Pono ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka meaʻai e hoʻokō i nā pono o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua. Ma kēia ʻano, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā pesticides o nā hana mahiʻai hou i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui i nā hua hua. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā pesticides synthetic i ka mahiʻai i mea e hoʻohaumia ai i ke kaiapuni a me nā pilikia olakino kanaka. Hiki i nā pesticides ke bioaccumulate ma luna o nā membrane cell kanaka a hōʻino i ka hana o ke kanaka ma o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai haumia, ʻo ia ke kumu nui o nā pilikia olakino.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana cytogenetic i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia haʻawina i kahi ʻano kūlike e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka omethoate i nā hopena genotoxic a me nā cytotoxic i nā meristem onion. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hōʻike maopopo o ka hopena genotoxic o ka omethoate ma luna o ka onion i loko o nā palapala e kū nei, ua noiʻi ka nui o nā noiʻi i nā hopena genotoxic o ka omethoate i nā mea ola hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe. Dolara et al. ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka omethoate i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kaikuahine chromatid i loko o nā lymphocytes kanaka in vitro. Pēlā nō, ʻo Arteaga-Gómez et al. ua hōʻike ʻia ua hōʻemi ʻia ka omethoate i ka hiki ʻana o ke kelepona i nā keratinocytes HaCaT a me NL-20 kanaka bronchial cell, a ua loiloi ʻia ka pōʻino genotoxic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hōʻike comet. Pēlā nō, ʻo Wang et al. ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka telomere a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi i nā limahana omethoate-hōʻike. Eia kekahi, i ke kākoʻo ʻana i kēia haʻawina, ʻo Ekong et al. hōʻike i ka omethoate (ka oxygen analogue o ka omethoate) i hoʻemi i ka MI ma A. cepa a ua hoʻoulu i ka cell lysis, ka paʻa ʻana o ka chromosome, ka ʻāpana chromosome, ka elongation nuklea, ka nuklea erosion, ka wā mua o ka chromosome maturation, metaphase clustering, nuclear condensation, anaphase stickiness, a me nā abnormalities o ka c-metaphasebridge. ʻO ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai MI ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka omethoate ma muli paha o ka lohi ʻana i ka mahele cell a i ʻole ka hiki ʻole o nā cell ke hoʻopau i ka pōʻai mitotic. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka MN a me nā chromosomal abnormalities a me ka ʻāpana DNA i hōʻike ʻia e pili pono ana ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai MI i ka pōʻino DNA. Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻino chromosomal i ʻike ʻia i kēia haʻawina, ʻo nā chromosomes sticky ka mea maʻamau. ʻO kēia ʻano mea ʻino, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia, ma muli o ka hoʻopili kino ʻana o nā protein chromosomal a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka metabolism nucleic acid i loko o ke kelepona. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, ma muli paha o ka hemo ʻana o nā protein e hoʻopili ana i ka chromosomal DNA, a hiki i ka hopena ke alakaʻi i ka make cell42. Hōʻike nā chromosomes manuahi i ka hiki ke aneuploidy43. Eia kekahi, hana ʻia nā alahaka chromosomal e ka haki ʻana a me ka hui ʻana o nā chromosomes a me nā chromatids. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana e alakaʻi pololei i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o MN, i kūlike me nā hopena hōʻike comet i kēia haʻawina. ʻO ka puʻunaue like ʻole o ka chromatin ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka chromatid i ka manawa mitotic hope, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā chromosomes manuahi44. ʻAʻole maopopo ke ʻano o ka omethoate genotoxicity; akā naʻe, ma ke ʻano he pesticide organophosphorus, hiki iā ia ke launa pū me nā ʻāpana kelepona e like me nā nucleobases a i ʻole e hōʻino i ka DNA ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS)45. No laila, hiki i nā pesticides organophosphorus ke hoʻoulu i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā radical free reactive e like me O2−, H2O2, a me OH−, hiki ke hana me nā waihona DNA i loko o nā mea ola, a laila e hōʻino pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ROS e hōʻino i nā enzymes a me nā hale e pili ana i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono DNA. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ua manaʻo ʻia e hana nā pesticides organophosphorus i kahi kaʻina metabolic paʻakikī ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana e ke kanaka, e launa pū me nā enzymes he nui. Manaʻo lākou e loaʻa kēia pilina i ke komo ʻana o nā enzyme like ʻole a me nā genes e hoʻopili ana i kēia mau enzyme i nā hopena genotoxic o ka omethoate40. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ding et al.46 ua hoʻonui nā limahana omethoate-exposed i ka lōʻihi telomere, i pili pū me ka hana telomerase a me ka genetic polymorphism. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua wehewehe ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka omethoate DNA repair enzymes a me genetic polymorphism i loko o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia kēia nīnau no nā mea kanu.
