ʻO Citrus, kahi mea kanu no ka ʻohana Arantioideae o ka ʻohana Rutaceae, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kanu kālā koʻikoʻi o ka honua, ʻo ia ka hapahā o ka nui o ka huaʻai o ka honua. Nui nā ʻano citrus, ʻo ia hoʻi ka citrus broad-peel, ʻalani, pomelo, grapefruit, lemon a me lemona. Ma kahi o 140 mau ʻāina a me nā ʻāina, e komo pū me Kina, Brazil a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hōʻea ka wahi kanu o ka citrus i 10.5530 miliona hm2, a ʻo ka hopena he 166.3030 miliona tons. ʻO Kina ka ʻāina citrus nui loa o ka honua a me ka ʻāina kūʻai aku, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wahi kanu a me ka hoʻopuka, ma 2022, kahi o 3,033,500 hm2, ka puka o 6,039 miliona tons. Eia naʻe, nui ka ʻoihana citrus o Kina akā ʻaʻole ikaika, a ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Pasila a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he ākea nui.
ʻO Citrus ka lāʻau hua me ka ʻāina mahiʻai nui loa a me ke kūlana waiwai koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kina, he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻilihune o ka ʻoihana a me ka hoʻōla hou ʻana o ke kua'āina. Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka ʻike olakino a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka internationalization a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻoihana citrus, ʻo ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka citrus organik e lilo mālie i wahi wela no ka ʻai ʻana o ka poʻe, a ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻokoʻa a me ka lako kaulike makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ʻoihana citrus o Kina e nā kumu kūlohelohe (ka wela, ka ua, ka maikaʻi o ka lepo), ka ʻenehana hana (nā ʻano, ka ʻenehana mahiʻai, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mahiʻai) a me ke ʻano hoʻokele, a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, aia nā pilikia e like me nā ʻano o ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi, nāwaliwali hiki ke pale aku i nā maʻi a me nā pests, ʻaʻole ikaika ka ʻike brand, hoʻihoʻi ke ʻano hoʻokele a paʻakikī ke kūʻai aku i nā huaʻai. I mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana citrus, pono e hoʻoikaika i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, ka loina a me ka ʻenehana o ka pohō kaumaha a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka lāʻau, ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka pesticides i ka pōʻaiapili hana o ka citrus a pili pono i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o ka citrus. I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke koho ʻana i nā pesticides i ka hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo citrus ma muli o ke aniau loa a me nā pests a me nā mauʻu.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hulina ma ka waihona hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide o ka China Pesticide Information Network ma ʻAukake 24, 2023, aia he 3,243 mau huahana pesticide i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ka mokuʻāina kūpono ma ka citrus ma Kina. He 1515pesticides, he 46.73% o ka huina o na pesticides i kakau inoa ia. He 684 acaricides, he 21.09%; 537 fungicides, helu no 16.56%; 475 herbicides, he 14.65%; He 132mea hoʻoponopono ulu, he 4.07%. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻona o nā pesticides i ko mākou ʻāina i 5 mau pae mai ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka haʻahaʻa: ʻona nui, kiʻekiʻe toxic, medium toxic, low toxic a me mild toxic. Aia he 541 mau mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ia ka 16.68% o ka nui o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. He 2,494 mau huahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka 76.90% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. He 208 mau mea ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka 6.41% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
1. Ke kūlana inoa o nā pesticides citrus/acaricides
He 189 mau ʻano mea hoʻohana insecticide i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana citrus ma Kina, ʻo ia ka 69 o nā mea hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me 120 nā mea hana hui. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā lāʻau insecticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma mua o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka huina o 1,515. I waena o lākou, he 994 mau huahana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i hoʻokahi dosis, a ʻo nā pesticides 5 kiʻekiʻe he acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), ʻaila mineral (53) a me ethozole (51), helu no 29.70%. ʻO ka huina o 521 huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā pesticides 5 kiʻekiʻe ma ka helu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he actinospirin (52 huahana), actinospirin (35 huahana), actinospirin (31 huahana), actinospirin (31 huahana) a me dihydrazide (28 huahana), helu no 11.68%. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, ma waena o nā huahana 1515 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, aia he 19 mau ʻano dosage, ʻo ia ka 3 kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana emulsion (653), nā huahana hoʻokuʻu (518) a me nā pauka wai (169), ʻo ka huina o 88.45%.
