Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻohe mea e pale ai i ka hoʻohana kalepa i hoʻolālā ʻia o RL.mea hoʻomake lāʻau make. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua kūlike ia me nā lula āpau. Akā, aia kekahi kumu nui e hōʻike ʻole ai kēia i ka hana ʻoihana: ke kumukūʻai.
Ma ka lawe ʻana i ka papahana fungicide i ka hoʻāʻo palaoa hoʻoilo RL ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ʻo ke kumukūʻai awelika ma kahi o £260 no ka hectare. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ke kumukūʻai awelika o kahi papahana fungicide no ka palaoa ma ke Alakaʻi Hoʻokele Mahiʻai ʻo John Nix he emi ma mua o ka hapalua o kēlā (£116 no ka hectare i ka makahiki 2024).
Ua maopopo he ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā hua hoʻokolohua mai nā lāʻau lapaʻau fungicide RL ma mua o nā hua kalepa maʻamau. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka awelika o ka hua kaohi (2020-2024) o ka palaoa hoʻoilo i mālama ʻia me ka fungicide i nā hoʻokolohua RL he 10.8t/ha, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka awelika o ka hua palaoa kalepa ʻelima makahiki o 7.3t/ha (ma muli o ka ʻikepili Defra hou loa).
RL: Nui nā kumu no ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hua o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia me ka fungicide, a ʻo nā papahana fungicide kekahi o lākou. Eia kekahi laʻana:
He mea maʻalahi ke lilo i mea paʻakikī ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hopena, akā ʻo ia anei ke ala maikaʻi loa e ana ai i ka holomua? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i ka noiʻi RL e hopohopo nui ana nā mahiʻai i nā ana ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ka loaʻa kālā o ka mea kanu.
I kekahi mau kau i hala aku nei (2019-2021), ua manaʻo ka AHDB/ADAS Wheat Fungicide Profit Challenge e hoʻokō i kēia pahuhopu. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā kūpono loa ma kēlā me kēia kahua hoʻāʻo ʻāpana, ua hoʻomohala nā mahiʻai i komo i nā papahana fungicide no hoʻokahi ʻano (pili kūloko) a hoʻoponopono iā lākou i loko o ke kau ma muli o ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi kūloko. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea hoʻokomo ʻē aʻe a pau.
He kūpono kēia mau kaʻina hana no nā haʻawina i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā (ʻekolu mau replicates). Ua like nā manawa pīpī a pau (T0, T1, T2 a me T3) me ka huahana a me ka dosage wale nō i ʻokoʻa i nā papahana hoʻokūkū; ʻAʻole i pīpī nā mea komo a pau i kēlā me kēia manawa (ua hala kekahi iā T0).
Hoʻokomo pū kēia mau ʻāpana i nā ʻāpana 'ʻaʻohe fungicide' a me nā ʻāpana 'kaumaha', ʻo ka mea hope loa e pili ana i ka papahana fungicide RL e hoʻoholo ai i ka hiki ke loaʻa ka hua.
Ua hua mai ka papahana pīpī RL he 10.73t/ha, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o 1.83t/ha ma mua o ka ʻāina i mālama ʻole ʻia. He mea maʻamau kēia no ke ʻano i ulu ʻia (Graham), nona ke kūpaʻa maʻi kūpono. ʻO ka awelika o ka hua o ka hoʻolālā kalepa he 10.30t/ha, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai awelika o ka fungicide he £82.04.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe loa me ke kumukūʻai o £79.54 a me ka hua o 10.62t/ha - he 0.11t/ha wale nō ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mālama ʻana o RL.
Ua hua mai ka papahana pīpī RL i 10.98t/ha, ʻo 3.86t/ha ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o ka ʻāina i mālama ʻole ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau e manaʻo ʻia i ka wā e ulu ana i kahi ʻano melemele hiki ke pala (Skyfall). ʻO ka awelika o ka hua no ka papahana kalepa he 10.01t/ha a ʻo ke kumukūʻai awelika o ka fungicide he £79.68.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe loa me ke kumukūʻai o £114.70 a me ka hua o 10.76t/ha - he 0.22t/ha wale nō ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mālama ʻana o RL.
