ʻO ka citrus, kahi mea kanu no ka ʻohana Arantioideae o ka ʻohana Rutaceae, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kanu kālā koʻikoʻi o ka honua, e helu ana i ka hapaha o ka huina o ka hana hua o ka honua. Nui nā ʻano citrus, me ka citrus ʻili ākea, ka ʻalani, ka pomelo, ka grapefruit, ka lemona a me ka lemona. Ma mua o 140 mau ʻāina a me nā ʻāpana, me Kina, Brazil a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hōʻea ka wahi kanu o ka citrus i 10.5530 miliona hm2, a ʻo ka huahana he 166.3030 miliona tons. ʻO Kina ka ʻāina hana a kūʻai aku i ka citrus nui loa o ka honua, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ka wahi kanu a me ka hana, i ka makahiki 2022, ʻo ka wahi ma kahi o 3,033,500 hm2, ʻo ka huahana he 6,039 miliona tons. Eia nō naʻe, he nui ka ʻoihana citrus o Kina akā ʻaʻole ikaika, a he nui ka hakahaka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Brazil a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka citrus ka lāʻau hua me ka ʻāina mahi nui loa a me ke kūlana waiwai koʻikoʻi loa ma ka hema o Kina, nona ke koʻikoʻi kūikawā no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka ʻilihune ʻoihana a me ka hoʻōla hou ʻana i nā kuaʻāina. Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni a me ka ʻike olakino a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka internationalization a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻoihana citrus, ke lilo mālie nei ka citrus ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka organik i wahi wela no ka ʻai ʻana o ka poʻe, a ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ka lako kiʻekiʻe, ʻokoʻa a kaulike makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ʻoihana citrus o Kina e nā mea kūlohelohe (mahana, ua, maikaʻi o ka lepo), ʻenehana hana (nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻenehana mahiʻai, hoʻokomo mahiʻai) a me ke ʻano hoʻokele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, aia nā pilikia e like me nā ʻano maikaʻi a me nā mea ʻino, nāwaliwali ka hiki ke pale aku i nā maʻi a me nā mea ʻino, ʻaʻole ikaika ka ʻike brand, ua hope ke ʻano hoʻokele a paʻakikī ke kūʻai aku i nā hua kau. I mea e hoʻolaha ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana citrus, he mea wikiwiki ia e hoʻoikaika i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, ke kumu a me ka ʻenehana o ka pohō kaumaha a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka pono. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā pesticides i ke kaʻina hana o ka citrus a hoʻopilikia pololei i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o ka citrus. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka koho ʻana o nā pesticides i mea paʻakikī no ka hana ʻana i nā citrus greens i mea paʻakikī ma muli o ke aniau koʻikoʻi a me nā mea ʻino a me nā mauʻu.
Ua ʻike ʻia ma kahi hulina i loko o ka waihona hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide o ka China Pesticide Information Network, a hiki i ʻAukake 24, 2023, aia he 3,243 mau huahana pesticide i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ke ʻano kūpono ma ka citrus ma Kina. Aia he 1515nā mea pepehi lāʻau make, e helu ana i 46.73% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. He 684 acaricides, e helu ana i 21.09%; 537 fungicides, e helu ana i 16.56%; 475 herbicides, e helu ana i 14.65%; He 132nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, e helu ana no 4.07%. Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa o nā pesticides ma ko mākou ʻāina i 5 mau pae mai ke kiʻekiʻe a i ka haʻahaʻa: ʻawaʻawa nui, ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe, ʻawaʻawa waena, ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa a me ka ʻawaʻawa iki. He 541 mau huahana ʻawaʻawa iki, e helu ana no 16.68% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. He 2,494 mau huahana ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa, e helu ana no 76.90% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. He 208 mau huahana ʻawaʻawa iki, e helu ana no 6.41% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia.
