Ua lilo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ea a me ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i mau luʻi nui i ka palekana meaʻai honua.ʻO kahi hoʻonā hoʻohiki ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana imea hoʻoponopono ulu(PGRs) e hoʻonui i nā mea kanu a lanakila i nā kūlana ulu maikaʻi ʻole e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka wao nahele.I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻike ka carotenoid zaxinone a me ʻelua o kāna mau analogues (MiZax3 a me MiZax5) i ka hoʻohiki ʻana i ka hana hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu cereal a me nā mea kanu ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā māla.Maʻaneʻi, ua noiʻi hou mākou i nā hopena o nā manaʻo like ʻole o MiZax3 a me MiZax5 (5 μM a me 10 μM i 2021; 2.5 μM a me 5 μM i 2022) i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻohua ʻana o ʻelua mau mea kanu waiwai nui ma Cambodia: ʻuala a me Saudi Arabian. strawberry.Arabia.I loko o ʻelima mau hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa mai 2021 a 2022, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o MiZax i nā ʻano agronomic mea kanu, nā ʻāpana hua a me nā hua holoʻokoʻa.He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo MiZax i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka humic acid (kahi hoʻohui pāʻoihana i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ʻaneʻi no ka hoʻohālikelike).No laila, ke hōʻike nei kā mākou hopena i ka MiZax he mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā mea kanu mea kanu ʻoiai ma nā kūlana wao nahele a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Wahi a ka Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), ʻaneʻane pākolu kā mākou ʻōnaehana hana meaʻai i ka makahiki 2050 no ka hānai ʻana i ka heluna nui o ka honua (FAO: Pono ka honua i ka 70% hou aʻe i ka 20501).ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ka haumia, ka neʻe ʻana o nā pest a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wela a me nā maloʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, ʻo ia nā luʻi a pau e kū nei i ka palekana meaʻai honua2.Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua nui o nā mea kanu mahiʻai i nā kūlana suboptimal ʻo ia kekahi o nā hopena hiki ʻole i kēia pilikia koʻikoʻi.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai i loko o ka lepo a ua kaohi nui ʻia e nā mea kūlohelohe ʻino, e like me ka maloʻo, ka paʻakai a i ʻole ke koʻikoʻi biotic3,4,5.Hiki i kēia mau koʻikoʻi ke hoʻopōʻino i ke olakino a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea kanu a hiki i ka hopena ke alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hua hua6.Eia kekahi, hoʻemi koʻikoʻi nā kumuwaiwai wai hou i ka irrigation o nā mea kanu, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniau o ka honua e hōʻemi i ka wahi o ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me nā hanana e like me nā hawewe wela e hōʻemi i ka huahana hua7,8.He mea maʻamau ka mahana wela ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua, me Saudi Arabia.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biostimulants a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu (PGRs) he mea maikaʻi no ka hoʻopōkole ʻana i ka pōʻai ulu a hoʻonui i ka hua.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa o nā mea kanu a hiki i nā mea kanu ke kū i nā kūlana ulu maikaʻi ʻole9.Ma kēiaʻano, hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia nā biostimulants a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu i nā manaʻo maikaʻi loa e hoʻonui i ka ulu a me ka huahana10,11.
ʻO Carotenoids nā tetraterpenoids e lawelawe pū ana ma ke ʻano he precursors no ka phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) a me strigolactone (SL) 12,13,14, a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu i ʻike ʻia ʻo zaxinone, anorene a me cyclocitral15,16,17,18,19.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā metabolites maoli, me nā derivatives carotenoid, ua kaupalena ʻia nā kumu kūlohelohe a / a paʻa ʻole paha, e paʻakikī ana kā lākou hoʻohana pololei ʻana i kēia kahua.No laila, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomohala a hoʻāʻo ʻia kekahi mau ABA a me SL analogues / mimetics no nā noi mahiʻai20,21,22,23,24,25.Pēlā nō, ua hoʻomohala hou mākou i nā mimetics o zaxinone (MiZax), kahi metabolite e hoʻoulu ai i ka ulu ʻana e hiki ke hoʻokō i kona hopena ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kō a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka homeostasis SL i nā aʻa laiki19,26.ʻO nā mimetics o zaxinone 3 (MiZax3) a me MiZax5 (nā hale kemika i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1A) i hōʻike i ka hana olaola e like me ka zaxinone i loko o nā mea kanu laiki ʻano ʻāhiu i ulu i ka hydroponically a me ka lepo26.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōmato, ka lā pāma, ka pepa ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka paukena me ka zaxinone, MiZax3 a me MiZx5 i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu a me ka huahana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hua o ka pepa a me ka maikaʻi, ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā māla ākea, e hōʻike ana i kā lākou kuleana ma ke ʻano he biostimulants a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o PGR27..ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo MiZax3 a me MiZax5 i ka paʻakai paʻakai o ka pepa ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakai kiʻekiʻe, a ua hoʻonui ʻo MiZax3 i ka ʻike zinc o nā huaʻai ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka zinc-containing metal-organic frameworks7,28.