Ua hua mai ka papahana pīpī RL he 12.07t/ha, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o 3.63t/ha ma mua o ka ʻāpana i mālama ʻole ʻia. He mea maʻamau kēia no ka ʻano kanu e ulu ana (KWS Parkin). ʻO ka awelika o ka hua no ka papahana kalepa he 10.76t/ha a ʻo ke kumukūʻai awelika o ka fungicide he £97.10.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe loa me ke kumukūʻai o £115.15 a me ka hua o 12.04t/ha - he 0.03t/ha wale nō ka emi ma mua o ka mālama ʻana o RL.
Ma ka awelika (ma nā wahi ʻekolu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna), ʻo ka nui o nā hua o nā mea kanu waiwai nui loa he 0.12 t/ha wale nō ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā hua i loaʻa ma lalo o ka papahana fungicide RL.
Ma muli o kēia mau hoʻokolohua, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo e hoʻopuka ka papahana fungicide RL i nā hua e like me ka hana mahiʻai maikaʻi.
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i ka nui o nā hua hoʻokūkū kokoke i ka hua i loaʻa me ka mālama ʻana me ka fungicide RL a pehea ka nui o nā hua hoʻokūkū i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hua i loaʻa me ka mālama ʻana me ka fungicide RL.
Kiʻi 1. Hoʻohālikelike o ka hana palaoa hoʻoilo kalepa holoʻokoʻa me nā kumukūʻai fungicide (me nā kumukūʻai noi) ma ka 2021 Harvest Fungicide Margin Challenge (nā kiko polū). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hoʻōla e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka fungicide RL i 100% (laina ʻōmaʻomaʻo pololei). Hōʻike pū ʻia ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻikepili (piʻo hina).
I nā kūlana hoʻokūkū i ka wā ʻohiʻohi o 2020, ua haʻahaʻa nā pae maʻi a ʻelua o nā wahi ʻekolu ʻaʻohe pane fungicide i ʻike ʻia. I ka makahiki 2020, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā regimen fungicide kalepa i hua mai ma mua o nā regimen RL.
ʻO ka laulā o nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike ana i ke kumu he paʻakikī ke koho i kahi regimen fungicide e hōʻike ana i ke "maʻamau mahiʻai" i nā hoʻokolohua RL. ʻOiai ke koho ʻana i hoʻokahi kumukūʻai hiki ke hopena i nā ʻokoʻa nui i nā hua - a ʻo ia wale nō no kekahi mau ʻano. I nā hoʻokolohua RL, ke hana nei mākou me nā ʻano he nui, kēlā me kēia me kona mau pono a me nā hemahema.
Ma waho aʻe o ka pilikia o ka loaʻa kālā o ka fungicide, he mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana ʻo ka hua palaoa o ka honua i kēia manawa he 17.96t/ha, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hua awelika RL (ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka moʻolelo ma Lincolnshire i ka makahiki 2022 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana e pili ana i ka hiki ke loaʻa).
ʻO ke kūpono, makemake mākou e mālama i ka helu hanana i nā haʻawina RL i haʻahaʻa loa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono ka helu maʻi ma lalo o 10% no nā ʻano holoholona āpau a ma nā haʻawina āpau (ʻoiai ke lilo nei kēia i mea paʻakikī ke hoʻokō).
Ke hahai nei mākou i kēia kumumanaʻo 'hoʻopau maʻi' e hoʻopuka i ka hiki ke loaʻa ka hua o nā ʻano like ʻole ma nā ʻano like ʻole mai Cornwall a i Aberdeenshire, me ka ʻole o ka maʻi e hoʻopilikia i nā hopena.
I mea e hiki ai i kahi papahana fungicide ke hoʻolako i ka kaohi piha loa o nā maʻi āpau ma nā wahi āpau, pono ia e piha (a pipiʻi hoʻi).
ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana (kekahi mau ʻano, nā wahi a me nā manawa o ka makahiki) ʻaʻole koi ʻia kekahi mau mea o ka papahana fungicide.
