Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻohe mea e pale aku i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana i hoʻolālā ʻia o RLfungicide. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, pili ia i nā lula a pau. Akā aia kekahi kumu nui e hōʻike ʻole ai kēia i ka hana ʻoihana: ke kumukūʻai.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka papahana fungicide i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka palaoa hoʻoilo RL ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻo ke kumukūʻai ma kahi o £260 no ka ʻeka. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kumukūʻai o kahi papahana fungicide no ka palaoa ma ka John Nix Farm Management Guide ma lalo o ka hapalua (£ 116 no ka ʻeka ma 2024).
Ua maopopo ua oi aku ka nui o ka hoao ana mai ka RL fungicide ma mua o na mea kuai ma'amau. No ka laʻana, he 10.8t/ha ka awelika o ka hoʻoulu ʻana (2020-2024) o ka palaoa hoʻoilo i mālama ʻia i ka fungicide i nā hoʻāʻo RL, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ʻelima mau makahiki awelika hua palaoa o 7.3t/ha (ma muli o ka ʻikepili Defra hou loa).
RL: Nui nā kumu no ka kiʻekiʻe o nā hua o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia i ka fungicide, a ʻo nā polokalamu fungicide kekahi o ia mau mea. ʻo kahi laʻana:
He mea maʻalahi ka makaʻala i ka hopena, akā ʻo ia ke ala maikaʻi loa e ana i ka holomua? ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻike nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i ka noiʻi RL e hopohopo nui ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā ana ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka loaʻa kālā.
He mau kau i hala aku nei (2019-2021), ka AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge i manaʻo e hoʻokō i kēia pahuhopu. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa maikaʻi loa ma kēlā me kēia kahua hoʻāʻo kūloko, ua hoʻomohala ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā papahana fungicide no hoʻokahi ʻano (pili kūloko) a hoʻoponopono iā lākou a puni ka kau ma muli o ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi kūloko. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea hoʻokomo ʻē aʻe a pau.
Ua kūpono kēia mau protocols no nā haʻawina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana (ʻekolu replika). Ua like nā manawa hoʻohuehu a pau (T0, T1, T2 a me T3) me nā huahana a me nā mea ʻokoʻa i nā papahana hoʻokūkū; ʻAʻole pau nā mea komo i ka wai i kēlā me kēia manawa (ua hala kekahi i ka T0).
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana i nā ʻāpana 'aʻohe fungicide' a me nā ʻāpana 'kaumaha', ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka papahana fungicide RL e hoʻoholo ai i ka hiki ke loaʻa.
He 10.73t/ha, 1.83t/ha ke ki'eki'e o ka papahana ho'opuehu RL ma mua o ka 'āpana i ho'oponopono 'ole 'ia. He ʻano maʻamau kēia no nā ʻano like ʻole i ulu (Graham), nona ka pae haʻahaʻa o ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi. ʻO ka awelika o ka hoʻolālā pāʻoihana he 10.30t/ha, a ʻo ke kumu kūʻai o ka fungicide he £82.04.
Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa me ke kumukūʻai o £79.54 a me ka hua o 10.62t/ha - ʻo 0.11t/ha wale nō ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka lapaʻau RL.
He 10.98t/ha, 3.86t/ha ke ki'eki'e o ka papahana spray RL ma mua o ke kahua i ho'oponopono 'ole 'ia, 'o ia ka mea ma'amau i ka wā e ulu ana i nā 'ano like 'ole o ka 'ele'ele melemele (Skyfall). He 10.01t/ha ka awelika o ka hua no ka hoʻolālā pāʻoihana a he £79.68 ke kumukūʻai fungicide.
Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa me ke kumukūʻai o £114.70 a me ka hua o 10.76t/ha - he 0.22t/ha wale nō ma lalo o ka mālama ʻana RL.
He 12.07t/ha, 3.63t/ha ke ki'eki'e o ka papahana ho'opuehu RL ma mua o ka 'āpana i mālama 'ole 'ia. He mea maʻamau kēia no ka mea kanu i ulu ʻia (KWS Parkin). He 10.76t/ha ka awelika o ka hua no ka hoʻolālā pāʻoihana a he £97.10 ke kumukūʻai fungicide.
Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa me ke kumukūʻai o £115.15 a me ka hua o 12.04t/ha - 0.03t/ha wale nō ma mua o ka mālama ʻana RL.
Ma ka awelika (ma nā wahi ʻekolu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei), ʻo 0.12 t/ha ka haʻahaʻa o nā hua o nā mea kanu maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā hua i loaʻa ma lalo o ka papahana fungicide RL.
Ma muli o kēia mau ho'āʻo, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka papahana fungicide RL i nā hua like me ka hana mahiʻai maikaʻi.
Hōʻike ka kiʻi 1 i ka nui o nā mea hoʻokūkū kokoke i ka hua i loaʻa me ka mālama ʻana i ka fungicide RL a me ka nui o nā hua hoʻokūkū ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana me ka lāʻau lapaʻau RL fungicide.
Kiʻi 1. Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka nui o ka hana ʻana i ka palaoa hoʻoilo ʻoihana me nā kumukūʻai fungicide (me nā koina noi) ma ka 2021 Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge (nā kiko uliuli). Hoʻihoʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka fungicide RL i 100% (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo pololei). Hōʻike pū ʻia ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻikepili (ka ʻeke hina).
I nā kūlana hoʻokūkū i ka wā ʻohi 2020, ua haʻahaʻa nā pae maʻi a ʻelua o nā pūnaewele ʻekolu ʻaʻohe pane fungicide ʻike ʻia. I ka makahiki 2020, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻoihana fungicide ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā regimens RL.
