Ma kahi papahana mua e hoʻāʻo ana i nā hale hana meaʻai kūloko no nā makika ma Thailand, ua ʻike ʻia nā aila koʻikoʻi (EO) o Cyperus rotundus, galangal a me ke kinamona he hana anti-makika maikaʻi e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti. I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kuʻunanā mea pepehi pepekea hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā heluna makika kūʻē, ua manaʻo kēia haʻawina e ʻike i ka synergism hiki ma waena o nā hopena adulticidal o ka ethylene oxide a me ka ʻawahia o ka permethrin i nā makika Aedes. aegypti, me nā ʻano pyrethroid-resistant a me nā ʻano koʻikoʻi.
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka haku mele kemika a me ka hana pepehi o EO i unuhi ʻia mai nā rhizomes o C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me ka ʻili o C. verum e kūʻē i ke ʻano palupalu ʻo Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) a me ke ʻano kūpaʻa ʻo Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R). ) ʻAe. Aedes aegypti makua. Ua hana ʻia kekahi bioassay makua o ka hui EO-permethrin ma luna o kēia mau makika Aedes e hoʻomaopopo i kāna hana synergistic. nā ʻano aegypti.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano loiloi GC-MS ua ʻike ʻia he 48 mau hui mai nā EO o C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum, e helu ana i 80.22%, 86.75% a me 97.24% o nā ʻāpana āpau. ʻO Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), a me cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) nā ʻāpana nui o ka ʻaila cyperus, ka ʻaila galangal, a me ka ʻaila balsamic. I nā hoʻāʻo pepehi kanaka makua biological, ua kūpono nā C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum EV i ka pepehi ʻana i nā Ae. aegypti, MCM-S a me PMD-R LD50 waiwai he 10.05 a me 9.57 μg/mg wahine, 7.97 a me 7.94 μg/mg wahine, a me 3.30 a me 3.22 μg/mg wahine, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka pono o MCM-S a me PMD-R Ae i ka pepehi ʻana i nā pākeke. Ua kokoke ʻo aegypti i loko o kēia mau EO i ka piperonyl butoxide (nā waiwai PBO, LD50 = 6.30 a me 4.79 μg/mg wahine, kēlā me kēia), akā ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia e like me ka permethrin (nā waiwai LD50 = 0.44 a me 3.70 ng/mg wahine). Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o nā bioassays i ka synergy ma waena o EO a me permethrin. ʻO ka synergism koʻikoʻi me ka permethrin e kūʻē i ʻelua mau ʻano makika Aedes. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Aedes aegypti ma ka EM o C. rotundus a me A. galanga. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o C. rotundus a me A. galanga aila i hoʻemi nui i nā waiwai LD50 o ka permethrin ma MCM-S mai 0.44 a i 0.07 ng/mg a me 0.11 ng/mg i nā wahine, kēlā me kēia, me nā waiwai synergy ratio (SR) o 6.28 a me 4.00. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻemi nui ʻo C. rotundus a me A. galanga EOs i nā waiwai LD50 o ka permethrin ma PMD-R mai 3.70 a i 0.42 ng/mg a me 0.003 ng/mg i nā wahine, kēlā me kēia, me nā waiwai SR o 8.81 a me 1233.33.
Ka hopena synergistic o ka hui pū ʻana o EO-permethrin e hoʻonui i ka ʻawahia makua e kūʻē i ʻelua mau ʻano makika Aedes. Hōʻike ʻo Aedes aegypti i kahi kuleana hoʻohiki no ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he synergist i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pono anti-makika, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole kūpono a kūpono ʻole paha nā hui kuʻuna.
ʻO ka makika ʻAedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) ka mea lawe nui o ka maʻi dengue a me nā maʻi viral ʻē aʻe e like me ke kuni melemele, chikungunya a me ka maʻi Zika, e hoʻoweliweli nui ana i nā kānaka [1, 2]. ʻO ka maʻi Dengue ka maʻi hemorrhagic pathogenic koʻikoʻi loa e hoʻopilikia ana i nā kānaka, me kahi 5-100 miliona mau hihia i manaʻo ʻia e hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.5 biliona mau kānaka ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka pilikia [3]. ʻO nā maʻi ahulau o kēia maʻi ahulau e kau ana i kahi kaumaha nui ma luna o nā heluna kanaka, nā ʻōnaehana olakino a me nā hoʻokele waiwai o ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina wela [1]. Wahi a ke Kuhina Ola o Thai, he 142,925 mau hihia o ka maʻi dengue a me 141 mau make i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 2015, ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu manawa o ka nui o nā hihia a me nā make i ka makahiki 2014 [4]. ʻOiai nā hōʻike mōʻaukala, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka maʻi dengue a ua hoʻemi nui ʻia paha e ka makika ʻAedes. Ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana o Aedes aegypti [5], ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka maʻi a ua laha ka maʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ma muli o nā makahiki he ʻumi o ka hoʻomehana honua. ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ke kāohi ʻana i ka Ae. ʻO Aedes aegypti he mea paʻakikī loa ia no ka mea he mea lawe makika home ia e moe ai, hānai, hoʻomaha a waiho i nā hua i loko a puni ka wahi noho kanaka i ke ao. Eia kekahi, hiki i kēia makika ke hoʻololi i nā loli o ke kaiapuni a i ʻole nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hanana kūlohelohe (e like me ka maloʻo) a i ʻole nā hana kāohi kanaka, a hiki ke hoʻi i kona helu mua [6, 7]. No ka mea, ua ʻae ʻia nā lāʻau pale e kūʻē i ka maʻi dengue i kēia manawa a ʻaʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā no ka maʻi dengue, ʻo ka pale ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia o ka laha ʻana o ka dengue e hilinaʻi wale ʻia ma ke kāohi ʻana i nā mea lawe makika a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pilina kanaka me nā mea lawe.
ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika i kēia manawa ke kuleana koʻikoʻi i ke olakino lehulehu ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokele vector i hoʻohui piha ʻia. ʻO nā ʻano kemika kaulana loa e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides haʻahaʻa-ʻawahia e hana kūʻē i nā larvae makika (larvicides) a me nā makika makua (adidocides). Manaʻo ʻia he mea nui ka kaohi ʻana i nā larval ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kumu a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā larvicides kemika e like me nā organophosphates a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu pepeke. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaiapuni e pili ana i nā pesticides synthetic a me kā lākou mālama nui ʻana i ka hana a me ka paʻakikī e mau nei he mea hopohopo nui [8, 9]. ʻO ka kaohi vector hana kuʻuna, e like me ka kaohi makua, ʻo ia ke ala maikaʻi loa o ka kaohi ʻana i ka wā o nā maʻi viral no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau koke i nā vectors maʻi lele a ma kahi pae nui, a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke ola a me ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o nā heluna vector kūloko [3]. , 10]. ʻEhā mau papa o nā insecticides kemika: nā organochlorines (i kapa ʻia ʻo DDT wale nō), nā organophosphates, nā carbamates, a me nā pyrethroids ke kumu o nā papahana kaohi vector, me nā pyrethroids i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka papa holomua loa. He maikaʻi loa lākou e kūʻē i nā arthropods like ʻole a he haʻahaʻa ka hopena. ʻawaʻawa i nā mammals. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā pyrethroids synthetic ka hapa nui o nā pesticides kalepa, e helu ana ma kahi o 25% o ka mākeke pesticide honua [11, 12]. ʻO Permethrin lāua ʻo deltamethrin nā insecticides pyrethroid ākea ākea i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa no nā makahiki he ʻumi e kāohi i nā ʻano mea ʻino like ʻole o ka mahiʻai a me ke olakino [13, 14]. I nā makahiki 1950, ua koho ʻia ʻo DDT ʻo ia ke kemika koho no ka papahana kaohi namu olakino lehulehu o Thailand. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o DDT ma nā wahi i loaʻa i ka malaria, ua hoʻopau mālie ʻo Thailand i ka hoʻohana ʻana o DDT ma waena o 1995 a me 2000 a ua pani ʻia me ʻelua pyrethroids: permethrin a me deltamethrin [15, 16]. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia kēia mau insecticides pyrethroid i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990 e kāohi i ka malaria a me ke kuni dengue, ma o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻupena moe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noe wela a me nā pīpī ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa loa [14, 17]. Eia nō naʻe, ua nalowale ko lākou pono ma muli o ke kūpaʻa ikaika o nā makika a me ka nele o ka mālama ʻana o ka lehulehu ma muli o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ke olakino lehulehu a me ka hopena o nā kemika synthetic i ke kaiapuni. He mau pilikia koʻikoʻi kēia i ka holomua o nā papahana kaohi vector hoʻoweliweli [14, 18, 19]. I mea e ʻoi aku ai ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolālā, pono nā hana kūʻē kūpono a kūpono hoʻi. ʻO nā kaʻina hana hoʻokele i ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe, ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā kemika o nā papa like ʻole, ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā synergists, a me ka hui ʻana o nā kemika a i ʻole ka hoʻopili like ʻana o nā kemika o nā papa like ʻole [14, 20, 21]. No laila, aia kahi pono wikiwiki e ʻimi a hoʻomohala i kahi koho ʻē aʻe a synergist e pili ana i ke kaiapuni, kūpono a maikaʻi hoʻi a ke manaʻo nei kēia haʻawina e hoʻoponopono i kēia pono.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā insecticides i loaʻa maoli, ʻoiai nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā ʻāpana mea kanu, i ka hiki ke loiloi i nā koho kaohi namu o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana [22, 23, 24]. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi he hiki ke kāohi i nā mea lawe namu koʻikoʻi ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana mea kanu, ʻoiai nā aila koʻikoʻi (EOs), ma ke ʻano he mea pepehi kanaka makua. Ua loaʻa nā waiwai adulticidal e kūʻē i kekahi mau ʻano namu koʻikoʻi i loko o nā aila mea kanu he nui e like me ka celery, cumin, zedoaria, anise, pipe pepper, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cochlospermum planchonii, Eucalyptus ter eticornis. , Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata a me Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Ethylene oxide i kēia manawa ʻaʻole wale nō ma kāna iho, akā i hui pū ʻia me nā mea kanu i unuhi ʻia a i ʻole nā pesticides synthetic e kū nei, e hana ana i nā ʻano ʻawaʻawa like ʻole. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides kuʻuna e like me nā organophosphates, carbamates a me nā pyrethroids me ka ethylene oxide/mea kanu extracts e hana synergistically a antagonistically paha i ko lākou hopena ʻawahia a ua hōʻike ʻia he kūpono ia e kūʻē i nā mea lawe maʻi a me nā mea ʻino [31,32,33,34,35]. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā hopena ʻawahia synergistic o ka hui pū ʻana o nā phytochemicals me a me ka ʻole o nā kemika synthetic ua hana ʻia ma nā vectors pepeke mahiʻai a me nā mea ʻino ma mua o nā makika koʻikoʻi lapaʻau. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hana ma nā hopena synergistic o nā hui pū ʻana o nā insecticide mea kanu-synthetic e kūʻē i nā vectors makika ua kālele ʻia i ka hopena larvicidal.
Ma kahi noiʻi mua i mālama ʻia e nā mea kākau ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi papahana noiʻi e hoʻomau nei e nānā ana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli mai nā mea kanu meaʻai kūloko ma Thailand, ua ʻike ʻia nā ethylene oxides mai Cyperus rotundus, galangal a me ke kinamona he hana kūpono e kūʻē i nā Aedes makua. ʻAigupita [36]. No laila, ua manaʻo kēia noiʻi e loiloi i ka pono o nā EO i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kēia mau mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. aegypti, me nā ʻano pyrethroid-resistant a me nā ʻano koʻikoʻi. Ua kālailai ʻia hoʻi ka hopena synergistic o nā hui binary o ka ethylene oxide a me nā pyrethroids synthetic me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi i nā pākeke e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides kuʻuna a hoʻonui i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā vectors makika, ʻoi aku hoʻi e kūʻē iā Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano kemika o nā aila koʻikoʻi kūpono a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka permethrin synthetic e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. aegypti i nā ʻano pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) a me nā ʻano kūʻē (PMD-R).
