ʻO Citrus, kahi mea kanu no ka ʻohana Arantioideae o ka ʻohana Rutaceae, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kanu kālā koʻikoʻi o ka honua, ʻo ia ka hapahā o ka nui o ka huaʻai o ka honua.Nui nā ʻano citrus, ʻo ia hoʻi ka citrus broad-peel, ʻalani, pomelo, grapefruit, lemon a me lemona.Ma kahi o 140 mau ʻāina a me nā ʻāina, e komo pū me Kina, Brazil a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hōʻea ka wahi kanu o ka citrus i 10.5530 miliona hm2, a ʻo ka hopena he 166.3030 miliona tons.ʻO Kina ka ʻāina citrus nui loa o ka honua a me ka ʻāina kūʻai aku, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka wahi kanu a me ka hoʻopuka, ma 2022, kahi o 3,033,500 hm2, ka puka o 6,039 miliona tons.Eia naʻe, nui ka ʻoihana citrus o Kina akā ʻaʻole ikaika, a ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Pasila a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he ākea nui.
ʻO Citrus ka lāʻau hua me ka ʻāina mahiʻai nui loa a me ke kūlana waiwai koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kina, he mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻilihune o ka ʻoihana a me ka hoʻōla hou ʻana o ke kua'āina.Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka ʻike olakino a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka internationalization a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻoihana citrus, ʻo ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka citrus organik e lilo mālie i wahi wela no ka ʻai ʻana o ka poʻe, a ke hoʻomau nei ka noi no ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻolako kaulike makahiki. mahuahua.Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ʻoihana citrus o Kina e nā kumu kūlohelohe (ka wela, ka ua, ka maikaʻi o ka lepo), ka ʻenehana hana (nā ʻano, ka ʻenehana mahiʻai, ka hoʻokomo mahiʻai) a me ke ʻano hoʻokele, a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, aia nā pilikia e like me nā ʻano o ka maikaʻi. ʻino, nāwaliwali ka hiki ke pale aku i nā maʻi a me nā pests, ʻaʻole ikaika ka ʻike brand, hoʻihoʻi ke ʻano hoʻokele a paʻakikī ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huaʻai.I mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana citrus, pono e hoʻoikaika i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, ka loina a me ka ʻenehana o ka pohō kaumaha a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka lāʻau, ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi.He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka pesticides i ka pōʻaiapili hana o ka citrus a pili pono i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o ka citrus.I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke koho ʻana i nā pesticides i ka hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo citrus ma muli o ke aniau loa a me nā pests a me nā mauʻu.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hulina ma ka waihona hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide o ka China Pesticide Information Network ma ʻAukake 24, 2023, aia he 3,243 mau huahana pesticide i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ka mokuʻāina kūpono ma ka citrus ma Kina.He 1515pesticides, he 46.73% o ka huina o na pesticides i kakau inoa ia.He 684 acaricides, he 21.09%;537 fungicides, helu no 16.56%;475 herbicides, he 14.65%;He 132mea hoʻoponopono ulu, he 4.07%.Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻona o nā pesticides i ko mākou ʻāina i 5 mau pae mai ke kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka haʻahaʻa: ʻona nui, kiʻekiʻe toxic, medium toxic, low toxic a me mild toxic.Aia he 541 mau mea ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ia ka 16.68% o ka nui o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.He 2,494 mau huahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka 76.90% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.He 208 mau mea ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka 6.41% o ka huina o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
1. Ke kūlana inoa o nā pesticides citrus/acaricides
He 189 mau ʻano mea hoʻohana insecticide i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana citrus ma Kina, ʻo ia ka 69 o nā mea hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me 120 nā mea hana hui.ʻOi aku ka nui o nā lāʻau insecticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma mua o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka huina o 1,515.I waena o lākou, he 994 mau huahana i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia i hoʻokahi dosis, a ʻo nā pesticides 5 kiʻekiʻe he acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), ʻaila mineral (53) a me ethozole (51), helu no 29.70. %.He 521 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā pesticides 5 kiʻekiʻe ma ka helu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he actinospirin (52 huahana), actinospirin (35 huahana), actinospirin (31 huahana), actinospirin (31 huahana) a me dihydrazide (28 huahana), helu no 11.68%.E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, ma waena o nā huahana 1515 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, aia he 19 mau ʻano dosage, ʻo ia ka 3 kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana emulsion (653), nā huahana hoʻokuʻu (518) a me nā pauka wai (169), ʻo ia ka huina o 88.45. %.
