E hana ana nā kānaka i kekahi mau hana lapuwale e pale aku ai i nā nahu makika. Puhi lākou i ka ʻōpala bipi, nā pūpū niu, a i ʻole ke kofe. Inu lākou i ka gin a me nā tonic. ʻAi lākou i ka maiʻa. Pīpī lākou iā lākou iho me ka holoi waha a i ʻole e hoʻopili iā lākou iho i loko o kahi hopena clove/ʻona. Hoʻomaloʻo pū lākou iā lākou iho me Bounce. "ʻIke ʻoe, ʻo kēlā mau pepa ʻala maikaʻi āu e hoʻokomo ai i loko o ka mea maloʻo," wahi a Immo Hansen, PhD, he polopeka ma ka Institute of Applied Biosciences ma ke Kulanui ʻo New Mexico State.
ʻAʻohe o kēia mau ʻano hana i hoʻāʻo ʻia e ʻike inā e pale maoli lākou i nā makika. Akā, ʻaʻole ia i kāohi i ka poʻe mai ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā lākou, e like me kahi noiʻi e paʻi ʻia i kēia kauwela e Hansen a me kāna hoa hana ʻo Stacy Rodriguez, nāna e mālama i ka lab a Hansen ma ke Kulanui ʻo New Mexico State. Ua aʻo ʻo Stacy Rodriguez i nā ala e pale aku ai i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika. Ua noiʻi ʻo ia a me kāna mau hoa hana i 5,000 mau kānaka e pili ana i ke ʻano o kā lākou pale ʻana iā lākou iho mai nā nahu makika. Ua hoʻohana ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i nā mea pale makika kuʻuna.
A laila ua nīnau nā mea noiʻi iā lākou e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna home. ʻO ia kahi e komo mai ai ka ʻōpala bipi a me ka pepa maloʻo. Ma kahi ninaninau, ua kaʻana like ʻo Hansen lāua ʻo Rodriguez i kekahi o nā pane i loaʻa iā lāua. Ua paʻi ʻia kā lāua pepa ma ka puke pai i loiloi ʻia e nā hoa ʻo PeerJ.
Ma waho aʻe o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna a me nā pale kuʻuna, aia kekahi mau ala i hōʻoia ʻia e pale aku iā ʻoe iho mai nā makika a me nā maʻi a lākou e lawe ai. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo NPR me nā mea noiʻi, he nui o lākou e hoʻolilo i ka manawa nui i loko o nā ululāʻau i piha i nā makika, nā ʻāina pulu, a me nā wahi wela.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā huahana i loaʻa ka DEET he palekana a he pono hoʻi. ʻO DEET kahi pōkole no ka kemika N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, ʻo ia ka mea hana nui i loko o nā mea pale pepeke he nui. Ua nānā kahi pepa i paʻi ʻia ma ka Journal of Insect Science i ka pono o nā insecticides kalepa like ʻole a ua ʻike ʻia he pono a lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o nā huahana i loaʻa ka DEET. ʻO Rodriguez lāua ʻo Hansen nā mea kākau o ke aʻo ʻana o 2015, a lākou i hana hou ai ma kahi pepa o 2017 ma ka puke pai like.
Ua hōʻea ʻo DEET i nā papa hale kūʻai i ka makahiki 1957. Aia nā hopohopo mua e pili ana i kona palekana, me kekahi e hōʻike ana he hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia neurological. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā loiloi hou aʻe, e like me kahi noiʻi o Iune 2014 i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Parasites and Vectors, ua ʻike ʻia "ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā hoʻokolohua holoholona, nā haʻawina nānā, a me nā hoʻokolohua hana komo ʻana he hōʻike no nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DEET i ʻōlelo ʻia."
ʻAʻole ʻo DEET wale nō ka mea kaua. ʻO nā huahana e loaʻa ana nā mea hana picaridin a me IR 3535 he like ka pono, wahi a Kauka Dan Strickman o ka Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Program (he kākoʻo NPR) a me ka mea kākau o Preventing Insect Bites, Stings, and Disease.
Ua hōʻike nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevention he palekana a he pono nā mea pale i loaʻa i kekahi o kēia mau mea hana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau mea pale a puni ka honua.
"ʻO Picaridinʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua oDEETa me he mea lā e kipaku aku i nā makika,” wahi āna. Ke hoʻohana ka poʻe i ka DEET, hiki i nā makika ke pae ma luna o lākou akā ʻaʻole e nahu. Ke hoʻohana lākou i nā huahana i loaʻa ka picaridin, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pae ʻana o nā makika. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena o nā mea pale i loaʻa ka IR 3535, wahi a Strickman, akā ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻala ikaika o nā huahana ʻē aʻe.
