ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā mea ʻino Lepidoptera ʻekolu koʻikoʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi,ʻO Chilo suppressalis,ʻO Scirpophaga incertulas, a meʻO ka ʻāpana Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(nā Crambidae āpau), ʻo ia nā pahuhopu oBtka laiki, a me nā mea ʻino Hemiptera ʻelua koʻikoʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi,ʻO Sogatella furciferaa meʻO Nilaparvata lugens(ʻelua ʻo Delphacidae).
Wahi a nā palapala, ʻo nā mea ʻaihue nui o nā mea ʻino laiki lepidopteran no nā ʻohana he ʻumi o Araneae, a aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻaihue ʻē aʻe mai Coleoptera, Hemiptera, a me Neuroptera. ʻO nā parasitoids o nā mea ʻino laiki lepidopteran mai nā ʻohana ʻeono o Hymenoptera me kekahi mau ʻano mai nā ʻohana ʻelua o Diptera (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Tachinidae a me Sarcophagidae). Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano mea ʻino pepeke lepidopteran nui ʻekolu, ʻo ka LepidopteraʻO Naranga aenescens(Noctuidae),ʻO ka ʻōpala Parnara(Hesperiidae),ʻO Mycalesis gotama(Nymphalidae), a mePseudaletia i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia(Noctuidae) ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia hoʻi he mau mea ʻino i ka laiki. No ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻolilo i ka nui o ka pohō laiki, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou i noiʻi pinepine ʻia, a he kakaikahi ka ʻike e pili ana i ko lākou mau ʻenemi maoli.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā mea ʻino hemipteran nui ʻelua,S. furciferaa meN. lugens, ua aʻo nui ʻia. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano predator i hōʻike ʻia e hoʻouka i nā herbivores hemipteran ʻo ia nā ʻano like e hoʻouka i nā herbivores lepidopteran , no ka mea, he mau generalist lākou. ʻO nā parasitoids o nā mea ʻino hemipteran no Delphacidae mai nā ʻohana hymenopteran ʻo Trichogrammatidae, Mymaridae, a me Dryinidae. Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia nā parasitoids hymenopteran no ka pepeke mea kanu.ʻO Nezara viridula(Pentatomidae). ʻO nā thripsʻO Stenchaetothrips biformis(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) he mea ʻino laiki maʻamau hoʻi ma Kina Hema, a ʻo kāna mau mea ʻaihue mai ka Coleoptera a me Hemiptera, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe parasitoid i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. ʻO nā ʻano Orthopteran e like meʻOxya chinensis(Acrididae) i loaʻa pinepine ʻia ma nā māla laiki, a ʻo kā lākou mau mea ʻaihue e komo pū ana me nā ʻano o ka Araneae, Coleoptera, a me Mantodea.ʻO Oulema oryzae(Chrysomelidae), kahi mea ʻino koʻikoʻi o Coleoptera ma Kina, ua hoʻouka ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue coleopteran a me nā parasitoids hymenopteran. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nui o nā mea ʻino dipteran he mau parasitoids hymenopteran.
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka pae o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā arthropods i nā protein Cry i lokoBtMa nā mahinaʻai laiki, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua mahinaʻai i hana hou ʻia ma kahi kokoke iā Xiaogan (Hubei Province, Kina) i nā makahiki 2011 a me 2012.
Ua like nā nui o Cry2A i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā ʻiʻo laiki i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka makahiki 2011 a me 2012. Loaʻa i nā lau laiki nā nui kiʻekiʻe loa o Cry2A (mai 54 a 115 μg/g DW), ukali ʻia e ka pollen laiki (mai 33 a 46 μg/g DW). Loaʻa i nā kumu nā nui haʻahaʻa loa (mai 22 a 32 μg/g DW).
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana laʻana like ʻole (me ka laʻana omo, ka pepa kuʻi a me ka ʻimi ʻike maka) e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano arthropod noho mea kanu 29 i ʻike pinepine ʻia ma kaBta me ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā ʻāpana laiki i ka wā a ma hope o ka anthesis i ka makahiki 2011 a ma mua, i ka wā a ma hope o ka anthesis i ka makahiki 2012. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe loa o Cry2A i ana ʻia i loko o nā arthropods i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kekahi o nā lā laʻana.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia a kālailai ʻia he 13 mau ʻano mea kanu ʻole mai 11 mau ʻohana no ka Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, a me Thysanoptera. Ma ke kauoha Hemiptera makua oS. furciferaa me nā nymphs a me nā mākua oN. lugensaia nā nui liʻiliʻi o Cry2A (<0.06 μg/g DW) ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka protein i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā nui nui o Cry2A (mai 0.15 a 50.7 μg/g DW) i nā ʻano āpau koe wale nō hoʻokahi o ka Diptera, Thysanoptera, a me Orthoptera. ʻO nā thripsS. biformisaia nā kiʻekiʻe loa o Cry2A o nā arthropods i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, kokoke i nā kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā ʻiʻo laiki. I ka wā o ka anthesis,S. biformisaia ʻo Cry2A ma 51 μg/g DW, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka nui o nā specimens i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma mua o ka anthesis (35 μg/g DW). Pēlā nō, ʻo ka pae protein i lokoʻAgromyzaʻO sp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) he >2 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe i nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā o ka anthesis laiki ma mua o ka wā ma mua a ma hope paha o ka anthesis. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka pae i lokoʻEuconocephalus thunbergii(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) ua aneane 2.5 manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe i loko o nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma hope o ka anthesis ma mua o ka wā o ka anthesis.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-06-2021