He aha nā hopena no nā hui e komo ana i ka mākeke Brazil no nā huahana olaola a me nā ʻano hou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā kulekele

Ke mālama nei ka mākeke agrobiological inputs o Brazil i ka ulu wikiwiki i nā makahiki i hala.I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka kaulana o nā manaʻo mahiʻai hoʻomau, a me ke kākoʻo kulekele aupuni ikaika, ua lilo ʻo Brazil i wahi mākeke koʻikoʻi a me nā kikowaena hou no nā mea hoʻokomo bio-agricultural honua, e huki ana i nā ʻoihana bio-companies e hoʻokumu i nā hana ma. ka aina.

ʻO ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka mākeke biopesticide ma Brazil

I ka makahiki 2023, ua hiki i ka 81.82 miliona heka ka wahi kanu o nā mea kanu o Brazil, a ʻo ka nui o nā mea kanu he soybeans, ʻo ia ka 52% o ka nui o nā mea kanu, a ukali ʻia e ka palaoa hoʻoilo, ke kō a me ke kulina kauwela.Ma kona ʻāina ākea ākea, ʻo BrazilpesticideUa hōʻea ka mākeke ma kahi o $ 20 biliona (ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka mahiʻai) ma 2023, me nā pesticides soybean e helu ana i ka hapa nui loa o ka waiwai mākeke (58%) a me ka mākeke ulu wikiwiki i nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala.

He haʻahaʻa loa ka mahele o nā biopesticides i ka mākeke pesticide holoʻokoʻa ma Brazil, akā ke ulu wikiwiki nei ia, e piʻi ana mai 1% i 2018 a i 4% i 2023 i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki wale nō, me ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki he 38%, mamao loa. ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 12% o ka ulu ʻana o nā pesticides kemika.

I ka makahiki 2023, ua hōʻea ka mākeke biopesticide o ka ʻāina i ka waiwai kūʻai o $800 miliona ma ka hopena o ka mahiʻai.Ma waena o lākou, ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana, ʻo nā nematocides biological ka ʻāpana huahana nui loa (hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka soybeans a me ke kō);ʻO ka lua o ka māhele nui loanā lāʻau lāʻau ola kino, ukali ʻia e nā mea hana microbial a me nā biocides;ʻO ka CAGR kiʻekiʻe loa i ka waiwai o ka mākeke ma ka manawa 2018-2023 no nā nematocides biological, a hiki i 52%.Ma ke ʻano o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo ka hapa o nā biopesticides soybean i ka waiwai mākeke holoʻokoʻa ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, hiki i ka 55% i 2023;Ma ka manawa like, ʻo ka soybeans ka mea kanu me ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka noi ʻana i nā biopesticides, me 88% o kāna wahi kanu e hoʻohana ana i ia mau huahana i ka makahiki 2023. ʻO ke kulina hoʻoilo a me ke kō ka lua a me ke kolu o nā mea kanu nui loa i ka waiwai mākeke.Ua piʻi aʻe ka waiwai kūʻai o kēia mau mea kanu i nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala.

Aia nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻāpana nui o nā biopesticides no kēia mau mea kanu koʻikoʻi.ʻO ka waiwai kūʻai nui loa o ka soybean biopesticides he biological nematocides, helu no 43% i 2023. ʻO nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka palaoa hoʻoilo a me ke kulina kauwela he mau pesticides biological, helu ʻia no 66% a me 75% o ke kumukūʻai kūʻai o nā pesticides biological i nā mea ʻelua. ʻano o nā mea kanu, kēlā me kēia (no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pests stinging).ʻO ka ʻāpana huahana nui loa o ke kō he biological nematocides, nona ka hapa o ka hapa o ka mākeke o nā pesticides biological sugarcane.

Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, e hōʻike ana ka pakuhi ma lalo nei i nā mea hoʻohana ʻeiwa i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ka hapa o ka wahi i mālama ʻia ma nā mea kanu like ʻole, a me ka ʻāpana kumulative o ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi makahiki.Ma waena o lākou, ʻo Trichoderma ka mea hana nui loa, i hoʻohana ʻia ma 8.87 miliona mau ʻeka o nā mea kanu i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ka mea nui no ka mahi ʻana i ka soybean.Ua ukali ʻia e Beauveria bassiana (6.845 miliona ʻeka), i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka maile hoʻoilo.ʻEwalu o kēia mau mea hana nui ʻeiwa he bioresistant, a ʻo nā parasitoids wale nō ka ʻenemi kūlohelohe (hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahi kō).Nui nā kumu e kūʻai maikaʻi ai kēia mau mea hana:

ʻO Trichoderma, Beauveria bassiana a me Bacillus amylus: ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 mau ʻoihana hana, e hāʻawi ana i ka uhi mākeke maikaʻi a me ka lako;

ʻO Rhodospore: he piʻi nui, ma muli o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka lau kulina, wahi mālama huahana o 11 miliona mau ʻeka i 2021, a me 30 miliona mau ʻeka i 2024 ma ka palaoa hoʻoilo;

ʻO nā nalo parasitic: loaʻa kahi kūlana paʻa lōʻihi ma ke kō, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka ʻohe;

ʻO ka Metarhizium anisopliae: ʻO ka ulu wikiwiki, ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka nematodes a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o ka carbofuran (ke kumu nui no ka mālama ʻana i nā nematodes).