ʻO ka ea maʻemaʻe, ka wai a me ka lepo maikaʻi ka mea nui i ka hana o nā kaiaola e launa pū ana ma nā wahi nui ʻehā o ka Honua e mālama i ke ola.Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa nā koena pesticide ʻona i nā kaiaola a loaʻa pinepine i ka lepo, ka wai (ka paʻa a me ka wai) a me ka ea ambient ma nā pae ma mua o nā kūlana US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Ke hele nei kēia mau koena pesticide i ka hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation a me ka biodegradation, ka hopena i nā huahana hoʻololi like ʻole e like me nā pūhui makua.No ka laʻana, 90% o nā ʻAmelika i loaʻa i hoʻokahi mea hōʻailona lāʻau pesticide i loko o ko lākou kino (ʻo ka hui makua a me ka metabolite).Hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pesticides i loko o ke kino ke hopena i ke olakino o ke kanaka, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wā pilikia o ke ola e like me ka wā kamaliʻi, ka ʻōpio, ka hāpai ʻana a me ka ʻelemakule.Hōʻike ka palapala ʻepekema i ka lōʻihi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pesticides i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino (e laʻa i ka endocrine disruption, cancer, reproductive/birth problems, neurotoxicity, biodiversity loss, etc.) ma ke kaiapuni (me nā holoholona hihiu, biodiversity a me ke olakino kanaka).No laila, hiki i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pesticides a me kā lākou PD ke loaʻa i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole, me nā hopena i ka ʻōnaehana endocrine.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Kauka Theo Colborne ma mua o 50 mau mea hana pesticide ma ke ʻano he endocrine disruptors (ED), me nā kemika i loko o nā huahana hale e like me nā detergents, disinfectants, plastics and insecticides.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopena endocrine ma mua o ka nui o nā pesticides e like me ka herbicides atrazine a me 2,4-D, ka pipi insecticide fipronil, a me nā dioxins i loaʻa i ka hana (TCDD).Hiki i kēia mau kemika ke komo i loko o ke kino, hoʻopilikia i nā hormones a hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana, nā maʻi, a me nā pilikia hānau.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana endocrine me nā glands (thyroid, gonads, adrenals, and pituitary) a me nā hormones a lākou e hana ai (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, a adrenaline).Ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau glands a me kā lākou mau hormones i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka ulu ʻana, ka hana hou ʻana, a me ka ʻano o nā holoholona, me nā kānaka.ʻO nā maʻi endocrine kahi pilikia mau a ulu nui e pili ana i nā poʻe a puni ka honua.ʻO ka hopena, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe kākoʻo e hoʻokō ke kulekele i nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pesticide a hoʻoikaika i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide.
ʻO kēia haʻawina kekahi o nā mea he nui i ʻike he mea ʻawaʻawa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huahana breakdown pesticide ma mua o nā pūhui makua.Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka pyriproxyfen (Pyr) no ka hoʻomalu namu a ʻo ia wale nō ka pesticide i ʻae ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka hoʻomalu namu i nā ipu wai inu.Eia nō naʻe, kokoke i nā ʻehiku TP Pyrs he hana hoʻemi estrogen i loko o ke koko, nā puʻupaʻa, a me ka ate.ʻO ka Malathion kahi lāʻau lapaʻau kaulana e kāohi i ka hana o ka acetylcholinesterase (AChE) i loko o ka ʻiʻo hopohopo.ʻO ke kāohi ʻana i ka AChE e alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka acetylcholine, kahi neurotransmitter kemika i kuleana no ka hana o ka lolo a me ka ʻiʻo.Hiki i kēia hōʻiliʻili kemika ke alakaʻi i nā hopena koʻikoʻi e like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia ʻana o ka wikiwiki o kekahi mau ʻiʻo, ka hanu ʻana, ka convulsions, a ma nā hihia koʻikoʻi, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kikoʻī ka acetylcholinesterase inhibition, e alakaʻi ana i ka laha ʻana o ka malathion.He mea weliweli kēia i nā holoholona hihiu a me ke olakino lehulehu.I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua hōʻike ka haʻawina i nā TP ʻelua o ka malathion i nā hopena hoʻopilikia endocrine i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene, ka huna ʻana o ka hormone, a me ka glucocorticoid (carbohydrate, protein, fat) metabolism.ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wikiwiki ʻana o ka pesticide fenoxaprop-ethyl i hoʻokumu ʻia i ʻelua mau TP ʻawaʻawa nui i hoʻonui i ka hōʻike gene 5.8-12-fold a ʻoi aku ka hopena i ka hana estrogen.ʻO ka mea hope loa, hoʻomau ka TF nui o benalaxil i loko o ke kaiapuni ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka pūhui makua, he mea kūʻē iā estrogen receptor alpha antagonist, a hoʻonui i ka hōʻike gene 3-fold.ʻAʻole ʻo nā lāʻau pesticides ʻehā i loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana ʻo ia wale nō ka mea e hopohopo nei;nui nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i nā huahana breakdown toxic.Nui nā lāʻau pesticides i pāpā ʻia, nā pūhui pesticides kahiko a me nā mea hou a me nā huahana kemika e hoʻokuʻu i ka phosphorus ʻona e hoʻohaumia i nā kānaka a me nā kaiaola.
