Ma kahi papahana mua e hoʻāʻo ana i nā mea kanu meaʻai kūloko no nā makika ma Thailand, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi (EO) o Cyperus rotundus, galangal a me ke kinamona he hana pale namu maikaʻi i ka Aedes aegypti.I ka ho'āʻo e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kuʻunainsecticidesa me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā heluna namu kūʻē, ua manaʻo kēia noiʻi e ʻike i ka synergism hiki ke loaʻa ma waena o nā hopena adulticidal o ka ethylene oxide a me ka ʻona o ka permethrin i nā makika Aedes.aegypti, me ka pyrethroid-resistant and sensitive strains.
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana kemika a me ka hana pepehi ʻana o EO i unuhi ʻia mai nā rhizomes o C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me ka ʻili o C. verum e kūʻē i ke kānana susceptible Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) a me ke kumu kūʻē ʻo Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ).) He kanaka makua ʻeleu Ae.Aedes aegypti.Ua hana pū ʻia kahi bioassay makua o ka hui EO-permethrin ma luna o kēia mau makika Aedes no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kāna hana synergistic.aegypti strains.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano analytical GC-MS he 48 mau pūhui i ʻike ʻia mai nā EO o C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum, ʻo 80.22%, 86.75% a me 97.24% o ka huina o nā mea.ʻO Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), a me cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) nā mea nui o ka aila cyperus, ka aila galangal, a me ka aila balsamic.I loko o nā ho'āʻo pepehi kanaka makua olaola, ʻo C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum EV ua kūpono i ka pepehi ʻana iā Ae.aegypti, MCM-S a me PMD-R LD50 waiwai he 10.05 a me 9.57 μg / mg wahine, 7.97 a me 7.94 μg / mg wahine, a me 3.30 a me 3.22 μg / mg wahine.Ka pono o MCM-S a me PMD-R Ae i ka pepehi kanaka makua.aegypti i loko o kēia mau EO kokoke i ka piperonyl butoxide (nā waiwai PBO, LD50 = 6.30 a me 4.79 μg / mg wahine, kēlā me kēia), akā ʻaʻole i like me ka permethrin (nā waiwai LD50 = 0.44 a me 3.70 ng / mg wahine).Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia nā bioassays hui pū ʻana ma waena o EO a me permethrin.ʻO ka synergism koʻikoʻi me ka permethrin e kūʻē i ʻelua mau ʻano namu Aedes.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Aedes aegypti i ka EM o C. rotundus a me A. galanga.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā aila C. rotundus a me A. galanga i hōʻemi nui i nā waiwai LD50 o permethrin ma MCM-S mai 0.44 a i 0.07 ng / mg a me 0.11 ng / mg i nā wahine, kēlā me kēia, me nā waiwai synergy ratio (SR) o 6.28 a me 4.00 pakahi.Eia kekahi, ʻo C. rotundus a me A. galanga EO i hoʻemi nui i nā waiwai LD50 o permethrin ma PMD-R mai 3.70 a i 0.42 ng / mg a me 0.003 ng / mg i nā wahine, kēlā me kēia, me nā waiwai SR o 8.81 a me SR. 1233.33, kēlā me kēia..
ʻO ka hopena synergistic o ka hui pū ʻana o EO-permethrin e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻona kanaka makua e kūʻē i ʻelua ʻano namu Aedes.Hōʻike ʻo Aedes aegypti i kahi hana hoʻohiki no ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he synergist i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono anti-namu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pūhui kuʻuna ʻole a kūpono ʻole.
ʻO ka makika Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ke kumu nui o ka maʻi maʻi dengue a me nā maʻi maʻi ʻē aʻe e like me ke kuni melemele, chikungunya a me ka maʻi maʻi Zika, e hoʻoweliweli ana i nā kānaka [1, 2]..ʻO ka maʻi Dengue ka maʻi maʻi hemorrhagic koʻikoʻi loa e pili ana i nā kānaka, me ka 5-100 miliona mau maʻi e loaʻa ana i kēlā me kēia makahiki a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.5 biliona poʻe ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.ʻO ka puka ʻana o kēia maʻi maʻi he mea kaumaha nui i ka heluna kanaka, nā ʻōnaehana olakino a me nā ʻoihana o ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina wela [1].Wahi a ka Thai Ministry of Health, aia he 142,925 mau hihia o ka maʻi dengue a me 141 mau make i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 2015, ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu manawa o ka nui o nā hihia a me nā make ma 2014 [4].ʻOiai nā hōʻike mōʻaukala, ua hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻemi nui ʻia ka maʻi dengue e ka namu Aedes.Ma hope o ka hoʻomalu ʻana iā Aedes aegypti [5], ua piʻi nui ka maʻi a ua laha ka maʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ma muli o kekahi mau makahiki o ka hoʻomehana honua.Ka hoopau a me ka hoomalu ana ia Ae.He mea paʻakikī ʻo Aedes aegypti no ka mea, he manu namu ia e hoʻopā, hānai, hoʻomaha a hoʻohua i loko a ma kahi o kahi noho kanaka i ka lā.Eia kekahi, hiki i kēia makika ke hoʻololi i nā loli kaiapuni a i ʻole nā haunaele i hana ʻia e nā hanana kūlohelohe (e like me ka maloʻo) a i ʻole nā hana hoʻomalu kanaka, a hiki ke hoʻi i kona mau helu kumu [6, 7].Ma muli o ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i ka maʻi dengue a ʻaʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā no ka maʻi dengue, ʻo ka pale ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o ka maʻi dengue e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i nā namu a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pilina kanaka me nā vectors.
ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika no ka hoʻomalu namu i kēia manawa he hana koʻikoʻi i ke olakino lehulehu ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ka hoʻokele vector integrated piha.ʻO nā ʻano kemika kaulana loa, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hana kūʻē i ka namu (larvicides) a me nā makika makua (adidocides).ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā larva ma o ka hōʻemi kumu a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā larvicides kemika e like me nā organophosphates a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu nā pepeke i manaʻo ʻia he mea nui.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hopena o ke kaiapuni e pili ana i nā pesticides synthetic a me kā lākou hana paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi e hopohopo nui [8, 9].ʻO ka hoʻomalu vector hana kuʻuna, e like me ka hoʻomalu makua, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka wā o ka maʻi maʻi viral no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau i nā vector maʻi infectious i ka wikiwiki a me ka nui, a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke ola a me ka lōʻihi o nā heluna vector kūloko [3]., 10].ʻEhā papa o nā lāʻau inika: organochlorines (i kapa ʻia ʻo DDT wale nō), organophosphates, carbamates, a me nā pyrethroids ke kumu o nā polokalamu hoʻokele vector, me nā pyrethroids i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka papa lanakila loa.He maikaʻi loa lākou e kūʻē i nā arthropod like ʻole a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻona i nā mammals.I kēia manawa, ʻo nā pyrethroids synthetic ka hapa nui o nā pesticides pāʻoihana, e helu ana ma kahi o 25% o ka mākeke pesticide honua [11, 12].ʻO Permethrin a me deltamethrin nā insecticides pyrethroid ākea ākea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa no nā makahiki he nui e hoʻomalu i nā ʻano mea ʻino o ka mahiʻai a me ke koʻikoʻi olakino [13, 14].I ka makahiki 1950, ua koho ʻia ʻo DDT ma ke ʻano he kemika i koho ʻia no ka papahana hoʻomalu namu olakino o Thailand.Ma hope o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka DDT ma nā wahi maʻi malaria, ua hoʻopau mālie ʻo Thailand i ka hoʻohana ʻana o DDT ma waena o 1995 a me 2000 a hoʻololi iā ia me ʻelua pyrethroids: permethrin a me deltamethrin [15, 16].Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau insecticides pyrethroid i nā makahiki 1990 mua e hoʻomalu i ka maʻi maʻi a me ka maʻi dengue, ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻupena moe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pua wela a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa loa loa [14, 17].Eia nō naʻe, ua nalowale lākou i ka maikaʻi ma muli o ke kūpaʻa ikaika o ka namu a me ka nele o ka lehulehu ma muli o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ke olakino lehulehu a me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o nā kemika synthetic.He mea nui kēia i ka holomua o nā polokalamu hoʻoweliweli vector [14, 18, 19].I mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolālā, pono nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa kūpono a kūpono hoʻi.ʻO nā kaʻina hana i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe, ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kemika o nā papa like ʻole, ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā synergists, a me ka hui ʻana o nā kemika a i ʻole ka hoʻohana like ʻana o nā kemika o nā papa like ʻole [14, 20, 21].No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi e ʻimi a hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa a me ka synergist e pili ana i ka kaiaola, kūpono a kūpono hoʻi a ke manaʻo nei kēia noiʻi e hoʻoponopono i kēia pono.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea kanu lāʻau i loaʻa ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kanu, i ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka namu o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana [22, 23, 24].Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina e hiki ke hoʻomalu i nā mea namu koʻikoʻi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā aila pono (EO), ma ke ʻano he pepehi kanaka makua.Ua loaʻa nā waiwai adulticidal e kūʻē i kekahi ʻano namu koʻikoʻi i loko o nā aila mea kanu he nui e like me ka celery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, paipu pepa, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Connies embrosioides, Chenopodium ambrosioides. ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata a me Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Ethylene oxide i kēia manawa ʻaʻole wale ma kāna iho, akā i hui pū ʻia me nā mea kanu i unuhi ʻia a i ʻole nā pesticides synthetic i loaʻa, e hana ana i nā pae like ʻole o ka ʻona.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides kuʻuna e like me organophosphates, carbamates a me nā pyrethroids me ka ethylene oxide / mea kanu extracts e hana synergistically a i ʻole a antagonistically i ko lākou mau hopena ʻawaʻawa a ua hōʻike ʻia i ka maikaʻi e kūʻē i nā maʻi maʻi a me nā pests [31,32,33,34,35].Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā hopena ʻawaʻawa synergistic o ka hui pū ʻana o nā phytochemical me nā kemika synthetic a i ʻole nā kemika synthetic i mālama ʻia ma luna o nā mea ʻenekini mahiʻai a me nā pests ma mua o nā namu koʻikoʻi.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hana i nā hopena synergistic o ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea kanu-synthetic e kūʻē i nā namu vectors i kālele i ka hopena larvicidal.
Ma kahi noiʻi mua i alakaʻi ʻia e nā mea kākau ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi papahana noiʻi e hoʻomau nei i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli mai nā mea kanu meaʻai ʻōiwi ma Thailand, ua ʻike ʻia nā ethylene oxides mai Cyperus rotundus, galangal a me ke kinamona he hana kūpono e kūʻē i ka Aedes makua.ʻAigupita [36].No laila, ua manaʻo kēia haʻawina e loiloi i ka pono o nā EO i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes.aegypti, me ka pyrethroid-resistant and sensitive strains.ʻO ka hopena synergistic o nā hui binary o ka ethylene oxide a me nā pyrethroids synthetic me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi i ka poʻe mākua ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia hoʻi e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides kuʻuna a hoʻonui i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā namu vectors, ʻoi aku ka kūʻē i ka Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano kemika o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi kūpono a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻona o ka permethrin synthetic e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes.aegypti i loko o ka pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) a me ka resistant strains (PMD-R).
