He mea nui ka ea maʻemaʻe, ka wai a me ka lepo olakino i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana ola e launa pū ana ma nā wahi nui ʻehā o ka Honua e hoʻomau i ke ola. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā koena pesticide ʻawahia ma nā ʻōnaehana ola a loaʻa pinepine ʻia i ka lepo, ka wai (paʻa a me ka wai) a me ka ea ambient ma nā pae e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o nā kūlana o ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau koena pesticide i ka hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation a me ka biodegradation, e hopena ana i nā huahana hoʻololi like ʻole e like me kā lākou mau hui makua. No ka laʻana, 90% o nā ʻAmelika he liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi biomarker pesticide i loko o ko lākou kino (ʻo ka hui makua a me ka metabolite). ʻO ke alo o nā pesticides i loko o ke kino hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke olakino kanaka, ʻoiai i nā wā palupalu o ke ola e like me ke kamaliʻi, ka ʻōpio, ka hāpai ʻana a me ka ʻelemakule. Hōʻike ka palapala ʻepekema ua lōʻihi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā pesticides i ke olakino (e like me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka endocrine, ka maʻi ʻaʻai, nā pilikia hānau/hānau, neurotoxicity, ka nalowale o ka biodiversity, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) ma ke kaiapuni (me nā holoholona hihiu, ka biodiversity a me ke olakino kanaka). No laila, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pesticides a me kā lākou PD hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke olakino, me nā hopena ma ka ʻōnaehana endocrine.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ka loea EU ma nā mea hoʻopilikia endocrine (hope) ʻo Kauka Theo Colborne i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau mea hana pesticide ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻopilikia endocrine (ED), me nā kemika i loko o nā huahana hale e like me nā detergents, disinfectants, plastics a me nā insecticides. Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi ʻana he nui ka hoʻopilikia endocrine i nā pesticides he nui e like me nā herbicides atrazine a me 2,4-D, ka fipronil insecticide pet, a me nā dioxins i loaʻa mai ka hana ʻana (TCDD). Hiki i kēia mau kemika ke komo i loko o ke kino, hoʻopilikia i nā hormones a hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana, nā maʻi, a me nā pilikia hānau. Hana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana endocrine me nā glands (thyroid, gonads, adrenals, a me pituitary) a me nā hormones a lākou e hana ai (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, a me adrenaline). ʻO kēia mau glands a me kā lākou mau hormones e pili ana e hoʻomalu i ka ulu ʻana, ka ulu ʻana, ka hānau ʻana, a me ke ʻano o nā holoholona, me nā kānaka. ʻO nā maʻi endocrine kahi pilikia mau a ulu e hoʻopilikia ana i nā kānaka a puni ka honua. ʻO ka hopena, ke paio nei nā mea kākoʻo e pono i ke kulekele ke hoʻokō i nā lula koʻikoʻi ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pesticide a hoʻoikaika i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka pesticide.
ʻO kēia haʻawina kekahi o nā mea he nui e ʻike ana he ʻawahia like nā huahana hoʻopau pesticide a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kā lākou mau hui makua. Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka pyriproxyfen (Pyr) no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika a ʻo ia wale nō ka pesticide i ʻae ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika i loko o nā pahu wai inu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaneʻane loaʻa i nā TP Pyrs ʻehiku ka hana hoʻopau estrogen i loko o ke koko, nā puʻupaʻa, a me ke ake. ʻO Malathion kahi insecticide kaulana e kāohi ana i ka hana o acetylcholinesterase (AChE) i loko o nā ʻiʻo nerve. ʻO ka pale ʻana o AChE e alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka acetylcholine, kahi neurotransmitter kemika kuleana no ka hana lolo a me nā ʻiʻo. Hiki i kēia hōʻiliʻili kemika ke alakaʻi i nā hopena koʻikoʻi e like me ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki o kekahi mau ʻiʻo, ka maʻi hanu, nā convulsions, a i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kikoʻī ka pale ʻana o ka acetylcholinesterase, e alakaʻi ana i ka laha ʻana o ka malathion. He hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi kēia i nā holoholona hihiu a me ke olakino lehulehu. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua hōʻike ka haʻawina he hopena hoʻopilikia endocrine nā TP ʻelua o ka malathion i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene, ka huna ʻana o ka hormone, a me ka metabolism glucocorticoid (carbohydrate, protein, fat). ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wikiwiki ʻana o ka pesticide fenoxaprop-ethyl i hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ʻelua mau TP ʻawaʻawa loa i hoʻonui i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene 5.8-12-fold a he hopena nui aʻe i ka hana estrogen. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka TF nui o benalaxil e noho mau ana i ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka hui makua, he antagonist alpha receptor estrogen, a hoʻonui i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene 3-fold. ʻAʻole nā pesticides ʻehā i loko o kēia haʻawina wale nō nā kemika hopohopo; he nui nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i nā huahana breakdown ʻawaʻawa. He nui nā pesticides i pāpā ʻia, nā hui pesticide kahiko a me nā mea hou, a me nā huahana kemika e hoʻokuʻu i ka phosphorus huina ʻawaʻawa e hoʻohaumia i nā kānaka a me nā kaiaolaola.