He 83 mau ʻano mea ʻeleu o nā acaricides i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka citrus, me 24 mau ʻano mea hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me 59 ʻano o nā mea hoʻohana hui ʻia.Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā huahana acaricidal 684 (ʻelua wale nō i nā insecticides), a he 476 nā mea hoʻokahi, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 3. ʻO nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe i ka helu o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) a me phenylbutin (26), he 44.59% ka nui.He 208 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe ma ka helu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · mineral aila (15), a me Aviculin · mineral aila (13), helu no 10.67 %.Ma waena o nā huahana 684 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, aia he 11 mau mea hoʻohana, ʻo ia ka 3 kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana emulsion (330), nā huahana hoʻokuʻu (198) a me nā pauka wettable (124), he 95.32% ka nui.
ʻO nā ʻano a me ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe insecticidal/acaricidal hoʻokahi-dose formulations (koe wale ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, microemulsion, suspended emulsion a me aqueous emulsion) ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā hui.He 18 mau ʻano o ka hoʻohua hoʻokahi-dose a me 9 ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻohuihui.Aia he 11 hoʻokahi-dose a me 5 mau ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka acaricides.ʻO nā mea e hoʻomalu ai i nā mea ʻino i hui ʻia ʻo Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (ʻulaʻula spider), Gall mite (rust tick, rust spider), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly, black spiny whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (alani aphid. , aphids), lele kūpono (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), weevil (grey weevil) a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe.ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu nui o ka maʻi hoʻokahi ʻo Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (ʻulaʻula spider), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Whitefly), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), nā lele kūpono (Tangeridae , Tangeridae), nā mea miners lau (leafleafers), leafleafers (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), a me Longicidae (Longicidae).A me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe.ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu o nā acaricides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he mau mites o phyllodidae (ʻulaʻula spider), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), leaf miner moth (leaf miner), Pall mite (rust tick), aphid (aphids). ) a laila.Mai nā ʻano pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā acaricides ka nui o nā pesticides kemika, 60 a me 21 mau ʻano, kēlā me kēia.He 9 wale nō nā ʻano mai nā kumu olaola a me nā minerala, me ka neem (2) a me ka matrine (3) mai nā kumu mea kanu a me nā holoholona, a me Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) a me avermectin ( 103) mai nā kumu microbial.ʻO nā kumu waiwai ka ʻaila mineral (62), ka hui ʻana i ka sulfur pōhaku (7), a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he sodium rosin (6).
2. Hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā fungicides citrus
He 117 ʻano mea hoʻoikaika kino o nā huahana fungicide, 61 ʻano mea hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me 56 ʻano o nā mea hoʻoikaika hui pū.Aia he 537 mau huahana fungicide e pili ana, a he 406 o ia mau mea hoʻokahi.ʻO nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), copper hydroxide (25) a me ke aliʻi keleawe (19), he 29.24% ka nui.He 131 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā pesticides 4 kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Chunlei · Wang copper (17), Chunlei · quinoline copper (9), azole · deisen (8), a me azole · imimine (7), helu no 7.64% i ka huinanui.E like me ka ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 18 mau ʻano hana o nā huahana fungicide 537, ma waena o nā ʻano 3 kiʻekiʻe me ka helu nui loa he pauka wai (159), huahana hoʻokuʻu (148) a me ka granule i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka wai (86), helu helu. no 73.18% ka huina.Aia he 16 mau ʻano ʻano fungicide a me 7 mau ʻano ʻano hui.