No ka hoʻākāka ʻana i kēia manaʻo, e nānā kākou i nā huahana i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka papahana fungicide koʻikoʻi ma nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau palaoa hoʻoilo RL (ka mea kanu 2024).
Manaʻo: Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cyflamid e kāohi i ka mildew. He pipiʻi loa nā mea hoʻopaʻa mildew a i nā manawa he nui he hopena liʻiliʻi wale nō ia i ka hua. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hiki i ka mildew ke hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, no laila pono e hoʻokomo iā ia e pale i nā ʻano palupalu loa. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Tebucur lāua ʻo Comet 200 e kāohi i ka popo. No ka pale ʻana i ka mildew, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi kā lākou hoʻohui ʻana i nā hua o nā ʻano me nā waiwai pale popo kiʻekiʻe.
Pono: Revistar XE (fluopyram a me fluconazole) + Arizona + Talius/Justice (proquinazine)
Manaʻo: Ua like kēia me T0 i kēlā me kēia manawa pīpī. ʻOiai he maʻamau ka hui ʻana o T1, aia i loko kahi mea hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻōpala - e hoʻonui ana i ke kumukūʻai, akā ʻaʻole i ka nui (i ka hapa nui o nā hihia).
He pīpī hou kēia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea hoʻāʻo. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i kūpono loa, hiki iā ia ke kōkua i ka wehe ʻana i ka fungus rust (me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Sunorg Pro) a me ka fungus spot (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana prothioconazole). He koho nō hoʻi ʻo Arizona (akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma mua o ʻekolu manawa i hoʻokahi lāʻau lapaʻau).
Manaʻo: Hoʻokomo pū nā koi T2 i nā huahana ikaika (e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia no nā pīpī lau hae). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole paha e hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hana ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o Arizona.
Manaʻo: Hoʻopili ka manawa T3 i nā ʻano Fusarium (ʻaʻole ka ʻōpala lau palaoa). Hoʻohana mākou iā Prosaro, he mea pipiʻi hoʻi. Hoʻohui pū mākou iā Comet 200 e wehe i ka ʻōpala mai nā ʻano maʻalahi. Ma nā wahi i haʻahaʻa ai ke kaomi ʻōpala, e like me ke kūkulu ʻākau o Scotland, ʻaʻole paha e nui ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻōpala.
ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ikaika o ka papahana fungicide RL e hoʻololi i ke aʻo ʻana mai ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano maʻemaʻe i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano x fungicide, ka mea e huikau ai ka ʻikepili a e paʻakikī ai ka wehewehe ʻana a me ke kumukūʻai.
Kōkua pū ke ʻano hana hou iā mākou e paipai i nā ʻano i hiki ke loaʻa i nā maʻi kikoʻī. Nui nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano i hoʻokō i ka holomua kalepa ʻoiai he pale maikaʻi ʻole i nā maʻi (inā mālama pono ʻia) akā loaʻa nā ʻano waiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo hoʻokaʻawale maʻi hoʻi ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻonui kēia i nā kumukūʻai akā i nā haʻawina he nui e hopena i nā hua haʻahaʻa. Ua hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka hopena o ka lāʻau i nā piʻo kaohi maʻi i loaʻa i kā mākou papahana hana fungicide.
Kiʻi 2. Ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kiko lau me nā mea pale (nā hopena i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia mai 2022–2024), e hōʻike ana i kekahi o nā fungicides i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua RL. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi liʻiliʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana mai nā mahele papa hana kalepa maʻamau (hapalua a ʻekolu hapaha mahele) i nā mahele papa hana RL (kokoke i ka mahele piha).
Ua nānā ʻia kahi loiloi i kākoʻo ʻia e AHDB i ka papahana fungicide RL. ʻO kekahi o nā hopena o ka hana i alakaʻi ʻia e ADAS, ʻo ia hoʻi, i hui pū ʻia me nā helu kūpaʻa o ka hua a me nā maʻi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungicides, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana o kēia manawa ke ala maikaʻi loa e alakaʻi ai i ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-23-2024