Pono ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua. Ma kēia ʻano, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā pesticides o nā hana mahiʻai hou e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hua o nā mea kanu. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticides synthetic i ka mahiʻai e hoʻoulu ai i ka haumia koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni a me nā pilikia olakino kanaka. Hiki i nā pesticides ke bioaccumulate ma nā membrane cell kanaka a hoʻopilikia i nā hana kanaka ma o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai haumia, he kumu nui ia o nā pilikia olakino.
Ua hōʻike nā ʻano cytogenetic i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina i kahi ʻano kūlike e hōʻike ana he hopena genotoxic a cytotoxic ka omethoate i nā meristems ʻonika. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hōʻike maopopo o nā hopena genotoxic o ka omethoate ma ka ʻonika i loko o nā palapala i loaʻa, ua noiʻi ka nui o nā haʻawina i nā hopena genotoxic o ka omethoate ma nā meaola hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻo Dolara et al. ua hoʻoulu ka omethoate i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā hoʻololi chromatid kaikuahine i nā lymphocytes kanaka ma vitro. Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike ʻo Arteaga-Gómez et al. ua hōʻemi ka omethoate i ke ola o nā cell i nā keratinocytes HaCaT a me nā cell bronchial kanaka NL-20, a ua loiloi ʻia ka pōʻino genotoxic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi comet assay. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻo Wang et al. i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lōʻihi telomere a me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka maʻi kanesa i nā limahana i hōʻike ʻia e ka omethoate. Eia kekahi, i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, ʻo Ekong et al. ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻoulu ka omethoate (ka analog oxygen o ka omethoate) i ka emi ʻana o MI ma A. cepa a ua hoʻoulu i ka lysis cell, ka paʻa ʻana o ka chromosome, ka fragmentation chromosome, ka elongation nuclear, ka erosion nuclear, ka maturation chromosome premature, metaphase clustering, nuclear condensation, anaphase stickiness, a me nā ʻano ʻē o nā alahaka c-metaphase a me anaphase. ʻO ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai MI ma hope o ka mālama ʻana omethoate ma muli paha o ka lohi o ka mahele cell a i ʻole ka hiki ʻole o nā cell ke hoʻopau i ka pōʻaiapuni mitotic. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻano MN a me nā chromosomal a me ka fragmentation DNA i hōʻike ʻia ua pili pono ka emi ʻana o nā waiwai MI i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka DNA. Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻē chromosomal i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ʻo nā chromosome sticky ka mea maʻamau. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻē, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa a hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻopili kino ʻana o nā protein chromosomal a i ʻole ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka metabolism acid nucleic i loko o ke kelepona. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā protein e hoʻopuni ana i ka DNA chromosomal, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka make ʻana o ke kelepona42. Hōʻike nā chromosome manuahi i ka hiki ke aneuploidy43. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā alahaka chromosomal e ka haki ʻana a me ka hui ʻana o nā chromosomes a me nā chromatids. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana e alakaʻi pololei i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o MN, kahi e kūlike me nā hopena comet assay i kēia noiʻi. ʻO ka hoʻolaha like ʻole o ka chromatin ma muli o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka chromatid i ka wā mitotic hope, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā chromosomes manuahi44. ʻAʻole maopopo ke ʻano kikoʻī o ka genotoxicity omethoate; akā naʻe, ma ke ʻano he pesticide organophosphorus, hiki iā ia ke launa pū me nā ʻāpana cellular e like me nā nucleobases a i ʻole e hōʻino i ka DNA ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS)45. No laila, hiki i nā pesticides organophosphorus ke hana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā radical free reactive kiʻekiʻe e pili ana iā O2−, H2O2, a me OH−, hiki ke hana me nā kumu DNA i loko o nā meaola, a laila e hōʻino pololei ai i ka DNA a i ʻole ʻaʻole pololei. Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi kēia mau ROS e hōʻino i nā enzymes a me nā ʻano i komo i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka DNA. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia e hana nā pesticides organophosphorus i kahi kaʻina hana metabolic paʻakikī ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana e nā kānaka, e launa pū ana me nā enzymes he nui. Manaʻo lākou e hopena kēia pilina i ke komo ʻana o nā enzymes like ʻole a me nā genes e hoʻopili ana i kēia mau enzymes i nā hopena genotoxic o omethoate40. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ding et al.46 ua hoʻonui nā limahana i hōʻike ʻia e ka omethoate i ka lōʻihi o ka telomere, kahi i pili pū me ka hana telomerase a me ka polymorphism genetic. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua wehewehe ʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā enzymes hoʻoponopono DNA omethoate a me ka polymorphism genetic i loko o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia kēia nīnau no nā mea kanu.