Ua kūʻai ʻia nā Rhizomes o C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me ka ʻili o C. verum (Fig. 1) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i ka aila pono mai nā mea hoʻolako lāʻau lapaʻau ma Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.Ua loaʻa ka ʻike ʻepekema o kēia mau mea kanu ma o ke kūkākūkā ʻana me Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, a me ka ʻepekema Wannari Charoensap;ma ke Keʻena ʻOihana Lapaʻau, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, Ms. Voucher specimens o kēlā me kēia mea kanu i mālama ʻia ma ke Keʻena o Parasitology ma Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā mea kanu i ka malu no 3-5 mau lā ma kahi ākea me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ea a me kahi mahana ma kahi o 30 ± 5 °C no ka wehe ʻana i ka makū ma mua o ka unuhi ʻana i nā aila pono maoli (EO).ʻO ka huina o 250 g o kēlā me kēia mea kanu maloʻo i ʻeli ʻia i loko o kahi pauda ʻeleʻele a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā aila pono (EO) ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mahu.ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻana he ʻaʻahu hoʻomehana uila, he 3000 mL poʻe lalo lalo, he kolamu unuhi, condenser, a me kahi hāmeʻa Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Iapana) .E hoʻohui i 1600 ml wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me 10-15 mau pahu aniani i loko o ka ipu a laila e wela iā ia ma kahi o 100°C me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻomehana uila no 3 mau hola a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka distillation a ʻaʻohe EO hou.Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka papa EO mai ka ʻāpana wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi funnel kaʻawale, maloʻo ma luna o ka sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4) a mālama ʻia i loko o kahi hue ʻeleʻele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 4 ° C a hiki i ka nānā ʻana i ka haku mele a me ka hana kanaka makua.
Ua lawe ʻia ka hui ʻana o nā aila pono i ka manawa like me ka bioassay no ka mea makua.Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi qualitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana GC-MS i loaʻa he Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A chromatograph kinoea i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi mea ʻike koho nui quadrupole (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) a me kahi MSD 5975C (EI). ).(Agilent Technologies).
Koluma Chromatographic – DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × kiʻiʻoniʻoni mānoanoa 0.25 µm).ʻO ka nui o ka manawa holo GC-MS he 20 mau minuke.ʻO nā kūlana loiloi ʻo ka injector a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā wela laina he 250 a me 280 °C, kēlā me kēia;ua hoʻonohonohoʻia ka mahana wela o ka umu mai ka 50 ° C a hiki i ka 250 ° C ma kahi o 10 ° C / min, he helium ke kinoea lawe;kahe kahe 1.0 ml / min;ʻO ka nui o ka injection he 0.2 µL (1/10% ma ka leo i CH2Cl2, māhele māhele 100: 1);Hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana ionization electron me ka ikehu ionization o 70 eV no ka ʻike GC-MS.He 50–550 mau ʻāpana nui atomika (amu) ka laulā o ka loaʻa ʻana a ʻo ka wikiwiki o ka nānā ʻana he 2.91 mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia kekona.Hōʻike ʻia nā pākēneka pili o nā ʻāpana e like me nā pākēneka i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea EO ma kā lākou papa kuhikuhi paʻa (RI).Ua helu ʻia ʻo RI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike o Van den Dool a me Kratz [37] no ka moʻo n-alkanes (C8-C40) a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā helu mālama mai ka palapala [38] a me nā waihona waihona waihona (NIST 2008 a me Wiley 8NO8).Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka ʻike o nā pūhui i hōʻike ʻia, e like me ke ʻano a me ka molecular formula, ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā laʻana ʻoiaʻiʻo i loaʻa.
Ua kūʻai ʻia nā kūlana analytical no ka permethrin synthetic a me ka piperonyl butoxide (PBO, mana maikaʻi i nā haʻawina synergy) mai Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Ua kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai ʻia mai ka WHO Vector Control Center ma Penang, Malaysia nā pahu hoʻāʻo makua o ka World Health Organization (WHO).ʻO nā kemika a me nā reagents ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu analytical a ua kūʻai ʻia mai nā hui kūloko ma ka moku ʻo Chiang Mai, Thailand.
ʻO nā makika i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻāʻo i loko o ka bioassay makua, ua hoʻopaʻa manuahi ʻia nā makika Aedes.aegypti, e komo pū ana me ke kānana Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) a me ke kānana ʻo Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R).Ua loaʻa ʻo Strain MCM-S mai nā laʻana kūloko i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Muang Chiang Mai, ka moku ʻo Chiang Mai, Thailand, a ua mālama ʻia i loko o ka lumi entomology o ke Keʻena Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, mai 1995 [39].ʻO ke kānana PMD-R, ka mea i ʻike ʻia e kūʻē i ka permethrin, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā makika kahua i hōʻiliʻili mua ʻia mai Ban Pang Mai Dang, Mae Tang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, a ua mālama ʻia ma ka institute like mai 1997 [40]. ].Ua ulu ʻia nā kānana PMD-R ma lalo o ke kaomi koho e mālama i nā pae kū'ē ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka 0.75% permethrin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu ʻike WHO me kekahi mau hoʻololi [41].ʻO kēlā me kēia kānana o Ae.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Aedes aegypti i loko o kahi keʻena hana pathogen-free ma 25 ± 2 °C a me 80 ± 10% ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka 14:10 h māmā/ʻeleʻele photoperiod.Ma kahi o 200 larvae i mālama ʻia i loko o nā pā plastik (33 knm ka lōʻihi, 28 knm ka laula a me 9 knm ke kiʻekiʻe) i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai piʻi ma kahi mānoanoa o 150-200 larvae ma ka pā a hānai ʻia ʻelua mau lā me nā kuki ʻīlio sterilized.Mālama ʻia nā ilo makua i loko o nā hīnaʻi maʻemaʻe a hānai mau ʻia me 10% aqueous sucrose solution a me 10% multivitamin syrup solution.ʻOmo mau nā makika wahine i ke koko e waiho hua.Hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nā wahine ʻelua a ʻelima mau lā i hānai ʻole ʻia i ke koko i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi kanaka makua.
