He aha nā hopena no nā hui e komo ana i ka mākeke Brazil no nā huahana olaola a me nā ʻano hou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā kulekele

Ua mālama ka mākeke hoʻokomo mahiʻai ʻo Palakila i kahi wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, ke kaulana o nā manaʻo mahiʻai hoʻomau, a me ke kākoʻo ikaika o ke aupuni, ke lilo mālie nei ʻo Palakila i mākeke koʻikoʻi a me ke kikowaena hana hou no nā hoʻokomo bio-mahiʻai honua, e huki ana i nā ʻoihana bio-honua e hoʻokumu i nā hana ma ka ʻāina.

Ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka mākeke biopesticide ma Brazil

I ka makahiki 2023, ua hōʻea ka ʻāina kanu o nā mea kanu Palakila i 81.82 miliona heketa, ʻo ka mea kanu nui loa he soybeans, e helu ana i 52% o ka huina o ka ʻāina i kanu ʻia, ukali ʻia e ka kulina hoʻoilo, ke kō a me ka kulina kauwela. Ma kona ʻāina mahiʻai nui, ʻo Palakilamea pepehi lāʻau makeUa hōʻea ka mākeke ma kahi o $20 biliona (ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka hopena o ka mahiʻai) i ka makahiki 2023, me nā pesticides soybean e helu ana i ka hapa nui loa o ka waiwai mākeke (58%) a me ka mākeke ulu wikiwiki loa i nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala.

ʻO ka māhele o nā biopesticides ma ka mākeke pesticide holoʻokoʻa ma Brazil he haʻahaʻa loa ia, akā ke ulu wikiwiki nei, e piʻi ana mai ka 1% i ka makahiki 2018 a i ka 4% i ka makahiki 2023 i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki wale nō, me ka nui o ka ulu makahiki o 38%, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka 12% o ka ulu ʻana o nā pesticides kemika.

I ka makahiki 2023, ua hōʻea ka mākeke biopesticide o ka ʻāina i kahi waiwai kūʻai o $800 miliona ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mahiʻai. I waena o lākou, ma ke ʻano o ka māhele, ʻo nā nematocides biological ka māhele huahana nui loa (hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka soybeans a me ke kō); ʻO ka lua o ka māhele nui loanā mea pepehi pepeke olaola, ukali ʻia e nā mea microbial a me nā biocides; ʻO ka CAGR kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke kumukūʻai mākeke ma luna o ka manawa 2018-2023 no nā nematocides biological, a hiki i ka 52%. Ma ke ʻano o nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻo ka hapa o nā biopesticides soybean ma ke kumukūʻai mākeke holoʻokoʻa ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, e hōʻea ana i ka 55% i ka makahiki 2023; I ka manawa like, ʻo nā soybeans kekahi mea kanu me ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā biopesticides, me 88% o kona wahi i kanu ʻia e hoʻohana ana i ia mau huahana i ka makahiki 2023. ʻO ka kulina hoʻoilo a me ke kō ka lua a me ke kolu o nā mea kanu nui loa ma ke kumukūʻai mākeke. Ua piʻi aʻe ke kumukūʻai mākeke o kēia mau mea kanu i nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala.

Aia nā ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻano nui o nā biopesticides no kēia mau mea kanu koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka waiwai kūʻai nui loa o nā biopesticides soybean ʻo ia nā nematocides biological, e helu ana no 43% i ka makahiki 2023. ʻO nā ʻano koʻikoʻi loa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kulina hoʻoilo a me ke kulina kauwela ʻo ia nā pesticides biological, e helu ana no 66% a me 75% o ka waiwai kūʻai o nā pesticides biological ma nā ʻano mea kanu ʻelua, kēlā me kēia (ʻo ka mea nui no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino). ʻO ka ʻano huahana nui loa o ke kō ʻo ia nā nematocides biological, nona ka hapalua o ka māhele mākeke o nā pesticides biological kō.

Ma ke ʻano o ka wahi hoʻohana, hōʻike ka pakuhi ma lalo nei i nā mea hana ʻeiwa i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ka hapa o ka wahi i mālama ʻia ma nā mea kanu like ʻole, a me ka nui o ka wahi i hoʻohana ʻia i hoʻokahi makahiki. I waena o lākou, ʻo Trichoderma ka mea hana nui loa, i hoʻohana ʻia ma 8.87 miliona heketa o nā mea kanu i ka makahiki, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka mahi ʻana i ka soybean. Ua ukali ʻia e Beauveria bassiana (6.845 miliona heketa), kahi i hoʻopili nui ʻia i ka maile hoʻoilo. ʻEwalu o kēia mau mea hana nui ʻeiwa he bioresistant, a ʻo nā parasitoids wale nō nā pepeke ʻenemi kūlohelohe (hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahi ʻana i ke kō). Aia kekahi mau kumu e kūʻai maikaʻi ʻia ai kēia mau mea hana:

ʻO Trichoderma, Beauveria bassiana lāua ʻo Bacillus amylus: ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau ʻoihana hana, e hāʻawi ana i ka uhi maikaʻi ʻana o ka mākeke a me ka lako;

ʻO Rhodospore: he piʻi nui, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpala lau kulina, kahi mālama huahana o 11 miliona heketa i ka makahiki 2021, a me 30 miliona heketa i ka makahiki 2024 ma ka kulina hoʻoilo;

Nā nalo meli: loaʻa kahi kūlana paʻa no ka wā lōʻihi ma luna o ke kō, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka kaohi ʻana i ka mea ʻoki kō;

Metarhizium anisopliae: Ulu wikiwiki, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā nematodes a me ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o ka carbofuran (ka kemika nui no ka kaohi ʻana i nā nematodes).