Aia pū kekahi petrolatum lemon eucalyptus (PMD), kahi ʻaila kūlohelohe i loaʻa mai nā lau ʻala lemon a me nā lālā o ka lāʻau eucalyptus, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka CDC. ʻO PMD ka ʻāpana o ka ʻaila e pale aku i nā pepeke. Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi ma ke Kulanui ʻo New Mexico State ua like ka maikaʻi o nā huahana i loaʻa ka ʻaila lemon eucalyptus me nā mea i loaʻa ka DEET, a ua lōʻihi ka hopena. "He stigma ko kekahi poʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika ma ko lākou ʻili. Makemake lākou i nā huahana kūlohelohe," wahi a Rodriguez.
I ka makahiki 2015, ua loaʻa kahi ʻike kupanaha: ua kūleʻa maoli ka ʻala Bombshell a Victoria's Secret i ka pale ʻana i nā makika. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hansen lāua ʻo Rodriguez ua hoʻohui lāua iā ia i kā lāua huahana hoʻāʻo ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi no ka mea ua manaʻo lāua e huki kona ʻala pua i nā makika. Ua ʻike ʻia ua inaina nā makika i ke ʻala.
ʻO kā lākou noiʻi hou loa, mai 2017, ua loaʻa pū kekahi mau mea kupanaha. ʻO ka huahana, i kapa ʻia ʻo Off Clip-On, e hoʻopili i nā lole a loaʻa iā ia ka metofluthrin repellent pepeke kūloko, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka CDC. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka mea hiki ke komo no ka poʻe e noho ana ma kahi hoʻokahi, e like me nā mākua e nānā ana i kahi pāʻani softball. Hoʻohuli ka mea e kau ana i ka pale maka i kahi peʻahi liʻiliʻi i hoʻohana ʻia e ka pila e puhi ana i kahi ao liʻiliʻi o ka noe repellent i ka lewa a puni ka mea e kau ana. "Hana maoli ia," wahi a Hansen, me ka hoʻohui ʻana he like kona pono i ka pale ʻana i nā pepeke e like me DEET a i ʻole ka ʻaila o ka lemon eucalyptus.
ʻAʻole hāʻawi nā huahana āpau i nā hopena a lākou e hoʻohiki ai. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi i ka makahiki 2015 ʻaʻole i kūpono nā ʻāpana huaora B1 i ka pale ʻana i nā makika. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi noiʻi i ka makahiki 2017 i nā ipukukui citronella i waena o nā huahana i pale ʻole i nā makika.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou nei ʻaʻole hiki i nā kūpeʻe lima a me nā kāʻei ke pale aku i nā makika ke pale aku i nā makika. Loaʻa i kēia mau huahana nā ʻaila like ʻole, me ka citronella a me ka lemongrass.
"Ua loaʻa iaʻu nā nahu makika ma nā kūpeʻe lima aʻu i hoʻāʻo ai," wahi a Rodriguez. "Hoʻolaha lākou i kēia mau kūpeʻe lima a me nā kāʻei i mea pale iā Zika [kahi maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika e hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā kīnā hānau koʻikoʻi i nā wahine hāpai], akā ʻaʻohe pono o kēia mau kūpeʻe lima."
ʻO nā mea hana ultrasonic, e hoʻopuka ana i nā leo i hiki ʻole i nā kānaka ke lohe akā ua ʻōlelo nā mea kūʻai aku e inaina nā makika, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hana. "ʻAʻohe hopena o nā mea hana sonic a mākou i hoʻāʻo ai," wahi a Hansen. "Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i nā mea hana ʻē aʻe ma mua. ʻAʻole lākou i kūpono. ʻAʻohe hōʻike ʻepekema e hōʻike ana ua kipaku ʻia nā makika e ke kani.
Wahi a nā loea, ʻoi aku ka naʻauao o ka hahai ʻana i nā kuhikuhi a ka mea hana. Inā e noho ana ka poʻe ma waho no hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha hola, pono lākou e hoʻohana i nā huahana e loaʻa ana nā DEET haʻahaʻa (ʻōlelo ka lepili ma kahi o 10 pakeneka) no ka pale ʻana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Jorge Rey, ka luna hoʻokele o ka Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory ma Vero Beach, inā e noho ana ka poʻe i nā wahi ululāʻau, nā ululāʻau, a i ʻole nā wahi ʻūlū, pono lākou e hoʻohana i kahi DEET kiʻekiʻe aʻe - 20 pakeneka a 25 pakeneka - a hoʻololi iā ia i kēlā me kēia ʻehā hola. "ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kona mau lā," wahi a Rey.
Eia hou, e hahai i nā kuhikuhi dosage a ka mea hana. "Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui inā maikaʻi ia i nā liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i nā nui," wahi a Kauka William Reisen, polopeka emeritus ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. "ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e ʻauʻau i loko o ia mea."