ʻO ka pesticide DDT i pāpā ʻia a me kāna metabolite nui ʻo DDE e noho mau ana i ke kaiapuni i nā makahiki he ʻumi ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, me ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) e ʻike ana i nā nui o nā kemika i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā pae i ʻae ʻia. ʻOiai ʻo DDT a me DDE e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka momona o ke kino a noho ma laila no nā makahiki, noho lōʻihi ʻo DDE i loko o ke kino. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi i mālama ʻia e nā Centers for Disease Control (CDC) ua hoʻopili ʻo DDE i nā kino o 99 pakeneka o nā mea komo i ka noiʻi. E like me nā mea hoʻopilikia endocrine, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka DDT e hoʻonui i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka maʻi diabetes, ka menopause mua, ka emi ʻana o ka helu sperm, endometriosis, nā anomalies congenital, autism, ka nele o ka vitamin D, ka lymphoma non-Hodgkin, a me ka momona. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike nā noiʻi he ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa o DDE ma mua o kona hui makua. Hiki i kēia metabolite ke loaʻa nā hopena olakino multigenerational, e hoʻoulu ai i ka momona a me ka maʻi diabetes, a hoʻonui kūikawā i ka nui o ka maʻi ʻaʻai umauma ma nā hanauna he nui. ʻO kekahi mau pesticides hanauna kahiko, me nā organophosphates e like me ka malathion, i hana ʻia mai nā hui like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nerve o ke Kaua Honua II (Agent Orange), kahi e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole ai i ka ʻōnaehana nerve. ʻO Triclosan, kahi pesticide antimicrobial i pāpā ʻia i nā meaʻai he nui, ke noho nei i ke kaiapuni a hoʻokumu i nā huahana hoʻohaʻahaʻa carcinogenic e like me chloroform a me 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
ʻO nā kemika "hanauna hou", me ka glyphosate a me nā neonicotinoids, hana wikiwiki a wāwahi koke, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻiliʻili nui. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina he ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa o nā haʻahaʻa o kēia mau kemika ma mua o nā kemika kahiko a koi aku i kekahi mau kilokani liʻiliʻi. No laila, hiki i nā huahana wāwahi o kēia mau kemika ke hana i nā hopena ʻawaʻawa like a ʻoi aku paha ka koʻikoʻi. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina ua hoʻololi ʻia ka herbicide glyphosate i kahi metabolite AMPA ʻawaʻawa e hoʻololi i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā metabolites ionic hou e like me denitroimidacloprid a me decyanothiacloprid he 300 a me ~200 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa i nā mammals ma mua o ka imidacloprid makua.
Hiki i nā pesticides a me kā lākou TFs ke hoʻonui i nā pae o ka ʻawaʻawa koke a me ka make ʻole e hopena i nā hopena lōʻihi i ka waiwai o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano like ʻole. Hana nā pesticides like ʻole o ka wā ma mua a me kēia manawa e like me nā mea haumia kaiapuni ʻē aʻe, a hiki i nā kānaka ke hōʻike ʻia i kēia mau mea i ka manawa like. I ka manawa pinepine, hana pū kēia mau mea haumia kemika a i ʻole synergistically e hana i nā hopena i hui pū ʻia. He pilikia maʻamau ka synergy i nā hui pesticides a hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hopena ʻawaʻawa i ke olakino kanaka, nā holoholona a me ke kaiapuni. No laila, ʻo nā loiloi pilikia kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka o kēia manawa e hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i nā hopena ʻino o nā koena pesticide, metabolites a me nā mea haumia kaiapuni ʻē aʻe.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o nā pesticides endocrine e hoʻopilikia ana i ke olakino o nā hanauna o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻAʻole maopopo loa ke kumu o ka maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pesticides, me ka lohi o ka manawa i wānana ʻia ma waena o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kemika, nā hopena olakino, a me ka ʻikepili epidemiological.
ʻO kahi ala e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena o nā pesticides i nā kānaka a me ke kaiapuni, ʻo ia ke kūʻai ʻana, hoʻoulu a mālama i nā huahana organik. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he nui i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i kahi meaʻai organik piha, e emi nui ana ka pae o nā metabolites pesticide i loko o ka mimi. He nui nā pono olakino a me ke kaiapuni o ka mahiʻai organik ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pono no nā hana mahiʻai kemika nui. Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā hopena ʻino o nā pesticides ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana organik regenerative a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana kaohi pest liʻiliʻi loa. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻana o nā hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole pesticide, hiki i nā ʻohana a me nā limahana agro-industrial ke hoʻopili i kēia mau hana e hana i kahi kaiapuni palekana a olakino.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-06-2023