ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ke loiloi i ke koena o ka pono o ka pīpī ʻana i loko o ka hale me ka pirimiphos-methyl, he hui pū ʻana odeltamethrina me clothianidin, a me clothianidin ma Alibori a me Tonga, nā wahi laha malaria ma ka ʻākau o Benin.
I loko o ke au o ke aʻo ʻana he ʻekolu makahiki, ua ʻike ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i ka deltamethrin ma nā kaiāulu āpau. Ua ʻike ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana a i ʻole ka hiki ke kū mai o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka benzodiazepine. Ua ʻike ʻia ka maʻalahi piha i ka pirimiphos-methyl i ka makahiki 2019 a me 2020, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau like ma Djugu, Gogonu, a me Kandy i ka makahiki 2021. Ua ʻike ʻia ka maʻalahi piha i ka clothianidin 4-6 mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana. Ua mau ka hana koena o ka pirimiphos-methyl no 4-5 mau mahina, ʻoiai ua mau ka hana koena o ka clothianidin a me ka hui ʻana o ka deltamethrin a me ka clothianidin no 8-10 mau mahina. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huahana like ʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma nā paia sima ma mua o nā paia lepo.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua maʻalahi loa ʻo Anopheles gambiae SL i ka clothianidin akā ua hōʻike i ke kūʻē / ke kūʻē hiki i nā insecticides ʻē aʻe i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana koena o nā insecticides i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka clothianidin ma mua o ka pirimiphos-methyl, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou hiki ke kaohi pono a hoʻomau i nā vectors pyrethroid-resistant.
No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōmole WHO a me ka cone, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā heluna kūloko o Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) a me kahi ʻano hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia o Anophoeles gambiae (Kisumu) mai nā kaiāulu IRS like ʻole.
ʻO ka Pyrifos-methyl capsule suspension kahi insecticide i hōʻoia mua ʻia e ka World Health Organization no nā ʻōnaehana pīpī i loko. ʻO Pyrifos-methyl 300 CS kahi insecticide organophosphorus me kahi mahele i ʻōlelo ʻia o 1.0 g mea hana (AI) / m² no ka kaohi ʻana i nā vectors malaria. Hana ʻo Pyrifos-methyl ma ka acetylcholinesterase, e hana ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka acetylcholine i loko o ka synaptic cleft i ka wā e wehe ai nā mea loaʻa acetylcholine, a laila e ālai ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā impulses nerve a me ke kumu o ka maʻi lolo a me ka make ʻana o nā pepeke.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides me nā ʻano hana hou, e like me clothianidin, hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka kaohi pono a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā mea hoʻoili malaria pyrethroid-resistant. Hiki i kēia mau insecticides ke kōkua i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticide, e pale ana i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i nā insecticides neurotoxic kuʻuna ʻehā i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ke olakino lehulehu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia mau insecticides me nā insecticides me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe hiki ke hoʻolohi i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē.
Ua loiloi wale ʻia ka hiki ʻole o ka paʻakikī Anopheles gambiae i ka clothianidin i ka makahiki 2021, ma mua o ka hoʻopuka ʻia ʻana o nā alakaʻi WHO, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi protocol i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia e Sumitomo Chemical (SCC). Ua paʻi ʻia nā alakaʻi WHO no nā kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo hiki ʻole no kēlā me kēia insecticide i hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia, e ʻae ana i ka hui hui pū ʻo WHO ʻo Universiti Sains Malaysia ma Malaysia e hoʻomākaukau i nā pepa i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka insecticide ma nā ʻano nui like ʻole a hoʻolako iā lākou i nā kikowaena noiʻi. [31] I ka makahiki 2021 wale nō i hoʻopuka ai ʻo WHO i nā alakaʻi no ka hoʻāʻo hiki ʻole i ka clothianidin.
Ua ʻoki ʻia ka pepa Whatman i mau ʻāpana he 12 kenimika ka laulā a me 15 kenimika ka lōʻihi, ua hoʻopiha ʻia me 13.2 mg o ka mea hana clothianidin a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i loko o 24 mau hola o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke kūlana maʻalahi o ka heluna makika i aʻo ʻia e like me nā kūlana WHO:
ʻEhā mau palena i aʻo ʻia: ka pae maʻalahi o ka heluna kanaka Anopheles gambiae kūloko i ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka, ka hopena knockdown a i ʻole ka make koke ʻana i loko o 30 mau minuke, ka make lohi a me ke koena pono.
Loaʻa ka ʻikepili i hoʻohana ʻia a/a i ʻole i kālailai ʻia i ka wā o kēia haʻawina mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-22-2025