Ua kūʻai ʻia nā Rhizomes o C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me ka ʻili o C. verum (Kiʻi 1) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi mai nā mea hoʻolako lāʻau lapaʻau ma Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻike ʻepekema o kēia mau mea kanu ma o ke kūkākūkā ʻana me Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Biology, College of Science, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, a me ka ʻepekema ʻo Wannari Charoensap; ma ke Keʻena Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Carnegie Mellon University, ua mālama ʻia nā ʻano palapala hōʻoia o kēlā me kēia mea kanu ma ke Keʻena Parasitology ma Carnegie Mellon University School of Medicine no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā laʻana mea kanu ma ke aka no 3-5 mau lā ma kahi ākea me ka ea ea a me ka mahana o kahi o 30 ± 5 °C e wehe i ka nui o ka wai ma mua o ka unuhi ʻana i nā aila pono maoli (EO). He 250 g o kēlā me kēia mea kanu maloʻo i wili ʻia me ka mīkini i loko o ka pauka ʻāwiliwili a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā aila pono (EO) ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe mahu. ʻO ka mea hana hoʻoheheʻe he ʻahu hoʻomehana uila, kahi ʻōmole lalo poepoe 3000 mL, kahi kolamu hoʻoheheʻe, kahi condenser, a me kahi mea Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Iapana). E hoʻohui i 1600 ml wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me 10-15 mau momi aniani i ka ʻōmole a laila e hoʻomehana iā ia i kahi o 100 °C me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻomehana uila no ka liʻiliʻi he 3 mau hola a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a ʻaʻohe EO hou i hana ʻia. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka papa EO mai ka pae wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi funnel hoʻokaʻawale, ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ma luna o ka sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4) a mālama ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōmole ʻeleʻele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 4°C a hiki i ka nānā ʻana i ka haku mele kemika a me ka hana makua.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻohuihui kemika o nā aila pono i ka manawa like me ka bioassay no ka mea makua. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi qualitative me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana GC-MS i haku ʻia me kahi Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, USA) 7890A gas chromatograph i lako me kahi mea ʻike koho nui quadrupole hoʻokahi (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) a me kahi MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Koluma Chromatographic - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × mānoanoa o ka ʻili 0.25 µm). ʻO ka manawa holo holo GC-MS holoʻokoʻa he 20 mau minuke. ʻO nā kūlana loiloi, ʻo ia ka mahana o ka injector a me ka laina hoʻoili he 250 a me 280 °C, kēlā me kēia; ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka mahana o ka umu e hoʻonui mai 50°C a i 250°C ma ka wikiwiki o 10°C/min, ʻo ke kinoea lawe he helium; kahe kahe 1.0 ml/min; ʻo ka nui o ka injection he 0.2 µL (1/10% ma ka nui ma CH2Cl2, lakio māhele 100:1); Hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana ionization electron me ka ikehu ionization o 70 eV no ka ʻike ʻana iā GC-MS. ʻO ka laulā loaʻa he 50-550 mau ʻāpana nui atomika (amu) a ʻo ka wikiwiki scan he 2.91 scans i kekona. Hōʻike ʻia nā pakeneka pili o nā ʻāpana e like me nā pakeneka i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka wahi kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui EO ma kā lākou helu hoʻopaʻa (RI). Ua helu ʻia ʻo RI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike o Van den Dool lāua ʻo Kratz [37] no ka moʻo n-alkanes (C8-C40) a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā helu hoʻopaʻa mai nā palapala [38] a me nā waihona waihona puke (NIST 2008 a me Wiley 8NO8). Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka ʻike o nā hui i hōʻike ʻia, e like me ke ʻano a me ke ʻano molekala, ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā laʻana maoli i loaʻa.
Ua kūʻai ʻia nā kūlana loiloi no ka permethrin synthetic a me ka piperonyl butoxide (PBO, kaohi maikaʻi i nā haʻawina synergy) mai Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ua kūʻai ʻia nā pahu hoʻāʻo pākeke o ka World Health Organization (WHO) a me nā dosis diagnostic o ka pepa i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka permethrin (0.75%) mai ke kikowaena WHO Vector Control ma Penang, Malaysia. ʻO nā kemika a me nā reagents ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia he papa loiloi a ua kūʻai ʻia mai nā ʻoihana kūloko ma Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.
ʻO nā makika i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau meaola hoʻāʻo i loko o ka bioassay makua he mau makika Aedes aegypti i hoʻopili manuahi ʻia i ka hale hana, me ke ʻano Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) a me ke ʻano Pang Mai Dang kūpaʻa (PMD-R). Ua loaʻa ka strain MCM-S mai nā laʻana kūloko i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, a ua mālama ʻia ma ka lumi entomology o ka 'Oihana Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, mai ka makahiki 1995 [39]. ʻO ke ʻano PMD-R, i ʻike ʻia he kūpaʻa i ka permethrin, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā makika kula i hōʻiliʻili mua ʻia mai Ban Pang Mai Dang, Mae Tang District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, a ua mālama ʻia ma ka ʻoihana like mai ka makahiki 1997 [40]. Ua ulu ʻia nā ʻano PMD-R ma lalo o ke kaomi koho e mālama i nā pae kū'ē ma o ka hōʻike pinepine ʻana i ka 0.75% permethrin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pahu ʻike WHO me kekahi mau hoʻololi [41]. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano o Ae. Ua hoʻomoana ʻia ʻo Aedes aegypti ma ke ʻano pākahi i loko o kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua ʻole pathogen ma 25 ± 2 °C a me 80 ± 10% ka haʻahaʻa pili a me kahi photoperiod mālamalama/pouli 14:10 h. Ma kahi o 200 larvae i mālama ʻia i loko o nā pā plastik (33 cm ka lōʻihi, 28 cm ka laulā a me 9 cm ke kiʻekiʻe) i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai paipa ma ka nui o 150-200 larvae i kēlā me kēia pā a hānai ʻia i ʻelua manawa i ka lā me nā biscuits ʻīlio sterilized. Ua mālama ʻia nā ilo makua i loko o nā hale paʻa pulu a hānai mau ʻia me kahi hopena sucrose wai 10% a me kahi hopena syrup multivitamin 10%. Omo mau nā makika wahine i ke koko e waiho i nā hua. Hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nā wahine ʻelua a ʻelima mau lā i hānai ʻole ʻia i ke koko i nā hoʻokolohua biological pākeke hoʻokolohua.