ʻO ka DDT pesticide i pāpā ʻia a me kāna metabolite DDE nui i loko o ke kaiapuni he mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, me ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e ʻike ana i ka nui o nā kemika i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā pae kūpono.ʻOiai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo DDT a me DDE i ka momona o ke kino a noho ma laila no nā makahiki, noho lōʻihi ʻo DDE i ke kino.Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi i mālama ʻia e nā Centers for Disease Control (CDC) ua hoʻopilikia ʻo DDE i nā kino o 99 pākēneka o nā mea noiʻi.E like me nā endocrine disruptors, hoʻonui i ka DDT i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka maʻi diabetes, ka menopause mua, ka emi ʻana o ka helu sperm, endometriosis, congenital anomalies, autism, vitamin D deficiency, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a me ka momona.Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he ʻoi aku ka ʻona o DDE ma mua o kona pūhui makua.Hiki i kēia metabolite ke loaʻa i nā hopena olakino multigenerational, e hoʻoulu ai i ka momona a me ka maʻi diabetes, a hoʻonui kū hoʻokahi i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi umauma ma waena o nā hanauna he nui.Hana ʻia kekahi mau lāʻau pesticides kahiko, me nā organophosphates e like me ka malathion, mai nā pūhui like me ke Kaua Honua II nerve agent (Agent Orange), e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana nerve.ʻO Triclosan, kahi pesticide antimicrobial i pāpā ʻia i nā meaʻai he nui, hoʻomau i ka kaiapuni a hana i nā huahana degradation carcinogenic e like me chloroform a me 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
ʻO nā kemika "ʻo ka hanauna hou", me ka glyphosate a me nā neonicotinoids, e hana wikiwiki a wāwahi koke, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kūkulu ʻia.Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻoi aku ka ʻona o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o kēia mau kemika ma mua o nā kemika kahiko a koi aku i kekahi mau kilokani liʻiliʻi.No laila, hiki i nā huahana wāwahi o kēia mau mea kemika ke kumu like a i ʻole nā hopena ʻino.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hoʻololi ʻia ka glyphosate herbicide i kahi metabolite AMPA ʻawaʻawa e hoʻololi i ka ʻōlelo gene.Eia kekahi, ʻo nā metabolites ionic hou e like me denitroimidacloprid a me decyanothiacloprid he 300 a ~ 200 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻona i nā mammals ma mua o ka imidacloprid makua, kēlā me kēia.
Hiki i nā pesticides a me kā lākou mau TF ke hoʻonui i nā pae o ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka sub-lethal e hopena i nā hopena lōʻihi i ka waiwai o nā ʻano a me nā mea olaola.Hana like nā pesticides like ʻole i hala a me kēia manawa e like me nā mea haumia kaiapuni ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kānaka i kēia mau mea i ka manawa like.Hoʻohana pinepine kēia mau mea hoʻohaumia kemika i ka hana like a i ʻole synergistically e hana i nā hopena hui ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi.He pilikia maʻamau ka Synergy i nā hui pesticide a hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hopena ʻona i ke kanaka, ke olakino holoholona a me ke kaiapuni.No laila, ʻaʻole i manaʻo nui nā loiloi o ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka i nā hopena ʻino o ke koena pesticide, metabolites a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o ka endocrine e hoʻopau i nā pesticides a me kā lākou huahana hoʻopau i ke olakino o kēia manawa a me nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ke kumu o ka maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pesticides, me ka lohi ʻana o ka manawa ma waena o ka hoʻolaha kemika, nā hopena olakino, a me ka ʻikepili epidemiological.
ʻO kahi ala e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena o nā pesticides ma luna o nā kānaka a me ke kaiapuni ʻo ke kūʻai ʻana, ulu a mālama i nā huahana organik.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi he nui i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i kahi meaʻai kūlohelohe holoʻokoʻa, hāʻule nui ka pae o nā metabolites pesticide i ka mimi.Loaʻa i ka mahiʻai organik nā pono olakino a me ke kaiapuni ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pono o nā hana mahiʻai ikaika.Hiki ke hōʻemi ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā pesticides ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa organik regenerative a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻomalu pest.Ma muli o ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa non-pesticide, hiki i nā ʻohana a me nā limahana agro-industrial ke hoʻohana i kēia mau hana e hana i kahi ʻano palekana a olakino.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-06-2023