ʻAʻole wale nā hana pale o ke kelepona e kūʻē i nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) i hoʻonui ʻia e nā kaʻina hana antioxidant enzymatic akā e nā kaʻina hana antioxidant non-enzymatic, kahi o ka proline manuahi he antioxidant non-enzymatic koʻikoʻi i nā mea kanu. Ua ʻike ʻia nā pae Proline a hiki i ka 100 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā waiwai maʻamau i nā mea kanu i hoʻoluhi ʻia56. Kūlike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi me nā hopena33 i hōʻike i nā pae proline kiʻekiʻe i nā hua palaoa i mālama ʻia me ka omethoate. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike pū ʻo Srivastava lāua ʻo Singh57 ua hoʻonui ka organophosphate insecticide malathion i nā pae proline i ka ʻakaʻakai (A. cepa) a ua hoʻonui pū i nā hana superoxide dismutase (SOD) a me catalase (CAT), e hōʻemi ana i ka pono o ka membrane a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka DNA. ʻO Proline kahi waikawa amino nonesential e pili ana i nā ʻano hana physiological like ʻole me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka protein structure, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hana protein, ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis redox cellular, ka oxygen singlet a me ka hydroxyl radical scavenging, ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike osmotic, a me ka hōʻailona cell57. Eia kekahi, pale ka proline i nā enzymes antioxidant, no laila e mālama ana i ka pono o nā membrane cell58. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae proline i loko o nā ʻonika ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka omethoate e hōʻike ana e hoʻohana ke kino i ka proline ma ke ʻano he superoxide dismutase (SOD) a me ka catalase (CAT) e pale aku i ka ʻawahia i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka insecticide. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant enzymatic, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole lawa ka proline e pale i nā pūnaewele piko aʻa ʻonika mai ka hōʻino ʻana o ka insecticide.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi palapala ʻaʻohe haʻawina e pili ana i ka hōʻino anatomical o nā aʻa mea kanu i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā insecticides omethoate. Eia nō naʻe, kūlike nā hopena o nā haʻawina ma mua ma nā insecticides ʻē aʻe me nā hopena o kēia haʻawina. Ua hōʻike ʻo Çavuşoğlu et al.67 ua hoʻoulu nā insecticides thiamethoxam ākea i ka hōʻino anatomical i nā aʻa ʻonika e like me ka necrosis cell, ka ʻiʻo vascular maopopo ʻole, ka deformation cell, ka papa epidermal maopopo ʻole, a me ke ʻano maʻamau o nā nuclei meristem. Ua hōʻike ʻo Tütüncü et al.68 ʻekolu mau dosis like ʻole o nā insecticides methiocarb i hoʻoulu ai i ka necrosis, ka hōʻino ʻana o nā cell epidermal, a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia cell cortical i nā aʻa ʻonika. Ma kekahi haʻawina ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻo Kalefetoglu Makar36 ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā insecticides avermectin ma nā dosis o 0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L a me 0.100 ml/L i hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻiʻo conductive i wehewehe ʻole ʻia, ka deformation cell epidermal a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka nucleus i nā aʻa ʻonika. ʻO ke aʻa ke kikowaena komo no nā kemika ʻino e komo i loko o ka mea kanu a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahua nui i maʻalahi i nā hopena ʻawahia. Wahi a nā hopena MDA o kā mākou noiʻi, hiki i ka hoʻoluhi oxidative ke alakaʻi i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka membrane cell. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻo ka ʻōnaehana aʻa kekahi ʻano pale mua e kūʻē i ia mau pōpilikia69. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻo ka hōʻino ʻia ʻana o nā cell meristem aʻa ma muli paha o ke ʻano pale o kēia mau cell e pale ana i ka lawe ʻana o ka pesticide. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā cell epidermal a me cortical i ʻike ʻia ma kēia noiʻi he hopena paha ia o ka mea kanu e hōʻemi ana i ka lawe ʻana o ka kemika. Hiki i kēia hoʻonui ke hopena i ka hoʻopili kino a me ka deformation o nā cell a me nā nuclei. Eia kekahi,70 ua manaʻo ʻia e hōʻiliʻili paha nā mea kanu i kekahi mau kemika e kaupalena i ke komo ʻana o nā pesticides i loko o nā cell. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia hanana ma ke ʻano he loli adaptive i nā cell cortical a me vascular tissue, kahi e hoʻomānoanoa ai nā cell i ko lākou mau paia cell me nā mea e like me ka cellulose a me ka suberin e pale ai i ka omethoate mai ke komo ʻana i loko o nā aʻa.71 Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hōʻino ʻana o ka nuklea i hoʻopalahalaha ʻia paha ka hopena o ke kaomi kino ʻana o nā cell a i ʻole ke kaumaha oxidative e hoʻopilikia ana i ka membrane nuklea, a i ʻole ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka mea genetic i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka noi omethoate.
He mea pepehi kanaka ikaika loa ʻo Omethoate i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ʻāina e ulu ana. Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā pesticides organophosphate ʻē aʻe, ke hopohopo nei e pili ana i kona hopena i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka. Ua manaʻo kēia haʻawina e hoʻopiha i kēia hakahaka ʻike ma ka loiloi piha ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā insecticides omethoate ma kahi mea kanu i hoʻāʻo pinepine ʻia, ʻo A. cepa. Ma A. cepa, ua hopena ka hōʻike ʻana o ka omethoate i ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana, nā hopena genotoxic, ka nalowale o ka pono o ka DNA, ke kaumaha oxidative, a me ka hōʻino ʻana o nā cell i loko o ke aʻa meristem. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā insecticides omethoate i nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia haʻawina i ka pono no ka makaʻala nui ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides omethoate, ka dosing pololei, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike ma waena o nā mahiʻai, a me nā lula koʻikoʻi. Eia kekahi, e hāʻawi kēia mau hopena i kahi hoʻomaka waiwai no ka noiʻi e noiʻi ana i nā hopena o nā insecticides omethoate ma nā ʻano ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua a me nā haʻawina kahua o nā mea kanu a me ko lākou mau ʻāpana (nā ʻuala ʻakaʻakai), me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu, e like me nā loina a me nā lula pili i ka ʻoihana, aupuni a me ka honua.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-04-2025