Ua hana ʻia kahi bioassay pane hoʻomake make o EO ma luna o nā makika Aedes wahine makua.aegypti, MCM-S a me PMD-R me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala topical i hoʻololi ʻia e like me ka protocol standard WHO no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka susceptibility [42].Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo EO mai kēlā me kēia mea kanu me kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe kūpono (e laʻa me ka ethanol a i ʻole acetone) no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūʻulu puka o 4-6 mau kumu.Ma hope o ka anesthesia me carbon dioxide (CO2), ua kaupaona ʻia nā makika.A laila mālama ʻia nā makika i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me ka ʻoni ʻole ma ka pepa kānana maloʻo ma kahi pā anu maʻamau ma lalo o kahi stereomicroscope e pale ai i ka hoʻāla hou ʻana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana.No kēlā me kēia lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ka 0.1 μl o ka solution EO i ka pronotum luna o ka wahine me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microdispenser lima lima Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA).Ua mālama ʻia nā wahine he iwakāluakūmālima me kēlā me kēia ʻano, me ka make mai ka 10% a i ka 95% no ka liʻiliʻi o 4 mau ʻokoʻa.Hoʻohana ʻia nā makika i mālama ʻia me ka solvent.No ka pale ʻana i ka haumia o nā laʻana hoʻāʻo, e hoʻololi i ka pepa kānana me ka pepa kānana hou no kēlā me kēia EO i hoʻāʻo ʻia.Hōʻike ʻia nā kumu i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia mau bioassays i nā micrograms o EO no ka milligram o ke kaumaha kino wahine ola.Ua loiloi ʻia ka hana PBO makua ma ke ʻano like me EO, me ka PBO i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mana maikaʻi i nā hoʻokolohua synergistic.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā makika i mālama ʻia i loko o nā kīʻaha plastik a hāʻawi ʻia he 10% sucrose me 10% multivitamin syrup.Hana ʻia nā bioassays āpau ma 25 ± 2 °C a me 80 ± 10% haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hana hou ʻia ʻehā manawa me nā mana.Ua nānā ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ʻana o ka make i loko o ka manawa hanai he 24 mau hola e ka namu ʻole o ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mechanical a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma muli o ka awelika o ʻehā mau hana hou.Ua hana hou ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ʻehā manawa no kēlā me kēia hōʻike hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻulu makika like ʻole.Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hopena a hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu ʻana i ka pākēneka o ka make, i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo ai i ka make lethal 24-hola e ka nānā ʻana i ka probit.
Ua loiloi ʻia ka hopena anticidal synergistic o EO a me permethrin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻonaʻauao kūloko [42] e like me ka mea i wehewehe mua ʻia.E hoʻohana i ka acetone a i ʻole ethanol ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka permethrin i ka manaʻo i makemake ʻia, a me ka hui pū ʻana o EO a me ka permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin i hui pū ʻia me EO ma ka LD25 concentration).Ua loiloi ʻia nā pahu hoʻāʻo (permethrin a me EO-permethrin) e kūʻē i nā kānana MCM-S a me PMD-R o Ae.Aedes aegypti.Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia o nā makika wahine he ʻehā o ka permethrin e hoʻāʻo ai i kona pono i ka pepehi ʻana i nā pākeke, me kēlā me kēia lapaʻau i hana ʻia ʻehā manawa.No ka ʻike ʻana i nā moho EO synergists, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka 4 a i ka 6 doses o EO-permethrin i kēlā me kēia o nā makika wahine he 25, me kēlā me kēia noi ʻana i ʻehā manawa.ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka PBO-permethrin (permethrin i hui pū ʻia me ka LD25 o ka PBO) i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mana maikaʻi.Hōʻike ʻia nā kumu i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia mau bioassays i nā nanograms o ka laʻana hoʻāʻo ma ka milligram o ke kaumaha kino wahine.ʻEhā mau loiloi hoʻokolohua no kēlā me kēia maʻi makika i mālama ʻia ma nā pūʻulu i hānai ʻia, a ua hui ʻia ka ʻikepili make a nānā ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Probit e hoʻoholo ai i kahi maʻi make 24-hola.
Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka nui o ka make me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palapala Abbott [43].Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka Probit regression analysis me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu helu helu kamepiula SPSS (version 19.0).Ua helu ʻia nā helu lethal o 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% a me 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 a me LD99) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kikowaena hilinaʻi 95% (95% CI).Ua helu ʻia nā ana o ke koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā laʻana hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo chi-square a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo Mann-Whitney U i loko o kēlā me kēia ho'āʻo biological.Ua manaʻo nui ʻia nā hopena ma P< 0.05.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka coefficient resistance (RR) ma ka pae LD50 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano kumu [12]:
Hōʻike ka RR > 1 i ke kū'ē, a ʻo RR ≤ 1 hōʻike i ka naʻau.Ua helu ʻia ka helu synergy ratio (SR) o kēlā me kēia moho synergist penei [34, 35, 44]:
Hoʻokaʻawale kēia mea i nā hopena i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: ʻo ka waiwai SR o 1±0.05 i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe hopena i ʻike ʻia, kahi waiwai SR o> 1.05 i manaʻo ʻia he hopena synergistic, a he waiwai SR o kahi ʻaila wai melemele māmā hiki ke lilo loaʻa ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mahu o nā rhizomes o C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me ka ʻili o C. verum.ʻO nā hua i helu ʻia ma ke kaumaha maloʻo he 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), a me 0.54% (v/v).w) kēlā me kēia (Papa 1).GC-MS haʻawina o ke kemika hui o ka aila o C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum i hōʻike i ke alo o 19, 17 a me 21 pūhui, i helu no 80.22, 86.75 a me 97.24% o na mea a pau, i kēlā me kēia (Papa 2. ).C. lucidum rhizome hui aila ka nui o cyperonene (14.04%), ukali e carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), a me α-capsellan (7.53%).ʻO ka ʻāpana kemika nui o ka ʻaila galangal rhizome he β-bisabolene (18.27%), a ukali ʻia e α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) a me piperonol (10.09%).ʻOiai ʻo cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nui o ka ʻaila C. verum bark, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) a me 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea liʻiliʻi.ʻO nā hana kemika o cyperne, β-bisabolene a me cinnamaldehyde nā pūhui nui o C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2.