Ua hana ʻia kahi bioassay pane make-dose o EO ma nā makika Aedes wahine makua. aegypti, MCM-S a me PMD-R me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano hana topical i hoʻololi ʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o WHO no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka susceptibility [42]. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka EO mai kēlā me kēia mea kanu me kahi solvent kūpono (e laʻa me ka ethanol a i ʻole acetone) e loaʻa ai kahi moʻo puka o 4-6 mau ʻano. Ma hope o ka anesthesia me ke kalapona dioxide (CO2), ua kaupaona ʻia nā makika pākahi. A laila ua mālama ʻia nā makika anesthetized me ka neʻe ʻole ma ka pepa kānana maloʻo ma kahi pā anu maʻamau ma lalo o kahi stereomicroscope e pale ai i ka hoʻāla hou ʻana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. No kēlā me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau, ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻo 0.1 μl o ka hopena EO i ka pronotum luna o ka wahine me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microdispenser lima Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA). Ua mālama ʻia he iwakāluakūmālima mau wahine me kēlā me kēia ʻano, me ka make mai 10% a 95% no ka liʻiliʻi he 4 mau ʻano like ʻole. ʻO nā makika i mālama ʻia me ka solvent i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he kaohi. I mea e pale aku ai i ka haumia o nā hāpana hoʻāʻo, e hoʻololi i ka pepa kānana me ka pepa kānana hou no kēlā me kēia EO i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia nā mahele i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia mau bioassays ma nā micrograms o EO no ka milligram o ke kaumaha o ke kino wahine ola. Ua loiloi ʻia hoʻi ka hana PBO makua ma ke ʻano like me EO, me ka PBO i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi i nā hoʻokolohua synergistic. Ua waiho ʻia nā makika i mālama ʻia i nā hui āpau i loko o nā kīʻaha plastik a hāʻawi ʻia i 10% sucrose me 10% syrup multivitamin. Ua hana ʻia nā bioassays āpau ma 25 ± 2 °C a me 80 ± 10% ka haʻahaʻa pili a hana hou ʻia ʻehā mau manawa me nā kaohi. Ua nānā ʻia ka make i ka wā hānai 24 hola a ua hōʻoia ʻia e ka nele o ka makika i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka mīkini a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma muli o ka awelika o ʻehā mau replicates. Ua hana hou ʻia nā lāʻau hoʻokolohua ʻehā mau manawa no kēlā me kēia hāpana hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻulu makika like ʻole. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hopena a hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka pakeneka o ka make, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka mahele make 24 hola ma o ka nānā ʻana o probit.
Ua loiloi ʻia ka hopena antiicidal synergistic o EO a me permethrin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo toxicity kūloko [42] e like me ka mea i wehewehe mua ʻia. E hoʻohana i ka acetone a i ʻole ethanol ma ke ʻano he solvent e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka permethrin ma ka nui i makemake ʻia, a me kahi hui binary o EO a me permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin i hui pū ʻia me EO ma ka nui LD25). Ua loiloi ʻia nā pahu hoʻāʻo (permethrin a me EO-permethrin) e kūʻē i nā ʻano MCM-S a me PMD-R o Ae. Aedes aegypti. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia o 25 mau makika wahine i ʻehā mau dosis o ka permethrin e hoʻāʻo i kona pono i ka pepehi ʻana i nā pākeke, me kēlā me kēia lāʻau i hana hou ʻia i ʻehā mau manawa. No ka ʻike ʻana i nā synergists EO moho, ua hāʻawi ʻia he 4 a 6 mau dosis o EO-permethrin i kēlā me kēia o 25 mau makika wahine, me kēlā me kēia noi i hana hou ʻia i ʻehā mau manawa. ʻO ka mālama ʻana o PBO-permethrin (permethrin i hui pū ʻia me ka nui LD25 o PBO) ua lawelawe pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā dosis i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia mau bioassays ma nā nanograms o ka hāpana hoʻāʻo no kēlā me kēia milligram o ke kaumaha o ke kino wahine ola. Ua hana ʻia ʻehā mau loiloi hoʻokolohua no kēlā me kēia ʻano makika ma nā pūʻulu i hānai ʻia pākahi, a ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia a kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili make me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Probit e hoʻoholo i kahi dosis make 24-hola.
Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka helu make me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano Abbott [43]. Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka loiloi regression Probit me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu helu kamepiula SPSS (mana 19.0). Ua helu ʻia nā waiwai make o 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% a me 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 a me LD99, kēlā me kēia) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manawa hilinaʻi 95% (95% CI). Ua loiloi ʻia nā ana o ke koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā laʻana hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo chi-square a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo Mann-Whitney U i loko o kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo biological. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā hopena he koʻikoʻi ma ka helu helu ma P< 0.05. Ua manaʻo ʻia ke koina kū'ē (RR) ma ka pae LD50 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia haʻilula [12]:
ʻO RR > 1 e hōʻike ana i ke kū'ē, a ʻo RR ≤ 1 e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike. Ua helu ʻia ka waiwai synergy ratio (SR) o kēlā me kēia moho synergist penei [34, 35, 44]:
Hoʻokaʻawale kēia kumu i nā hopena i ʻekolu mau māhele: ʻo ka waiwai SR o 1±0.05 ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe hopena maopopo, ʻo ka waiwai SR o >1.05 ua manaʻo ʻia he hopena synergistic, a hiki ke loaʻa kahi waiwai SR o A ka ʻaila wai melemele māmā ma o ka distillation mahu o nā rhizomes o C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me ka ʻili o C. verum. ʻO nā hua i helu ʻia ma ke kaumaha maloʻo he 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), a me 0.54% (v/v). w) pakahi (Papa 1). Ua hōʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o GC-MS o ka hoʻohuihui kemika o nā ʻaila o C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum i ke alo o 19, 17 a me 21 mau hui, nona ka helu ʻana he 80.22, 86.75 a me 97.24% o nā ʻāpana āpau, pakahi (Papa 2). ʻO nā hui ʻaila rhizome C. lucidum i hoʻokumu nui ʻia me ka cyperonene (14.04%), ukali ʻia e ka carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), a me α-capsellan (7.53%). ʻO ka mea kemika nui o ka ʻaila rhizome galangal ʻo β-bisabolene (18.27%), ukali ʻia e α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) a me piperonol (10.09%). ʻOiai ʻo ka cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nui o ka ʻaila ʻili C. verum, ʻo ka cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) a me 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea hoʻohui liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā ʻano kemika o cyperne, β-bisabolene a me cinnamaldehyde nā hui nui o C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2.
Nā hopena mai ʻekolu OO i loiloi i ka hana makua e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. Hōʻike ʻia nā makika aegypti ma ka Papa 3. Ua ʻike ʻia nā EO āpau he hopena make i nā makika MCM-S Aedes ma nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui. Aedes aegypti. ʻO ka EO kūpono loa ʻo C. verum, ukali ʻia e A. galanga a me C. rotundus me nā waiwai LD50 o 3.30, 7.97 a me 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S wahine, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) a me 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD -R i nā wahine. Pili kēia i ka hopena makua o ka PBO ma PMD-R ma mua o ke ʻano MSM-S, me nā waiwai LD50 o 4.79 a me 6.30 μg/mg wahine, kēlā me kēia (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057). ). Hiki ke helu ʻia ʻo nā waiwai LD50 o C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus a me PBO e kūʻē iā PMD-R ma kahi o 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 a me 0.76 mau manawa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea e kūʻē iā MCM-S. No laila, hōʻike kēia ua like ka maʻalahi i ka PBO a me EO ma waena o nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka PMD-R ma mua o MCM-S, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka ʻike o Aedes aegypti. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua i ko lākou ʻike i ka permethrin. aegypti (Papa 4). Ua hōʻike ʻo PMD-R i ke kūʻē koʻikoʻi i ka permethrin (ka waiwai LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg i nā wahine) me ka waiwai LD50 kiʻekiʻe aʻe o 3.70 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me MCM-S (ka waiwai LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg i nā wahine) ng/mg i nā wahine (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka PMD-R i ka permethrin ma mua o MCM-S, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona ʻike i ka PBO a me C. verum, A. galanga, a me C. rotundus aila ma mua o MCM-S.
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka bioassay heluna kanaka makua o ka hui pū ʻana o EO-permethrin, ua hōʻike nā hui binary o permethrin a me EO (LD25) i ka synergy (waiwai SR > 1.05) a i ʻole ka hopena ʻole (waiwai SR = 1 ± 0.05). Nā hopena paʻakikī o ka hui ʻana o EO-permethrin ma nā makika albino hoʻokolohua. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano Aedes aegypti MCM-S a me PMD-R ma ka Papa 4 a me ke Kiʻi 3. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻaila C. verum e hōʻemi iki i ka LD50 o permethrin e kūʻē iā MCM-S a hoʻonui iki i ka LD50 e kūʻē iā PMD-R i 0.44-0 .42 ng/mg i nā wahine a mai 3.70 a 3.85 ng/mg i nā wahine. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o C. rotundus a me A. galanga aila i hoʻemi nui i ka LD50 o permethrin ma MCM-S mai 0.44 a i 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) a i 0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg wahine. Ma muli o nā waiwai LD50 o MCM-S, ʻo nā waiwai SR o ka hui EO-permethrin ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana o C. rotundus a me A. galanga aila he 6.28 a me 4.00, kēlā me kēia. No laila, ua emi nui ka LD50 o ka permethrin e kūʻē i ka PMD-R mai 3.70 a i 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) a i 0.003 me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā aila C. rotundus a me A. galanga (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg wahine. ʻO ka waiwai SR o ka permethrin i hui pū ʻia me C. rotundus e kūʻē i ka PMD-R he 8.81, ʻoiai ʻo ka waiwai SR o ka hui galangal-permethrin he 1233.33. E pili ana iā MCM-S, ua emi ka waiwai LD50 o ka PBO mana maikaʻi mai 0.44 a i 0.26 ng/mg (wahine) a mai 3.70 ng/mg (wahine) a i 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) a me PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). ʻO nā waiwai SR o ka hui PBO-permethrin no nā ʻano MCM-S a me PMD-R he 1.69 a me 5.69, kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena ua hoʻonui ka ʻaila C. rotundus a me A. galanga a me PBO i ka ʻawahia o ka permethrin i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻaila C. verum no nā ʻano MCM-S a me PMD-R.