ʻO ka laulā o nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i ke kumu paʻakikī ke koho ʻana i kahi regimen fungicide e hōʻike ana i ka "maʻamau mahiʻai" i nā hoʻokolohua RL. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ke kumukūʻai hoʻokahi hiki ke hopena i nā ʻokoʻa nui o nā hua - a no nā ʻano ʻano liʻiliʻi wale nō. Ma nā ho'āʻo RL, ke hana nei mākou i nā ʻano like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me kona pono ponoʻī a me nā hemahema.
Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopuka ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā fungicide, pono e ʻike ʻia ʻo 17.96t/ha ka nui o ka hua palaoa i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka awelika o ka RL (ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka moʻolelo ma Lincolnshire i 2022 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia).
ʻO ke kūpono, makemake mākou e mālama i ka helu o nā hanana i nā haʻawina RL me ka haʻahaʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka helu o ka maʻi ma lalo o 10% no nā ʻano āpau a me nā haʻawina āpau (ʻoiai ke lilo nei kēia i mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokō).
Ke hahai nei mākou i kēia 'ōlelo hoʻopau i ka maʻi' no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻohua mai nā ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻano kūlana kaiapuni mai Cornwall a i Aberdeenshire, me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hopena maʻi.
No ka polokalamu fungicide e hāʻawi i ka mana kiʻekiʻe o nā maʻi āpau ma nā wahi āpau, pono ia e piha (a ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi).
ʻO ia ke ʻano ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana (kekahi mau ʻano, nā wahi a me nā manawa o ka makahiki) ʻaʻole koi ʻia kekahi mau mea o ka papahana fungicide.
No ka hōʻike ʻana i kēia manaʻo, e nānā kākou i nā huahana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka papahana fungicide koʻikoʻi i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka hoʻoilo palaoa RL (2024 huaʻai).
Manaʻo: Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cyflamid e kāohi i ka maʻi maʻi. ʻOi aku ka pipiʻi o nā mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa Mildew a i ka nui o nā hihia he liʻiliʻi wale nō ka hopena i ka hua. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau hoʻāʻo ʻana, hiki i ka mildew ke hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, no laila pono e hoʻopili ʻia e pale i nā ʻano palupalu. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Tebucur a me Comet 200 e kāohi i ka ʻōpala. No ka pale ʻana i ka mildew, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi kā lākou hoʻohui ʻana i nā hua o nā ʻano like me nā koina kūʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe.
Pono: Revistar XE (fluopyram and fluconazole) + Arizona + Talius/Justice (proquinazine)
Manaʻo Manaʻo: Ua like kēia me T0 i kēlā me kēia manawa. ʻOiai he kūlana maʻamau ka hui T1, aia i loko o kahi mea hoʻopololei - hou, hoʻonui i ke kumukūʻai, akā ʻaʻole i ka nui (i ka nui o nā hihia).
He mea hoʻoheheʻe hou kēia i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea hana hoʻāʻo. ʻOiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa, hiki iā ia ke kōkua i ka wehe ʻana i ka haʻo rust (me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Sunorg Pro) a me ka haʻo kiko (hoʻohana i nā huahana prothioconazole). He koho hoʻi ʻo Arizona (akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma mua o ʻekolu manawa i ka mālama hoʻokahi).
Manaʻo: Loaʻa i nā koi T2 nā huahana ikaika (e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia no nā ʻōpala lau hae). Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o Arizona ʻaʻole hiki ke hopena i ka piʻi nui o ka hana.
Manaʻo Manaʻo: Kuhi ʻia ka manawa T3 i nā ʻano Fusarium (ʻaʻole kiko lau palaoa). Hoʻohana mākou iā Prosaro, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai. Hoʻohui pū mākou i ka Comet 200 e hoʻopau i ka ʻōpala mai nā ʻano like ʻole. Ma nā wahi i haʻahaʻa ke kaomi o ka ʻōpala, e like me ka ʻĀkau ʻo Scotland, ʻaʻole nui ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻōpala.
ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ikaika o ka papahana RL fungicide e hoʻololi i ke aʻo ʻana mai ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano like x fungicide, kahi e huikau ai ka ʻikepili a paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi ka wehewehe ʻana.
ʻO ke ala hou o kēia manawa ke kōkua iā mākou e ʻōlelo aku i nā maʻi i hiki ke loaʻa i nā maʻi kūikawā. He nui nā laʻana o nā maʻi i loaʻa i ka kūleʻa pāʻoihana ʻoiai ʻo ka loaʻa ʻole o ka maʻi kūʻē (inā mālama pono ʻia) akā loaʻa nā ʻano waiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke kumu hoʻokaʻawale o ka maʻi ʻo ia hoʻi ke hoʻohana nei mākou i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻonui kēia i nā kumukūʻai akā ma nā haʻawina he nui nā hopena i nā hua haʻahaʻa. Hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka hopena hopena i nā pihi hoʻomalu maʻi i loaʻa i kā mākou papahana hana fungicide.
Kiʻi 2. Ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā lau me nā mea pale (hui ʻia nā hopena 2022–2024), e hōʻike ana i kekahi o nā fungicide i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻāʻo RL. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana mai nā kaila hoʻonohonoho ʻoihana maʻamau (ka hapalua a i ʻekolu hapahā ka nui) a i nā kau hoʻonohonoho RL (kokoke i ka nui piha).
Ua nānā hou ʻia kahi loiloi kālā a AHDB i ka papahana RL fungicide. ʻO kekahi o nā hopena o ka hana i alakaʻi ʻia e ADAS ʻo ia, i hui pū ʻia me nā helu hoʻohua a me nā maʻi kūʻē me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungicides, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana o kēia manawa ke ala maikaʻi loa e alakaʻi ai i nā koho a me ka hoʻokele ʻana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-23-2024