Nā hualoaʻa mai ʻekolu OO i loiloi i ka hana makua e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes.aegypti nā makika i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 3. Ua ʻike ʻia nā EO a pau he hopena make ma luna o nā makika MCM-S Aedes ma nā ʻano like ʻole.Aedes aegypti.ʻO ka EO maikaʻi loa ʻo C. verum, ukali ʻia e A. galanga a me C. rotundus me nā koina LD50 o 3.30, 7.97 a me 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S wahine i kēlā me kēia, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) a me 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg / mg PMD -R i nā wāhine.E pili ana kēia me ka PBO i loaʻa ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka makua ma PMD-R ma mua o ka MSM-S strain, me nā koina LD50 o 4.79 a me 6.30 μg / mg wahine, kēlā me kēia (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Hiki ke helu ʻia nā helu LD50 o C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus a me PBO e kūʻē iā PMD-R ma kahi o 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 a me 0.76 mau manawa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea kūʻē iā MCM-S.No laila, hōʻike kēia i ka like ʻole o ka maʻalahi o ka PBO a me ka EO ma waena o nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua.ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka PMD-R ma mua o MCM-S, ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ka naʻau o Aedes aegypti.ʻOkoʻa, ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua i ko lākou naʻau i ka permethrin.aegypti (Pakaukau 4).Ua hōʻike ka PMD-R i ke kū'ē nui i ka permethrin (LD50 waiwai = 0.44 ng / mg i nā wāhine) me ka LD50 kiʻekiʻe o 3.70 i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me MCM-S (LD50 waiwai = 0.44 ng / mg i nā wāhine) ng / mg i nā wāhine (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka PMD-R i ka permethrin ma mua o ka MCM-S, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona naʻau i ka ʻaila PBO a me C. verum, A. galanga, a me C. rotundus ma mua o MCM-S.
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka bioassay heluna kanaka makua o ka hui EO-permethrin, ua hōʻike nā hui binary o permethrin a me EO (LD25) i ka synergy (waiwai SR> 1.05) a i ʻole ka hopena (waiwai SR = 1 ± 0.05).Nā hopena makua paʻakikī o kahi hui EO-permethrin ma nā makika albino hoʻokolohua.Hōʻike ʻia nā maʻi Aedes aegypti MCM-S a me PMD-R ma ka Papa 4 a me ke Kiʻi 3. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻaila C. verum e hōʻemi iki i ka LD50 o permethrin e kūʻē iā MCM-S a hoʻonui iki i ka LD50 kūʻē i ka PMD-R i 0.44- 0.42 ng/mg i nā wahine a mai 3.70 a i 3.85 ng/mg i nā wahine.I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā aila C. rotundus a me A. galanga i hoʻemi nui i ka LD50 o permethrin ma MCM-S mai 0.44 a i 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) a i 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg wahine.Ma muli o nā waiwai LD50 o MCM-S, ʻo nā waiwai SR o ka hui EO-permethrin ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā aila C. rotundus a me A. galanga he 6.28 a me 4.00.No laila, ua emi nui ka LD50 o ka permethrin e kūʻē i ka PMD-R mai 3.70 a i 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) a i 0.003 me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻaila C. rotundus a me A. galanga (U = 0). ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg wahine.ʻO ka waiwai SR o ka permethrin i hui pū ʻia me C. rotundus e kūʻē i ka PMD-R he 8.81, akā ʻo ka waiwai SR o ka hui ʻana o ka galangal-permethrin he 1233.33.E pili ana i ka MCM-S, ua emi iho ka waiwai LD50 o ka mana PBO mai 0.44 a i 0.26 ng/mg (mau wahine) a mai 3.70 ng/mg (mau wahine) a i 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P. = 0.029) a me PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).ʻO nā waiwai SR o ka hui PBO-permethrin no nā kānana MCM-S a me PMD-R he 1.69 a me 5.69.Hōʻike kēia mau hualoaʻa i ka ʻaila C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me ka PBO e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻawaʻawa permethrin i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻaila C. verum no nā kānana MCM-S a me PMD-R.
ʻO ka hana kanaka makua (LD50) o EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana me nā maʻi koʻikoʻi pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) a me ke kūpaʻa (PMD-R) o nā makika Aedes.Aedes aegypti
[45].Hoʻohana ʻia nā pyrethroids synthetic ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomalu i nā arthropod āpau o ka mahiʻai a me ke koʻikoʻi olakino.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides synthetic, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke kūʻē ākea o nā makika, a me ka hopena i ke olakino lōʻihi a me ke kaiapuni, aia i kēia manawa kahi koi wikiwiki e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana. o nā lāʻau insecticides synthetic kuʻuna a hoʻomohala i nā mea ʻē aʻe [35, 46, 47].Ma waho aʻe o ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka, ʻo nā mea maikaʻi o nā insecticides botanical e pili ana i ka koho kiʻekiʻe, ka loaʻa o ka honua, a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka namu [32,48, 49].ʻO kēia haʻawina, ma waho aʻe o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻano kemika o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi maikaʻi ma o ka loiloi GC-MS, ua loiloi pū kekahi i ka mana o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi o nā pākeke a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻona o ka permethrin synthetic.aegypti i loko o ka pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) a me ka resistant strains (PMD-R).