ʻAʻole i hoʻonui ʻia nā mīkini pale kelepona e kūʻē i nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) e nā kaʻina antioxidant enzymatic akā pū kekahi me nā kaʻina antioxidant non-enzymatic, ʻo ia ka proline manuahi he antioxidant non-enzymatic koʻikoʻi i nā mea kanu. ʻO nā pae proline a hiki i 100 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā waiwai maʻamau i ʻike ʻia i nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi56. Ua kūlike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi me nā hualoaʻa33 i hōʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae proline i nā hua palaoa i mālama ʻia i ka omethoate. Pēlā nō, ʻike pū ʻo Srivastava lāua ʻo Singh57 i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka organophosphate insecticide malathion i nā pae proline i ka onion (A. cepa) a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka superoxide dismutase (SOD) a me nā hana catalase (CAT), e hōʻemi ana i ka pono o ka membrane a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka DNA. ʻO ka Proline kahi waikawa amino pono ʻole e pili ana i nā ʻano hana physiological e like me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka protein, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hana o ka protein, ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis redox cellular, ka oxygen singlet a me ka hydroxyl radical scavenging, ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike osmotic, a me ka hōʻailona cell57. Eia kekahi, pale ka proline i nā enzyme antioxidant, no laila e mālama ai i ka paʻa o ke kino o nā membrane cell58. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pae proline i nā aniani ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka omethoate e hōʻike ana e hoʻohana ke kino i ka proline ma ke ʻano he superoxide dismutase (SOD) a me catalase (CAT) e pale aku ai i nā mea ʻawaʻawa. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant enzymatic, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lawa ka proline e pale aku i nā pūnaewele aʻa aʻa mai ka pōʻino insecticide.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi palapala ʻaʻohe haʻawina e pili ana i ka pōʻino anatomical o nā aʻa mea kanu i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā insecticides omethoate. Eia nō naʻe, ua kūlike nā hopena o nā noiʻi mua ma nā lāʻau insecticides me nā hopena o kēia noiʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻo Çavuşoğlu et al.67 ʻo nā insecticides thiamethoxam ākea ākea ka mea i hōʻino ʻia i nā aʻa aniani e like me ka necrosis cell, ka ʻiʻo vascular ʻike ʻole, ka deformation cell, ka papa epidermal maopopo ʻole, a me ke ʻano ʻano o ka nuclei meristem. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Tütüncü a me al.68 he ʻekolu mau ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka methiocarb insecticides i kumu i ka necrosis, ka pōʻino o ka epidermal cell, a me ka mānoanoa o ka pā o ke kino i nā aʻa aniani. Ma kekahi noiʻi, ua ʻike ʻo Kalefetoglu Makar36 i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides avermectin ma nā ʻano o 0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L a me 0.100 ml/L ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻiʻo conductive undefined, epidermal cell deformation a me nā pōʻino nuklea palahalaha i nā aʻa aniani. ʻO ke aʻa ka wahi e komo ai nā kinikona pōʻino e komo i ka mea kanu a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahua nui i maʻalahi loa i nā hopena ʻona. Wahi a nā hopena MDA o kā mākou noiʻi, hiki i ke koʻikoʻi oxidative ke alakaʻi i ka pōʻino o ka membrane cell. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻo ka ʻōnaehana kumu ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana pale mua i kēlā mau pōʻino69. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻo ka pōʻino i ʻike ʻia i ke aʻa meristem ma muli o ke ʻano pale o kēia mau cell e pale ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā pesticide. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā pūnaewele epidermal a me cortical i ʻike ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ʻana ma muli paha o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka mea kanu i ka lawe ʻana i nā kemika. Hiki i kēia hoʻonui ke hopena i ka hoʻoemi kino a me ka deformation o nā cell a me ka nuclei. Eia hou, 70 ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki i nā mea kanu ke hōʻiliʻili i kekahi mau kemika e kaupalena i ke komo ʻana o nā pesticides i loko o nā cell. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi kūpono i nā ʻiʻo cortical a me vascular tissue, kahi e mānoanoa ai nā cell i ko lākou mau paia cell me nā mea e like me cellulose a me suberin e pale ai i ka omethoate mai ke komo ʻana i loko o ke aʻa.
ʻO ka Omethoate kahi lāʻau insecticide maikaʻi loa i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ʻāina ulu. Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā pesticides organophosphate ʻē aʻe, mau ka hopohopo e pili ana i kona hopena i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka. ʻO kēia haʻawina i manaʻo e hoʻopiha i kēia ʻike ʻike ma ka loiloi piha ʻana i nā hopena pōʻino o ka omethoate insecticides ma kahi mea kanu hoʻāʻo maʻamau, ʻo A. cepa. Ma ka A. cepa, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka omethoate ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana, nā hopena genotoxic, ka nalowale o ka pono o ka DNA, ke kaumaha oxidative, a me ka pōʻino o nā cell i ka meristem aʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka omethoate insecticides i nā mea ola ʻole. Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi i ka pono o ka mālama nui ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lāʻau omethoate, ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka dosing, hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike ma waena o nā mahiʻai, a me nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi. Eia kekahi, e hāʻawi kēia mau hopena i wahi hoʻomaka koʻikoʻi no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopena o ka omethoate insecticides ma luna o nā ʻano mea ʻole.
ʻO nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua a me nā haʻawina kula o nā mea kanu a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana (nā ʻōpuʻu aniani), me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu, ua hana ʻia e like me nā kuʻuna a me nā lula pili i ka ʻoihana, ka ʻāina a me ka honua.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-04-2025