Ke hele ʻo Ray i nā wahi i piha i nā mea ʻino, e like me ka Everglades National Park ma Florida, e hana i ka noiʻi, ʻaʻahu ʻo ia i nā mea pale. "E ʻaʻahu mākou i nā lole loloa a me nā pālule lima lōʻihi," wahi āna. "Inā ʻino loa ia, e kau mākou i nā pāpale me nā ʻupena ma luna o ko mākou mau maka. Hilinaʻi mākou i nā ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia o ko mākou kino e pale aku i nā makika." ʻO ia hoʻi ko mākou mau lima, ʻāʻī, a me ka maka. Eia nō naʻe, ʻōlelo aʻo nā loea e pale aku i ka pīpī ʻana ma kou maka. I mea e pale aku ai i ka huhū o ka maka, e hoʻopili i ka mea pale i kou mau lima, a laila hamo ma kou maka.
Mai poina i kou mau wāwae. He makemake kūikawā ko nā makika i ka honi ʻana. Makemake nā makika he nui, ʻoiai nā makika Aedes e lawe ana i ka maʻi Zika, i ke ʻala o nā wāwae.
"ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i nā sandals," wahi a Rodriguez. He mea nui nā kāmaʻa a me nā socks, a ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā lole i loko o nā socks a i ʻole nā kāmaʻa e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā makika mai ke komo ʻana i loko o kou mau lole. Ma nā wahi i piha i nā makika, ʻaʻahu ʻo ia i nā lole lōʻihi a ʻaʻole loa nā lole yoga. "He kūpono ka Spandex i nā makika. Nahu lākou iā ia. ʻAʻahu au i nā lole baggy a me nā pālule lima lōʻihi a kau iā DEET."
Hiki i nā makika ke nahu i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka lā, akā makemake ka makika ʻAedes aegypti e lawe ana i ka maʻi Zika i nā hola kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, wahi a Strickman. Inā hiki, e noho i loko o ka hale me nā pale puka makani a i ʻole ke ea hoʻoluʻu i kēia mau manawa.
No ka mea, hoʻoulu kēia mau makika i loko o ka wai kū i loko o nā pahu e like me nā ipu pua, nā kaila kahiko, nā bākeke a me nā ʻōpala, pono i nā kānaka ke wehe i nā wahi wai kū a puni lākou. "Ua ʻae ʻia nā loko ʻauʻau inā ʻaʻole lākou e haʻalele ʻia," wahi a Ray. Hiki i nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia e palekana ai nā loko ke pale aku i nā makika. Pono ka nānā pono ʻana e ʻike i nā wahi hoʻoulu makika āpau. "Ua ʻike au i nā makika e hoʻoulu ana i loko o ka ʻili o ka wai kokoke i nā poho holoi a i ʻole ma lalo o ke aniani a ka poʻe e hoʻohana ai e palaki i ko lākou mau niho," wahi a Strickman. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā wahi o ka wai kū hiki ke hōʻemi nui i ka heluna makika.
ʻO ka nui o ka poʻe e hana i kēia hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau, ʻo ka emi ʻana o nā makika. "ʻAʻole paha he hemolele, akā e emi nui ʻia ka heluna makika," wahi a Strickman.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hansen e hana ana kāna keʻena hoʻokolohua i kahi ʻenehana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā makika kāne me ka radiation a laila hoʻokuʻu iā lākou i ke kaiapuni. Hoʻopili ka makika kāne me kahi wahine, a waiho ka wahine i nā hua, akā ʻaʻole i pahū nā hua. E kuhikuhi ana ka ʻenehana i nā ʻano kikoʻī, e like me ka makika Aedes aegypti, ka mea e hoʻolaha ana i ka Zika, ka maʻi dengue a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
Ke hana nei kahi hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema o Massachusetts i kahi mea pale makika e noho ma ka ʻili a mau no nā hola a i ʻole nā lā, wahi a Kauka Abrar Karan, he kauka ma Brigham and Women's Hospital. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea hana o Hour72+, kahi mea pale e ʻōlelo nei ʻaʻole ia e komo i loko o ka ʻili a i ʻole e komo i ke kahe koko, akā ua lilo ia i mea ʻole ma muli o ka hemo maoli ʻana o ka ʻili.
I kēia makahiki, ua lanakila ʻo Hour72+ i ka makana nui ʻo Dubilier he $75,000 ma ka hoʻokūkū hoʻomaka makahiki o ke Kula ʻOihana ʻo Harvard. Hoʻolālā ʻo Karan e hana i nā hoʻāʻo hou aʻe o ka prototype, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ke kālepa, e ʻike i ka lōʻihi o kona hana pono ʻana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Malaki-17-2025