Ka hana makua (LD50) o EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana e kūʻē i nā ʻano pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) a me nā ʻano pale (PMD-R) o nā makika Aedes. Aedes aegypti
[45]. Hoʻohana ʻia nā pyrethroids synthetic ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e kāohi i ka aneane āpau o nā arthropod o ka mahiʻai a me ke koʻikoʻi lapaʻau. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides synthetic, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke kūʻē ākea o nā makika, a me ka hopena i ke olakino lōʻihi a me ke kaiapuni, aia i kēia manawa kahi pono wikiwiki e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides synthetic kuʻuna a hoʻomohala i nā koho ʻē aʻe [35, 46, 47]. Ma waho aʻe o ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka, ʻo nā pono o nā insecticides botanical e komo pū me ke koho kiʻekiʻe, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka honua, a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, e ʻoi aku ka hoihoi no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika [32,48, 49]. ʻO kēia haʻawina, me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻano kemika o nā aila pono kūpono ma o ka loiloi GC-MS, ua loiloi pū i ka ikaika o nā aila pono makua a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka permethrin synthetic. aegypti i loko o nā ʻano pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) a me nā ʻano kūʻē (PMD-R).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano GC-MS ʻo cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) a me cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) nā ʻāpana nui o C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum aila, kēlā me kēia. Ua hōʻike kēia mau kemika i nā hana olaola like ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ahn et al. [50] ʻo 6-acetoxycyperene, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka rhizome o C. rotundus, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he hui antitumor a hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka apoptosis caspase-dependent i loko o nā cell cancer ovarian. ʻO β-Bisabolene, i unuhi ʻia mai ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi o ka lāʻau myrrh, hōʻike i ka cytotoxicity kikoʻī e kūʻē i nā cell tumor mammary kanaka a me ka ʻiole ma vitro a ma vivo [51]. ʻO Cinnamaldehyde, i loaʻa mai nā extracts kūlohelohe a i ʻole i synthesized i loko o ka hale hana, ua hōʻike ʻia he insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, a me nā hana antiangiogenic [52].
Ua hōʻike nā hopena o ka bioassay hana pākeke e pili ana i ka lāʻau i ka hiki ke maikaʻi o nā EO i hoʻāʻo ʻia a ua hōʻike ʻia he like ka maʻalahi o nā ʻano makika Aedes MCM-S a me PMD-R i ka EO a me PBO. Aedes aegypti. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻohālikelike o ka pono o EO a me permethrin he hopena allercidal ikaika ka mea hope: ʻo nā waiwai LD50 he 0.44 a me 3.70 ng/mg i nā wahine no nā ʻano MCM-S a me PMD-R, kēlā me kēia. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia mau ʻike e nā haʻawina he nui e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pesticides kūlohelohe, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā huahana i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu, ma mua o nā mea synthetic [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Hiki paha kēia no ka mea ʻo ka mea mua he hui paʻakikī o nā mea hana a hana ʻole paha, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hope he hui hana hoʻokahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa a me ka paʻakikī o nā mea hana kūlohelohe me nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hoʻonui i ka hana olaola a pale paha i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā heluna kanaka hoʻokipa [55, 56, 57]. Ua hōʻike mai nā kānaka noiʻi he nui i ka hiki ke kūʻē i ka makika o C. verum, A. galanga a me C. rotundus a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana e like me β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde a me 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63,64]. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi o nā palapala ʻaʻohe hōʻike mua o kona hopena synergistic me ka permethrin a i ʻole nā mea pepehi kanaka synthetic ʻē aʻe e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. Aedes aegypti.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka permethrin ma waena o nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua. ʻAedes aegypti. He ʻike koʻikoʻi ʻo MCM-S i ka permethrin, ʻoiai ʻo PMD-R he emi iki ka ʻike iā ia, me ka helu kūʻē o 8.41. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻike o MCM-S, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka PMD-R i ka permethrin akā ʻoi aku ka ʻike i ka EO, e hāʻawi ana i ke kumu no nā haʻawina hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka permethrin ma ka hoʻohui ʻana iā ia me EO. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi bioassay e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana no nā hopena makua ua hōʻemi a hoʻonui paha nā hui binary o EO a me permethrin i ka make ʻana o ka makua Aedes. Aedes aegypti. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻaila C. verum i hoʻemi iki i ka LD50 o ka permethrin e kūʻē iā MCM-S akā ua hoʻonui iki i ka LD50 e kūʻē iā PMD-R me nā waiwai SR o 1.05 a me 0.96, kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻohe hopena synergistic a antagonistic paha o ka ʻaila C. verum ma luna o ka permethrin i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ʻia ai ma MCM-S a me PMD-R. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike nā ʻaila C. rotundus a me A. galanga i kahi hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi ma ka hoʻemi nui ʻana i nā waiwai LD50 o ka permethrin ma MCM-S a i ʻole PMD-R. I ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ka permethrin me EO o C. rotundus a me A. galanga, ʻo nā waiwai SR o ka hui EO-permethrin no MCM-S he 6.28 a me 4.00, kēlā me kēia. Eia kekahi, i ka wā i loiloi ʻia ai ka permethrin e kūʻē i ka PMD-R i hui pū ʻia me C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) a i ʻole A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), ua piʻi nui nā waiwai SR. He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua hoʻonui nui ʻo C. rotundus a me A. galanga i ka ʻawahia o ka permethrin e kūʻē i ka PMD-R Ae. aegypti. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo PBO e hoʻonui i ka ʻawahia o ka permethrin me nā waiwai SR o 1.69 a me 5.69 no nā ʻano MCM-S a me PMD-R, kēlā me kēia. ʻOiai ʻo C. rotundus lāua ʻo A. galanga ka mea i loaʻa nā waiwai SR kiʻekiʻe loa, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou ʻo ia nā synergists maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻawahia o ka permethrin ma MCM-S a me PMD-R, kēlā me kēia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina mua i ka hopena synergistic o nā hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides synthetic a me nā mea kanu i unuhi ʻia e kūʻē i nā ʻano makika like ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi bioassay larvicidal e kūʻē iā Anopheles Stephensi i aʻo ʻia e Kalayanasundaram lāua ʻo Das [65] ua pili ka fenthion, kahi organophosphate ākea, me Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax a me Parthenium hysterophorus. Ua ʻike ʻia ka synergy koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā unuhi me ka hopena synergistic (SF) o 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 a me 2.23, kēlā me kēia. I loko o kahi nānā larvicidal o 15 mau ʻano mangrove, ua ʻike ʻia ka petroleum ether extract o nā aʻa mangrove stilted i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kūʻē iā Culex quinquefasciatus me ka waiwai LC50 o 25.7 mg/L [66]. Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi ka hopena synergistic o kēia extract a me ka pyrethrum insecticide botanical e hōʻemi i ka LC50 o pyrethrum e kūʻē i ka larvae C. quinquefasciatus mai 0.132 mg/L a i 0.107 mg/L, eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi helu SF o 1.23 ma kēia noiʻi. 34,35,44]. Ua loiloi ʻia ka hopena hui pū ʻana o ka Solanum citron root extract a me kekahi mau insecticide synthetic (e laʻa, fenthion, cypermethrin (kahi pyrethroid synthetic) a me timethphos (kahi organophosphorus larvicide)) e kūʻē i nā makika Anopheles. Stephensi [54] a me C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Ua hōʻike ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o ka cypermethrin a me ka yellow fruit petroleum ether extract i kahi hopena synergistic ma cypermethrin ma nā lakio āpau. ʻO ka lakio kūpono loa ka hui pū ʻana o 1:1 binary me nā waiwai LC50 a me SF o 0.0054 ppm a me 6.83, kēlā me kēia, e pili ana iā An. Stephen West [54]. ʻOiai he antagonistic ka hui pū ʻana o 1:1 binary o S. xanthocarpum a me temephos (SF = 0.6406), ua hōʻike ka hui pū ʻana o S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) i ka hana synergistic e kūʻē iā C. quinquefasciatus me kahi SF o 1.3125 [34]]. Ua aʻo ʻo Tong lāua ʻo Blomquist [35] i nā hopena o ka ethylene oxide mea kanu ma ka ʻawaʻawa o ka carbaryl (kahi carbamate ākea) a me ka permethrin i nā makika Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua hoʻonui ka ethylene oxide mai ka agar, ka pepa ʻeleʻele, ka juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood a me ka sesame i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka carbaryl i nā makika Aedes. ʻOkoʻa nā waiwai SR o nā larvae aegypti mai 1.0 a 7.0. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻohe o nā EO i ʻawahia i nā makika Aedes makua. I kēia pae, ʻaʻohe hopena synergistic i hōʻike ʻia no ka hui pū ʻana o Aedes aegypti a me EO-carbaryl. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo PBO ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi e hoʻonui i ka ʻawahia o ka carbaryl e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. ʻO nā waiwai SR o nā larvae Aedes aegypti a me nā mākua he 4.9-9.5 a me 2.3, kēlā me kēia. ʻO nā hui binary wale nō o ka permethrin a me EO a i ʻole PBO i hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka hana larvicidal. Loaʻa i ka hui EO-permethrin kahi hopena antagonistic, ʻoiai ʻo ka hui PBO-permethrin he hopena synergistic e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. Larvae o Aedes aegypti. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua pane dose a me ka loiloi SR no nā hui PBO-permethrin. ʻOiai ua loaʻa nā hopena liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā hopena synergistic o nā hui phytosynthetic e kūʻē i nā vectors makika, kākoʻo kēia ʻikepili i nā hopena i loaʻa, e wehe ana i ka manaʻolana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā synergists ʻaʻole wale e hōʻemi i ka mahele i hoʻopili ʻia, akā e hoʻonui pū i ka hopena pepehi. Ka pono o nā pepeke. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi no ka manawa mua e hoʻohana nui ana nā aila C. rotundus a me A. galanga i ka pono e kūʻē i nā ʻano pyrethroid-susceptible a me pyrethroid-resistant o nā makika Aedes i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me PBO i ka wā i hui pū ʻia me ka permethrin toxicity. Aedes aegypti. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike nā hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia mai ka loiloi synergistic ʻo ka aila C. verum ka hana anti-adult nui loa e kūʻē i nā ʻano Aedes ʻelua. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu ka hopena ʻawaʻawa o ka permethrin ma Aedes aegypti. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena ʻawaʻawa a me nā hopena synergistic ma muli paha o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā pae o nā mea bioactive i loko o kēia mau aila.
ʻOiai nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaopopo pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pono, ʻaʻole maopopo nā ʻano hana synergistic. ʻO nā kumu kūpono no ka ʻokoʻa o ka pono a me ka hiki ke synergistic e komo pū me nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohuihui kemika o nā huahana i hoʻāʻo ʻia a me nā ʻokoʻa o ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā makika e pili ana i ke kūlana kūʻē a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana ethylene oxide nui a me nā mea liʻiliʻi i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma kēia haʻawina, a ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi o kēia mau hui he mau hopena repellent a me nā hopena ʻawahia e kūʻē i nā ʻano pests a me nā vectors maʻi [61,62,64,67,68]. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hui nui i hōʻike ʻia ma C. rotundus, A. galanga a me C. verum aila, e like me cypern, β-bisabolene a me cinnamaldehyde, ma kēia pepa no kā lākou hana anti-adult a me synergistic e kūʻē iā Ae, kēlā me kēia. Aedes aegypti. No laila, pono nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hana i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia aila koʻikoʻi a wehewehe i kā lākou pono insecticidal a me nā pilina synergistic e kūʻē i kēia vector makika. Ma keʻano laulā, pili ka hana insecticidal i ka hana a me ka hopena ma waena o nā mea make a me nā ʻiʻo pepeke, hiki ke hoʻomaʻalahi ʻia a puʻunaue ʻia i ʻekolu mau pae: ke komo ʻana i loko o ka ʻili o ke kino pepeke a me nā membrane o ke kino pahuhopu, ka hoʻāla ʻana (= ka launa pū ʻana me ka pahuhopu) a me ka detoxification. nā mea ʻawahia [57, 69]. No laila, ʻo ka synergism insecticide e hopena ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o nā hui toxicant e pono ai ma ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi o kēia mau ʻano, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke komo ʻana, ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana o nā hui i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka detoxification o ka mea hana pesticide. No ka laʻana, hoʻopaneʻe ka hoʻomanawanui ikehu i ke komo ʻana o ka cuticle ma o kahi cuticle mānoanoa a me ke kūʻē ʻana o ka biochemical, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka metabolism insecticide i ʻike ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano pepeke kūʻē [70, 71]. ʻO ka pono koʻikoʻi o nā EO i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻawahia o ka permethrin, ʻoi aku hoʻi e kūʻē i ka PMD-R, hiki ke hōʻike i kahi hopena i ka pilikia o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide ma ka launa pū ʻana me nā ʻano kūʻē [57, 69, 70, 71]. Ua kākoʻo ʻo Tong lāua ʻo Blomquist [35] i nā hopena o kēia haʻawina ma ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi pilina synergistic ma waena o nā EO a me nā pesticides synthetic. aegypti, aia nā hōʻike o ka hana inhibitory e kūʻē i nā enzymes detoxifying, me nā cytochrome P450 monooxygenases a me nā carboxylesterases, e pili kokoke ana me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticides kuʻuna. ʻAʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo PBO he mea hoʻopaʻa metabolic o cytochrome P450 monooxygenase akā hoʻomaikaʻi pū i ke komo ʻana o nā insecticides, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e kona hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi i nā haʻawina synergistic [35, 72]. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻo 1,8-cineole, kekahi o nā mea nui i loaʻa i ka ʻaila galangal, ua ʻike ʻia no kona mau hopena ʻawahia i nā ʻano pepeke [22, 63, 73] a ua hōʻike ʻia he mau hopena synergistic ma kekahi mau wahi o ka noiʻi hana olaola [74]. . ,75,76,77]. Eia kekahi, ʻo 1,8-cineole i hui pū ʻia me nā lāʻau lapaʻau like ʻole me curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] a me zidovudine [81] he hopena permeation-promoter. in vitro. No laila, ʻo ke kuleana hiki o 1,8-cineole i ka hana synergistic insecticidal ʻaʻole wale ia he mea hana akā he mea hoʻonui komo. Ma muli o ka synergism nui aʻe me ka permethrin, ʻoi aku hoʻi e kūʻē i ka PMD-R, ʻo nā hopena synergistic o ka ʻaila galangal a me ka ʻaila trichosanthes i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina hiki ke hopena mai nā pilina me nā ʻano kūʻē, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka permeability i ka chlorine. Hoʻonui nā Pyrethroids i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā hui i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a kāohi i nā enzyme detoxifying e like me cytochrome P450 monooxygenases a me carboxylesterases. Eia nō naʻe, pono kēia mau ʻano i ka noiʻi hou aʻe e wehewehe i ke kuleana kikoʻī o EO a me kāna mau hui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (hoʻokahi a i ʻole i hui pū ʻia) i nā ʻano synergistic.
I ka makahiki 1977, ua hōʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka permethrin i nā heluna vector nui ma Thailand, a i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua pani nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka permethrin e nā kemika pyrethroid ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai nā mea i pani ʻia e deltamethrin [82]. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana o ka vector i ka deltamethrin a me nā papa ʻē aʻe o nā insecticides he mea maʻamau loa ia ma ka ʻāina ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me ka hoʻomau [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. No ka hakakā ʻana i kēia pilikia, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻololi a hoʻohana hou paha i nā pesticides i hoʻolei ʻia i kūpono ma mua a emi iki ka ʻawaʻawa i nā mammals, e like me ka permethrin. I kēia manawa, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka permethrin i nā papahana kaohi namu aupuni aupuni hou, hiki ke loaʻa ke kūʻē ʻana o ka permethrin i nā heluna namu. Hiki paha kēia ma muli o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā namu i nā huahana kaohi pest hale kūʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka permethrin a me nā pyrethroids ʻē aʻe [14, 17]. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o ka permethrin e pono ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻolālā e hōʻemi i ke kūʻē vector. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe o nā aila koʻikoʻi i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma kēia haʻawina i like ka maikaʻi me ka permethrin, ʻo ka hana pū ʻana me ka permethrin i hopena i nā hopena synergistic kupaianaha. He hōʻailona hoʻohiki kēia e hopena ka pilina o EO me nā ʻano kūʻē i ka hui pū ʻana o permethrin me EO i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka insecticide a i ʻole EO wale nō, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. ʻO nā pono o nā hui synergistic i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono, ʻoiai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā dosis haʻahaʻa no ka kaohi vector, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻokele kūʻē maikaʻi a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai [33, 87]. Mai kēia mau hopena, he mea leʻaleʻa ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o A. galanga a me C. rotundus EOs ma mua o PBO i ka synergizing permethrin toxicity i nā ʻano MCM-S a me PMD-R a he koho kūpono ia i nā mea kōkua ergogenic kuʻuna.
Ua loaʻa i nā EO i koho ʻia nā hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻawahia makua e kūʻē i ka PMD-R Ae. aegypti, ʻoiai ka ʻaila galangal, he waiwai SR a hiki i ka 1233.33, e hōʻike ana he manaʻolana ākea ko EO ma ke ʻano he synergist i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka permethrin. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi huahana kūlohelohe hou, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana kaohi namu ikaika loa. Hōʻike pū ia i ka hiki o ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he synergist ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi pono i nā insecticides kahiko a kuʻuna paha e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia kūʻē i nā heluna namu. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu i loaʻa koke i nā papahana kaohi namu ʻaʻole wale e hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea i lawe ʻia mai a pipiʻi hoʻi, akā hoʻoulu pū i nā hana kūloko e hoʻoikaika i nā ʻōnaehana olakino lehulehu.
Hōʻike maopopo kēia mau hopena i ka hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi i hana ʻia e ka hui pū ʻana o ka ethylene oxide a me ka permethrin. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hiki o ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he synergist mea kanu i ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika, e hoʻonui ana i ka pono o ka permethrin e kūʻē i nā makika, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā heluna kūʻē. Pono nā hoʻomohala a me nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana i ka bioanalysis synergistic o nā aila galangal a me alpinia a me kā lākou mau hui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, nā hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides o ke kumu kūlohelohe a synthetic paha e kūʻē i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā pae o nā makika, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻawahia e kūʻē i nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia. Hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka ethylene oxide ma ke ʻano he synergist koho kūpono.
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