekahi o nā lā hoʻohālike.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia a hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 13 mau mea kanu nontarget mai 11 ʻohana no ka Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, a me Thysanoptera.Ma ke kauoha Hemiptera makua oS. furciferaa me nā nymphs a me nā mākua oN. lugensLoaʻa i ka nui o ka Cry2A (<0.06 μg/g DW) ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka protein i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o Cry2A (mai 0.15 a 50.7 μg/g DW) ma nā mea āpau a hoʻokahi wale nō o ka Diptera, Thysanoptera, a me Orthoptera.ʻO nā thripsS. biformisLoaʻa i nā koina kiʻekiʻe loa o Cry2A o nā arthropods i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, kahi kokoke i nā ʻāpana i loko o nā ʻiʻo raiki.I ka wā anthesis,S. biformisLoaʻa iā Cry2A ma 51 μg / g DW, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ʻike i nā specimens i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma mua o ka anthesis (35 μg / g DW).Pēlā nō, ka pae protein i lokoAgromyzasp.(Diptera: Agromyzidae) ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 2 mau manawa ma nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā o ka anthesis raiki ma mua a ma hope paha o ka anthesis.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka pae iEuconocephalus thunbergii(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) ʻaneʻane 2.5 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma hope o ka anthesis ma mua o ka wā anthesis.
Ka manawa kau: Apr-06-2021