Hōʻike ka GC-MS characterization ʻo cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) a me cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) nā mea nui o ka ʻaila C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum.Ua hōʻike kēia mau kemika i nā hana olaola like ʻole.Ahn et al.[50] hōʻike ʻia ʻo 6-acetoxycyperene, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka rhizome o C. rotundus, hana ma ke ʻano he pūhui antitumor a hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka apoptosis pili i ka caspase i loko o nā pūnana maʻi ovarian.ʻO β-Bisabolene, i unuhi ʻia mai ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi o ka lāʻau mura, e hōʻike ana i ka cytotoxicity kūikawā e kūʻē i nā ʻōpū mammary mammary kanaka a me ka ʻiole i loko o ka vitro a me ka vivo [51].Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Cinnamaldehyde, i loaʻa mai nā extracts kūlohelohe a i ʻole synthesized i loko o ke keʻena keʻena, he mau insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, a me nā hana antiangiogenic [52].
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka bioassay o ka hana kanaka makua e hilinaʻi ana i ka maʻi maʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā EO i hoʻāʻo ʻia a hōʻike ʻia ua like ka maʻalahi o ka namu Aedes MCM-S a me PMD-R i ka EO a me PBO.Aedes aegypti.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ka pono o EO a me permethrin i hōʻike i ka hopena allercidal ikaika loa: ʻo LD50 ko 0.44 a me 3.70 ng / mg i nā wahine no nā kānana MCM-S a me PMD-R, kēlā me kēia.Kākoʻo ʻia kēia mau ʻike e nā noiʻi he nui e hōʻike ana i nā pesticides kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huahana mea kanu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea synthetic [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].ʻO kēia paha no ka mea he hui paʻakikī ka mea mua o nā mea hana a i ʻole nā mea hana ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hope he hui hoʻokahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka paʻakikī o nā mea hana kūlohelohe me nā ʻano hana like ʻole ke hoʻonui i ka hana olaola a i ʻole ke keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kū'ē ʻana i ka heluna kanaka [55, 56, 57].Ua hōʻike ka nui o nā mea noiʻi i ka mana anti-namu o C. verum, A. galanga a me C. rotundus a me kā lākou mau mea e like me β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde a me 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63 ,64].Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi o nā puke ʻaʻole i hōʻike mua ʻia ka hopena synergistic me ka permethrin a i ʻole nā mea lāʻau insecticides synthetic e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes.Aedes aegypti.
I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa nui o ka permethrin susceptibility ma waena o nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua.Aedes aegypti.Paʻa ka MCM-S i ka permethrin, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka PMD-R iā ia, me ka helu kūʻē o 8.41.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka naʻau o MCM-S, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi ka PMD-R i ka permethrin akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i ka EO, e hāʻawi ana i kumu no nā haʻawina hou e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka permethrin ma ka hui ʻana me EO.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi bioassay e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana no nā hopena makua i hōʻemi a hoʻonui ʻia ka make ʻana o nā Aedes makua i nā hui binary o EO a me permethrin.Aedes aegypti.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻaila C. verum ua emi iki ka LD50 o permethrin e kūʻē iā MCM-S akā hoʻonui iki i ka LD50 kūʻē i ka PMD-R me nā waiwai SR o 1.05 a me 0.96, kēlā me kēia.Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻaila C. verum ʻaʻohe hopena synergistic a antagonistic paha i ka permethrin ke hoʻāʻo ʻia ma MCM-S a me PMD-R.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike ka ʻaila C. rotundus a me A. galanga i kahi hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i nā waiwai LD50 o permethrin ma MCM-S a i ʻole PMD-R.I ka hui ʻana o ka permethrin me EO o C. rotundus a me A. galanga, ʻo nā waiwai SR o ka hui EO-permethrin no MCM-S he 6.28 a me 4.00.Eia kekahi, i ka wā i loiloi ʻia ai ka permethrin e kūʻē i ka PMD-R i hui pū me C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) a i ʻole A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), piʻi nui nā waiwai SR.Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻonui ʻo C. rotundus a me A. galanga i ka ʻona o ka permethrin e kūʻē iā PMD-R Ae.aegypti nui loa.Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka PBO e hoʻonui i ka ʻona o ka permethrin me nā waiwai SR o 1.69 a me 5.69 no nā kānana MCM-S a me PMD-R, kēlā me kēia.No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka C. rotundus a me A. galanga i nā koina SR kiʻekiʻe loa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka synergists maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka permethrin toxicity ma MCM-S a me PMD-R.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi mua i ka hopena synergistic o ka hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides synthetic a me nā mea kanu e kūʻē i nā ʻano makika like ʻole.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi bioassay larvicidal e kūʻē iā Anopheles Stephensi i aʻo ʻia e Kalayanasundaram a me Das [65] i pili i ka fenthion, he organophosphate ākea ākea, me Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax a me Parthenium hysterophorus.Uaʻikeʻia ka synergy koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā unuhi me ka hopena synergistic (SF) o 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 a me 2.23.Ma kahi kānana larvicidal o nā ʻano mangrove 15, ua ʻike ʻia ka petroleum ether extract o nā aʻa stilted mangrove i mea maikaʻi loa e kūʻē iā Culex quinquefasciatus me kahi waiwai LC50 o 25.7 mg/L [66].Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka hopena synergistic o kēia extract a me ka botanical insecticide pyrethrum e hōʻemi i ka LC50 o ka pyrethrum e kūʻē i nā larvae C. quinquefasciatus mai 0.132 mg / L a i 0.107 mg / L, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi helu SF o 1.23 i kēia haʻawina.34,35,44].Ua loiloi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka hui pū ʻana o Solanum citron root extract a me kekahi mau insecticides synthetic (e laʻa, fenthion, cypermethrin (he pyrethroid synthetic) a me timethphos (he organophosphorus larvicide)) e kūʻē i nā makika Anopheles.Stephensi [54] a me C. quinquefasciatus [34].