1. Ke kūlana hoʻopaʻa inoa o nā pesticides/acaricides citrus
Aia he 189 ʻano mea hana insecticide i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana citrus ma Kina, nona he 69 mau mea hana hoʻokahi a he 120 mau mea hana i hui pū ʻia. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā insecticide i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, he 1,515 ka huina. I waena o lākou, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he 994 mau huahana i hoʻokahi mahele, a ʻo nā pesticides 5 kiʻekiʻe loa he acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), ʻaila mineral (53) a me ethozole (51), e helu ana he 29.70%. Ua hui pū ʻia he 521 mau huahana, a ʻo nā pesticides 5 kiʻekiʻe loa i ka nui i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he actinospirin (52 mau huahana), actinospirin (35 mau huahana), actinospirin (31 mau huahana), actinospirin (31 mau huahana) a me dihydrazide (28 mau huahana), e helu ana he 11.68%. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, ma waena o nā huahana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he 1515, aia he 19 mau ʻano dosage, ʻo nā mea kiʻekiʻe 3 he mau huahana emulsion (653), nā huahana suspension (518) a me nā pauka wettable (169), e helu ana i ka huina o 88.45%.
Aia he 83 ʻano o nā mea hana ikaika o nā acaricides i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana citrus, me 24 ʻano o nā mea hana hoʻokahi a me 59 ʻano o nā mea hana i hui pū ʻia. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he 684 mau huahana acaricidal (ʻo ka lua wale nō ma hope o nā insecticides), ʻo 476 o ia mau mea hoʻokahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 3. ʻO nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka helu o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) a me phenylbutin (26), e helu ana i 44.59% ma ka huina. Ua hui pū ʻia he 208 mau huahana, a ʻo nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka helu i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · ʻaila mineral (15), a me Aviculin · ʻaila mineral (13), e helu ana i 10.67%. Ma waena o nā huahana 684 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, aia he 11 mau ʻano dosage, ʻo nā mea kiʻekiʻe ʻekolu he mau huahana emulsion (330), nā huahana suspension (198) a me nā pauka wettable (124), e helu ana i 95.32% i ka huina.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻano a me nā nui o nā ʻano hana hoʻokahi insecticidal/acaricidal (koe naʻe ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, microemulsion, emulsion i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me ka emulsion wai) ma mua o nā mea i hui pū ʻia. He 18 mau ʻano o nā ʻano hana hoʻokahi a me 9 mau ʻano o nā ʻano hana i hui pū ʻia. He 11 mau ʻano hana hoʻokahi a me 5 mau ʻano hana i hui pū ʻia o nā acaricides. ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu o nā insecticides i hui pū ʻia ʻo Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (lanakila ʻulaʻula), Gall mite (kala ʻūlū, nananana ʻūlū), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (ʻalani aphid, aphids), practical fly (ʻAlani Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), weevil (weevil hina) a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu nui o kahi mahele hoʻokahi ʻo Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (nanana ʻulaʻula), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), nā lele hana (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), nā mea ʻeli lau (leafleafers), leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), a me Longicidae (Longicidae). A me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu o nā acaricides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he mau ʻuku nui o phyllodidae (nanana ʻulaʻula), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphids) a pēlā aku. Mai nā ʻano pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a me nā acaricides he mau pesticides kemika nui, 60 a me 21 mau ʻano, kēlā me kēia. He 9 wale nō ʻano mai nā kumu olaola a me nā minerala, me ka neem (2) a me ka matrine (3) mai nā kumu mea kanu a me nā holoholona, a me Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) a me avermectin (103) mai nā kumu microbial. ʻO nā kumu minerala he ʻaila minerala (62), ka hui sulfur pōhaku (7), a ʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he sodium rosin (6).
2. Ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā fungicides citrus
Aia he 117 ʻano mea hana o nā huahana fungicide, 61 ʻano mea hana hoʻokahi a me 56 ʻano mea hana i hui pū ʻia. Aia he 537 mau huahana fungicide pili, ʻo 406 o ia mau mea he mau lāʻau hoʻokahi. ʻO nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) a me ke aliʻi keleawe (19), e helu ana i ka 29.24% i ka huina. He 131 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Chunlei · Wang keleawe (17), Chunlei · quinoline keleawe (9), azole · deisen (8), a me azole · imimine (7), e helu ana i ka 7.64% i ka huina. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 18 mau ʻano lāʻau o 537 mau huahana fungicide, a ʻo nā ʻano 3 kiʻekiʻe me ka helu nui loa he pauka wettable (159), huahana suspension (148) a me ka granule i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka wai (86), e helu ana i ka 73.18% i ka huina. Aia he 16 mau ʻano lāʻau hoʻokahi o ka fungicide a me 7 mau ʻano lāʻau i hui pū ʻia.