He 83 mau ʻano mea ʻeleu o nā acaricides i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka citrus, me 24 mau ʻano mea hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me 59 ʻano o nā mea hoʻohana hui ʻia. He 684 mau hua acaricidal i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia (ʻelua wale nō i nā insecticides), a he 476 nā mea hoʻokahi, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 3. ʻO nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe i ka helu o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) a me phenylbutin (63) a me phenylbutin. He 208 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe ma ka helu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral aila (15), a me Aviculin · mineral aila (13), helu no 10.67%. Ma waena o nā huahana 684 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, aia he 11 mau mea hoʻohana, ʻo ia ka 3 kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana emulsion (330), nā huahana hoʻokuʻu (198) a me nā pauka wettable (124), he 95.32% ka nui.
ʻO nā ʻano a me ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe insecticidal/acaricidal hoʻokahi-dose formulations (koe wale ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, microemulsion, suspended emulsion a me aqueous emulsion) ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā hui. He 18 mau ʻano o ka hoʻohua hoʻokahi-dose a me 9 ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻohuihui. Aia he 11 hoʻokahi-dose a me 5 mau ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka acaricides. ʻO nā mea e hoʻomalu ai i nā mea ʻino i hui pū ʻia ʻo Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (ʻulaʻula ʻula), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid, aphids), pono lele (Orange Macropha), leafgre (White micropha) weevil) a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu nui o ka maʻi hoʻokahi ʻo Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (ʻulaʻula spider), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), nā lele kūpono (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), leaf miners (leafleafers), papilifleafers (leafleafers) Longicidae (Longicidae). A me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu o nā acaricides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he mau mites o phyllodidae (ʻulaʻula spider), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphids) a pēlā aku. Mai nā ʻano pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā acaricides ka nui o nā pesticides kemika, 60 a me 21 mau ʻano, kēlā me kēia. He 9 wale nō nā ʻano mai nā kumu olaola a me nā minerala, me ka neem (2) a me ka matrine (3) mai nā kumu mea kanu a me nā holoholona, a me Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) a me avermectin (103) mai nā kumu microbial. ʻO nā kumu waiwai ka ʻaila mineral (62), ka hui ʻana i ka sulfur pōhaku (7), a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he sodium rosin (6).
2. Hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā fungicides citrus
He 117 ʻano mea hoʻoikaika kino o nā huahana fungicide, 61 ʻano mea hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me 56 ʻano o nā mea hoʻoikaika hui pū. Aia he 537 mau huahana fungicide e pili ana, a he 406 o ia mau mea hoʻokahi. ʻO nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) a me ke aliʻi keleawe (19), he 29.24% ka nui. He 131 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), a me azole · imimine (7), ʻo 7.64% ka nui. E like me ka ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 18 mau ʻano ʻano o nā huahana fungicide 537, ma waena o nā ʻano 3 kiʻekiʻe me ka helu nui loa he pauka wettable (159), huahana hoʻokuʻu (148) a me ka granule i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka wai (86), helu no 73.18% ka nui. Aia he 16 mau ʻano ʻano fungicide a me 7 mau ʻano ʻano hui.