ʻO ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o cypermethrin a me ka hua melemele petroleum ether extract i hōʻike i kahi hopena synergistic ma cypermethrin ma nā ratio āpau.ʻO ka lākiō maikaʻi loa ʻo ia ka hui binary 1: 1 me LC50 a me SF waiwai o 0.0054 ppm a me 6.83, e pili ana iā An.Stephen West[54].ʻOiai he 1: 1 hui binary o S. xanthocarpum a me temephos he antagonistic (SF = 0.6406), ka hui S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1: 1) hōʻike i ka hana synergistic kū'ē iā C. quinquefasciatus me kahi SF o 1.3125 [34]].Ua aʻo ʻo Tong lāua ʻo Blomquist [35] i ka hopena o ka mea kanu ethylene oxide ma luna o ka ʻona o ka carbaryl (he carbamate ākea ākea) a me ka permethrin i nā makika Aedes.Aedes aegypti.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka ethylene oxide mai ka agar, ka pepa ʻeleʻele, ka juniper, ka helichrysum, ka ʻiliahi a me ka sesame i hoʻonui i ka ʻona o ka carbaryl i nā makika Aedes.aegypti larvae SR waiwai mai 1.0 a 7.0.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻaʻohe o nā EO i ʻona i nā makika Aedes makua.I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hopena synergistic i hōʻike ʻia no ka hui pū ʻana o Aedes aegypti a me EO-carbaryl.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo PBO ma ke ʻano he mana maikaʻi e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻona o ka carbaryl e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes.ʻO nā waiwai SR o Aedes aegypti larvae a me nā pākeke he 4.9-9.5 a me 2.3, kēlā me kēia.ʻO nā hui binary wale nō o permethrin a me EO a i ʻole PBO i hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka hana larvicidal.He hopena kū'ē ka hui EO-permethrin, aʻo ka hui PBO-permethrin he hopena synergistic i nā makika Aedes.ʻO nā ʻanuʻu o Aedes aegypti.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua pane pane a me ka loiloi SR no nā hui PBO-permethrin.ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi nā hopena i loaʻa e pili ana i nā hopena synergistic o nā hui phytosynthetic e kūʻē i nā vectors namu, kākoʻo kēia mau ʻikepili i nā hopena i loaʻa, e wehe ana i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā synergists ʻaʻole wale e hōʻemi i ka nui i hoʻohana ʻia, akā e hoʻonui i ka hopena pepehi.ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā'ōpala.Eia hou, ua hōʻike nā hualoaʻa o kēia haʻawina no ka manawa mua i hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaila C. rotundus a me A. galanga i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa e kūʻē i nā maʻi maʻi pyrethroid-susceptible a me ka pyrethroid-resistant o nā makika Aedes i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me PBO ke hui pū ʻia me ka permethrin toxicity.Aedes aegypti.Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia mai ka ʻikepili synergistic i ka ʻaila C. verum ka mea ʻoi loa ka hana kūʻē i ke kanaka makua e kūʻē i nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua.ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka hopena ʻona o ka permethrin ma luna o Aedes aegypti.ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena ʻona a me nā hopena synergistic ma muli paha o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā pae o nā mea bioactive i loko o kēia mau ʻaila.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pono, ʻaʻole maopopo nā mīkini synergistic.Hiki i nā kumu like ʻole o ka pono like ʻole a me ka synergistic hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā ʻokoʻa i ka hui kemika o nā huahana i hoʻāʻo ʻia a me nā ʻokoʻa o ka hiki ʻana o ka makika e pili ana i ke kūlana kūʻē a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana.Aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi ethylene oxide i hoʻāʻo ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina, a ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi o kēia mau pūhui i nā hopena repellent a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa e kūʻē i nā ʻano mea ʻino a me nā maʻi vectors [61,62,64,67,68].Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia nā mea nui i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia pepa no kā lākou mau hana kūʻē i ka makua a me ka synergistic kūʻē iā Ae.Aedes aegypti.No laila, pono nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hana i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia aila koʻikoʻi a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kā lākou hopena insecticidal a me nā pilina synergistic e kūʻē i kēia vector namu.Ma keʻano laulā, pili ka hana insecticidal i ka hana a me ka hopena ma waena o nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā ʻiʻo pepeke, hiki ke maʻalahi a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu: ke komo ʻana i loko o ka ʻili o ke kino o ka pepeke a me nā membrane o ke kino, ka hoʻoulu ʻana (= ka launa pū ʻana me ka pahuhopu) a me ka detoxification.nā mea ʻawaʻawa [57, 69].No laila, ʻo ka synergism insecticide ka hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o nā hui ʻona e pono ai ma ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi o kēia mau ʻāpana, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke komo ʻana, ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o nā pūhui i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka detoxification o ka mea hana pesticide.No ka laʻana, hoʻopaneʻe ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o ka ikehu i ke komo ʻana o ka cuticle ma o kahi cuticle mānoanoa a me ke kūpaʻa biochemical, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka insecticide metabolism i ʻike ʻia i loko o kekahi mau maʻi pepeke kūpaʻa [70, 71].ʻO ka maikaʻi nui o nā EO i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻona o ka permethrin, ʻoi aku ka kūʻē i ka PMD-R, hiki ke hōʻike i kahi hopena i ka pilikia o ka pale ʻana i nā iniseti ma o ka launa pū ʻana me nā mīkini pale [57, 69, 70, 71].Ua kākoʻo ʻo Tong lāua ʻo Blomquist [35] i nā hopena o kēia haʻawina ma ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi pilina synergistic ma waena o nā EO a me nā pesticides synthetic.aegypti, aia nā hōʻike o ka hana pale e kūʻē i nā enzyme detoxifying, me ka cytochrome P450 monooxygenases a me nā carboxylesterases, i pili pono i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kū'ē i nā pesticides kuʻuna.