ʻO nā mea e hoʻomalu ai i nā fungicides he pauka mildew, scab, black spot (black star), hina hina, canker, maʻi resin, anthrax a me nā maʻi mālama wā (pala aʻa, pala ʻeleʻele, penicillium, ʻōmaʻomaʻo mold a me ka pala waikawa). ʻO nā fungicides he mau pesticides kemika nui, aia he 41 mau ʻano pesticides synthetic kemika, a he 19 wale nō ʻano o nā kumu olaola a me nā mineral i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ma waena o ia mau mea kanu a me nā holoholona he berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). ʻO nā kumu microbial he mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). ʻO nā kumu mineral he cuprous oxide (1), mōʻī keleawe (19), hui sulfur pōhaku (6), keleawe hydroxide (25), calcium keleawe sulfate (11), sulfur (6), ʻaila mineral (4), keleawe sulfate kumu (7), wai Bordeaux (11).
3. Ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā mea kanu lāʻau citrus
Aia he 20 ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui herbicide kūpono, 14 ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui hoʻokahi kūpono a me 6 ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui hui like. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he 475 mau huahana herbicide, me 467 mau mea hoʻokahi a me 8 mau mea hoʻohui like. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 5, ʻo nā herbicides 5 kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) a me ka glyphosate ammonium ammonium maikaʻi (6), e helu ana i 94.95% i ka huina. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 7 mau ʻano dosage o nā herbicides, ʻo ia hoʻi nā huahana wai 3 mua (302), nā huahana granule soluble (78) a me nā huahana pauka soluble (69), e helu ana i 94.53% i ka huina. Ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā herbicides 20 a pau me ke kemika, a ʻaʻohe huahana olaola i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia.
4. Ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus
Aia he 35 ʻano mea hana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, me 19 ʻano o nā mea hoʻokahi a me 16 ʻano o nā mea i hui pū ʻia. Aia he 132 mau huahana mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu i ka huina, ʻo 100 o ia mau mea he hoʻokahi mahele. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 6, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus 5 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) a me S-inducidin (5), e helu ana no 59.85% i ka huina. Ua hui pū ʻia he 32 mau huahana, a ʻo nā huahana 3 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) a me 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), e helu ana no 10.61% i ka huina. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 13 mau ʻano dosage o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā huahana solubilizable 3 kiʻekiʻe (52), nā huahana kirīmi (19) a me nā huahana pauka soluble (13), e helu ana no 63.64% i ka huina. ʻO nā hana nui o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, ʻo ia ke hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana, kaohi ʻana i ka wana, mālama i nā hua, hoʻolaha i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua, ka hoʻonui ʻana, ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, hoʻonui i ka hana a me ka mālama ʻana. Wahi a nā ʻano i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu nui he synthesis kemika, me ka huina o 14 mau ʻano, a he 5 wale nō ʻano o nā kumu olaola, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kumu microbial ʻo S-allantoin (5), a ʻo nā huahana biochemical ʻo gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) a me brassinolactone (1).
4. Ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus
Aia he 35 ʻano mea hana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, me 19 ʻano o nā mea hoʻokahi a me 16 ʻano o nā mea i hui pū ʻia. Aia he 132 mau huahana mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu i ka huina, ʻo 100 o ia mau mea he hoʻokahi mahele. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 6, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus 5 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) a me S-inducidin (5), e helu ana no 59.85% i ka huina. Ua hui pū ʻia he 32 mau huahana, a ʻo nā huahana 3 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) a me 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), e helu ana no 10.61% i ka huina. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 13 mau ʻano dosage o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā huahana solubilizable 3 kiʻekiʻe (52), nā huahana kirīmi (19) a me nā huahana pauka soluble (13), e helu ana no 63.64% i ka huina. ʻO nā hana nui o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, ʻo ia ke hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana, kaohi ʻana i ka wana, mālama i nā hua, hoʻolaha i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua, ka hoʻonui ʻana, ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, hoʻonui i ka hana a me ka mālama ʻana. Wahi a nā ʻano i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu nui he synthesis kemika, me ka huina o 14 mau ʻano, a he 5 wale nō ʻano o nā kumu olaola, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kumu microbial ʻo S-allantoin (5), a ʻo nā huahana biochemical ʻo gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) a me brassinolactone (1).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-24-2024