ʻO nā mea e hoʻomalu ai i ka fungicides he pauda, ʻeleʻele, kahi ʻeleʻele (hōkū ʻeleʻele), ʻeleʻele hina, canker, maʻi resin, anthrax a me nā maʻi wā mālama (root rot, black rot, penicillium, green mold and acid rot). ʻO nā fungicides ka nui o nā pesticides kemika, aia he 41 mau ʻano pesticides synthetic chemical, a he 19 wale nō ʻano o nā kumu ola a me nā mineral i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ma waena o nā kumu kanu a me nā holoholona he berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). ʻO nā kumu microbial he mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). ʻO nā kumu mineral he cuprous oxide (1), ke keleawe aliʻi (19), ka hui ʻana o ka sulfur pōhaku (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), ʻaila mineral (4), kumu keleawe sulfate (7), Bordeaux wai (11).
3. Kakau inoa o nā lāʻau lapaʻau citrus
He 20 mau ʻano mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, 14 mau ʻano mea hoʻohana pono hoʻokahi a me 6 mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui maikaʻi. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā huahana herbicide he 475, me 467 mau mea hoʻokahi a me 8 mau mea hui. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 5, ʻo ka 5 herbicides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) a me ka glyphosate ammonium ammonium maikaʻi (6), ʻo 94.95% ka nui. E like me ka ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 7 mau ʻano lāʻau herbicide, ʻo ka 3 mua he mau huahana wai (302), nā huahana granule hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (78) a me nā huahana pauda hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (69), he 94.53% ka nui. Ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻano, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā mea kanu lāʻau he 20 a pau, a ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia.
4. Hoʻopaʻa inoa o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus
Aia he 35 mau ʻano mea hana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, me 19 mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻokahi a me 16 ʻano o nā ʻano hui. Aia he 132 mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu i ka huina, ʻo ia ka 100 o ka nui hoʻokahi. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 6, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus kiʻekiʻe he gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) a me S-inducidin (5), ʻo 59.85% ka nui. Ua hui pū ʻia nā huahana 32, a ʻo nā huahana 3 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) a me 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), helu no 10.61% ka nui. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia ka huina o 13 mau ʻano dosage o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, ma waena o ka 3 kiʻekiʻe he mau huahana solubilizable (52), huahana cream (19) a me nā huahana pauka soluble (13), helu no 63.64% ka nui. ʻO nā hana a nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu ka mea nui e hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana, mālama i ka pana, mālama i nā hua, hoʻoikaika i ka ulu hua, hoʻonui, kala, hoʻonui i ka hana a mālama. Wahi a nā ʻano mea i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu he chemical synthesis, me ka huina o 14 mau ʻano, a he 5 wale nō nā ʻano kumu olaola, ma waena o nā kumu microbial ʻo S-allantoin (5), a ʻo nā huahana biochemical he gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) a me brassinolactone (1).
4. Hoʻopaʻa inoa o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus
Aia he 35 mau ʻano mea hana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, me 19 mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻokahi a me 16 ʻano o nā ʻano hui. Aia he 132 mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu i ka huina, ʻo ia ka 100 o ka nui hoʻokahi. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 6, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus kiʻekiʻe he gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) a me S-inducidin (5), ʻo 59.85% ka nui. Ua hui pū ʻia nā huahana 32, a ʻo nā huahana 3 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) a me 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), helu no 10.61% ka nui. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia ka huina o 13 mau ʻano dosage o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, ma waena o ka 3 kiʻekiʻe he mau huahana solubilizable (52), huahana cream (19) a me nā huahana pauka soluble (13), helu no 63.64% ka nui. ʻO nā hana a nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu ka mea nui e hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana, mālama i ka pana, mālama i nā hua, hoʻoikaika i ka ulu hua, hoʻonui, kala, hoʻonui i ka hana a mālama. Wahi a nā ʻano mea i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu he chemical synthesis, me ka huina o 14 mau ʻano, a he 5 wale nō nā ʻano kumu olaola, ma waena o nā kumu microbial ʻo S-allantoin (5), a ʻo nā huahana biochemical he gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) a me brassinolactone (1).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-24-2024