ʻAʻole i ʻōlelo wale ʻia ʻo PBO he mea hoʻokae metabolic o ka cytochrome P450 monooxygenase akā hoʻomaikaʻi pū i ke komo ʻana o nā insecticides, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e kona hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mana maikaʻi i nā noiʻi synergistic [35, 72].ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo 1,8-cineole, kekahi o nā mea nui i loaʻa i ka ʻaila galangal, ua ʻike ʻia no kāna mau hopena ʻawaʻawa i nā ʻano pepeke [22, 63, 73] a ua hōʻike ʻia he hopena synergistic i kekahi mau wahi o ka noiʻi hana biological [22, 63, 73]. 74]..,75,76,77].Eia kekahi, 1,8-cineole i hui pū ʻia me nā lāʻau lapaʻau like ʻole me curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] a me zidovudine [81] loaʻa pū kekahi hopena hoʻoikaika permeation.in vitro.No laila, ʻo ka hiki ke hana o 1,8-cineole i ka hana insecticidal synergistic ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻoikaika ikaika akā he mea hoʻonui hoʻi.Ma muli o ka ʻoi aku o ka synergism me ka permethrin, ʻoi aku ka kūʻē i ka PMD-R, ʻo nā hopena synergistic o ka ʻaila galangal a me ka ʻaila trichosanthes i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina e hopena paha ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana me nā mīkini pale, ʻo ia hoʻi ka piʻi ʻana o ka permeability i ka chlorine.Hoʻonui ka Pyrethroids i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā pūhui i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a kāohi i nā enzyme detoxifying e like me cytochrome P450 monooxygenases a me carboxylesterases.Eia nō naʻe, pono kēia mau ʻāpana i ka noiʻi hou ʻana e wehewehe i ke kuleana kikoʻī o EO a me kāna mau pūhui kaʻawale (hoʻokahi a i hui pū ʻia paha) i loko o nā hana synergistic.
I ka makahiki 1977, ua hōʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūpaʻa o ka permethrin i nā heluna vector nui ma Thailand, a i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻololi nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka permethrin e nā kemika pyrethroid ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka poʻe i pani ʻia e deltamethrin [82].Eia nō naʻe, he mea maʻamau ka pale ʻana o ka vector i ka deltamethrin a me nā ʻano lāʻau insecticides a puni ka ʻāina ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me ka hoʻomau ʻana [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].No ka pale ʻana i kēia pilikia, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻololi a hoʻohana hou i nā pesticides i hoʻolei ʻia i hana maikaʻi ma mua a ʻaʻohe mea ʻona i nā mammals, e like me ka permethrin.I kēia manawa, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka permethrin i nā papahana hoʻomalu namu aupuni o kēia manawa, hiki ke loaʻa ke kūpaʻa permethrin i nā heluna namu.Ma muli paha o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā makika i nā huahana hoʻomalu pest home ʻoihana, ʻo ia ka nui o ka permethrin a me nā pyrethroids ʻē aʻe [14, 17].No laila, pono ka hoʻokō hou ʻana o ka permethrin i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolālā e hōʻemi i ka pale ʻana i ka vector.ʻOiai ʻaʻohe o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi i hoʻāʻo pākahi ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina i like ka maikaʻi e like me ka permethrin, ʻo ka hana pū ʻana me ka permethrin i hopena i nā hopena synergistic kupaianaha.He hōʻailona maikaʻi kēia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hui ʻana o EO me nā mīkini pale i ka hui pū ʻana o ka permethrin me EO i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka insecticide a i ʻole EO wale nō, me ka PMD-R Ae.Aedes aegypti.ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi o nā huila synergistic i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono, ʻoiai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻokele vector, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokele kūʻē ʻana a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai [33, 87].Mai kēia mau hopena, he mea ʻoluʻolu ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā A. galanga a me C. rotundus EO ma mua o ka PBO i ka synergizing permethrin toxicity ma nā ʻano MCM-S a me PMD-R a he mea hiki ke koho i nā kōkua ergogenic kuʻuna.
Ua loaʻa i nā EO i koho ʻia nā hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻona kanaka makua e kūʻē iā PMD-R Ae.aegypti, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻaila galangal, loaʻa ka waiwai SR a hiki i ka 1233.33, e hōʻike ana he ʻōlelo ākea ka EO ma ke ʻano he synergist i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka permethrin.Hiki paha i kēia ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi huahana kūlohelohe hou, i hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana pale makika maikaʻi loa.Hōʻike pū ia i ka hiki o ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he synergist ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ai i nā lāʻau lāʻau kahiko a kuʻuna paha e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia kūʻē i nā heluna namu.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu i loaʻa maʻalahi i nā papahana hoʻomalu namu, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻemi wale i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea i lawe ʻia mai a me nā mea pipiʻi, akā e hoʻoikaika pū i nā hana kūloko e hoʻoikaika i nā ʻōnaehana olakino.
Hōʻike maopopo kēia mau hopena i ka hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana o ka ethylene oxide a me ka permethrin.Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa i ka hiki o ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he mea kanu synergist i ka namu, e hoʻonui ana i ka pono o ka permethrin e kūʻē i nā makika, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā heluna kūʻē.Pono ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka noiʻi ʻana i ka bioanalysis synergistic o nā ʻaila galangal a me nā alpinia a me kā lākou mau pūhui kaʻawale, nā hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides o ke kumu maoli a i ʻole synthetic e kūʻē i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā pae o nā makika, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa i nā mea ola ʻole.Hoʻohana maʻamau o ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he synergist ʻokoʻa.
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