ʻO nā mea e hoʻomalu ai i ka fungicides he pauda, ʻeleʻele, kahi ʻeleʻele (hōkū ʻeleʻele), ʻeleʻele hina, canker, maʻi resin, anthrax a me nā maʻi wā mālama (root rot, black rot, penicillium, green mold and acid rot).ʻO nā fungicides ka nui o nā pesticides kemika, aia he 41 mau ʻano pesticides synthetic chemical, a he 19 wale nō ʻano o nā kumu ola a me nā mineral i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ma waena o nā kumu kanu a me nā holoholona he berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2). ), allicin (1), D-limonene (1).ʻO nā kumu microbial he mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1).ʻO nā kumu mineral he cuprous oxide (1), ke keleawe aliʻi (19), ka hui ʻana o ka sulfur pōhaku (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), ʻaila mineral (4), keleawe keleawe kumu. (7), Bordeaux wai (11).
3. Kakau inoa o nā lāʻau lapaʻau citrus
He 20 mau ʻano mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, 14 mau ʻano mea hoʻohana pono hoʻokahi a me 6 mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui maikaʻi.Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā huahana herbicide he 475, me 467 mau mea hoʻokahi a me 8 mau mea hui.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 5, ʻo ka 5 herbicides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he glyphosate isopropylamine (169), glyphosate ammonium (136), glyphosate ammonium (93), glyphosate (47) a me ka glyphosate ammonium ammonium maikaʻi (6), ʻo 94.95% ka nui.E like me ka ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia he 7 mau ʻano lāʻau herbicide, ʻo ka 3 mua he mau huahana wai (302), nā huahana granule hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (78) a me nā huahana pauda hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (69), he 94.53% ka nui.Ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻano, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā mea kanu lāʻau he 20 a pau, a ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia.
4. Hoʻopaʻa inoa o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus
Aia he 35 mau ʻano mea hana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, me 19 mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻokahi a me 16 ʻano o nā ʻano hui.Aia he 132 mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu i ka huina, ʻo ia ka 100 o ka nui hoʻokahi.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 6, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) a me S-inducidin (5), helu no 59.85% i ka huina. .He 32 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā huahana 3 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) a me 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), helu no 10.61% i loko. huina.E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia ka huina o 13 mau ʻano dosage o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, a ma waena o ka 3 kiʻekiʻe he mau huahana solubilizable (52), huahana cream (19) a me nā huahana pauka soluble (13), helu no 63.64% i ka huinanui.ʻO nā hana a nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu ka mea nui e hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana, mālama i ka pana, mālama i nā hua, hoʻoikaika i ka ulu hua, hoʻonui, kala, hoʻonui i ka hana a mālama.Wahi a nā ʻano mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu ʻana he chemical synthesis, me ka huina o 14 mau ʻano, a he 5 wale nō nā ʻano kumu olaola, ma waena o nā kumu microbial ʻo S-allantoin (5), a ʻo nā huahana biochemical he gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) a me brassinolactone (1).
4. Hoʻopaʻa inoa o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus
Aia he 35 mau ʻano mea hana o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, me 19 mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻokahi a me 16 ʻano o nā ʻano hui.Aia he 132 mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu i ka huina, ʻo ia ka 100 o ka nui hoʻokahi.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 6, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu citrus kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) a me S-inducidin (5), helu no 59.85% i ka huina. .He 32 mau huahana i hui pū ʻia, a ʻo nā huahana 3 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) a me 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), helu no 10.61% i loko. huina.E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2, aia ka huina o 13 mau ʻano dosage o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu, a ma waena o ka 3 kiʻekiʻe he mau huahana solubilizable (52), huahana cream (19) a me nā huahana pauka soluble (13), helu no 63.64% i ka huinanui.ʻO nā hana a nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu ka mea nui e hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana, mālama i ka pana, mālama i nā hua, hoʻoikaika i ka ulu hua, hoʻonui, kala, hoʻonui i ka hana a mālama.Wahi a nā ʻano mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu ʻana he chemical synthesis, me ka huina o 14 mau ʻano, a he 5 wale nō nā ʻano kumu olaola, ma waena o nā kumu microbial ʻo S-allantoin (5), a ʻo nā huahana biochemical he gibberellanic acid. (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) a me brassinolactone (1).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-24-2024