(A) Nā hana kemika o MiZax3 a me MiZax5.(B) Ka hopena o ka pulupulu lau o MZ3 a me MZ5 ma ka nui o 5 µM a me 10 µM ma luna o nā mea kanu ʻuala ma lalo o ke kahua ākea.E hana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ma 2021. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ke ʻano he mean ± SD.n≥15.Hana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka ʻano like ʻole (ANOVA) a me ka hoʻāʻo post hoc a Tukey.Hōʻike nā asterisk i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001; ns, ʻaʻole nui).HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Ma kēia hana, ua loiloi mākou iā MiZax (MiZax3 a me MiZax5) ma ʻekolu mau ʻāpana foliar (5 µM a me 10 µM i 2021 a me 2.5 µM a me 5 µM i 2022) a hoʻohālikelike iā lākou me ka ʻuala (Solanum tuberosum L).Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mea hoʻoponopono ulu pāʻoihana humic acid (HA) me nā strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) i nā hoʻokolohua ʻōmaʻomaʻo strawberry ma 2021 a me 2022 a ma nā hoʻokolohua ʻehā ma ke Aupuni ʻo Saudi Arabia, kahi ʻāina maʻamau maʻamau.ʻOiai ʻo HA he biostimulant i hoʻohana nui ʻia me nā hopena maikaʻi he nui, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai i ka lepo a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka hua ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka homeostasis hormonal, hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o MiZax ma mua o HA.
Ua kūʻai ʻia nā ʻuala ʻuala o ke ʻano Diamond mai Jabbar Nasser Al Bishi Trading Company, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Ua kūʻai ʻia nā hua o nā ʻano strawberry ʻelua "Sweet Charlie" a me "Festival" a me ka humic acid mai Modern Agritech Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.ʻO nā mea kanu āpau i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia hana e pili ana i ka IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Endangered Species and the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Aia ka kahua hoʻokolohua ma Hada Al-Sham, Saudi Arabia (21°48′3″N, 39°43′25″E).He one one ka lepo, pH 7.8, EC 1.79 dcm-130.Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai lepo ma ka Papa Pākuʻi S1.
Ua māhele ʻia ʻekolu mau mea kanu strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D. var. Festival) ma ka pae lau maoli i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu e loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka foliar me 10 μM MiZax3 a me MiZax5 ma nā ʻano ulu a me ka manawa pua ma lalo o nā kūlana greenhouse.ʻO ka pīpī ʻana i nā lau me ka wai (he 0.1% acetone) i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he lāʻau hoʻohālike.Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōpala lau ʻo MiZax i 7 mau manawa i hoʻokahi pule.Ua mālama ʻia ʻelua mau hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa ma Sepatemaba 15 a me 28, 2021.ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēlā me kēia hui he 50 ml a laila hoʻonui mālie i ka hopena hope o 250 ml.No nā pule ʻelua, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka helu o nā mea kanu pua i kēlā me kēia lā a helu ʻia ka nui o ka pua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pule ʻehā.No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻano ulu, helu lau, kanu hou a maloʻo ke kaumaha, ka nui o ka lau, a me ka helu o nā stolons i kēlā me kēia mea kanu i ana ʻia ma ka hopena o ka wā ulu a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā hānau.Ua ana ʻia ka ʻāpana lau me ka mika ʻāpana lau a maloʻo nā mea hou i loko o ka umu ma 100°C no 48 mau hola.
Ua hana ʻia ʻelua mau hoʻāʻo ʻana: ʻo ka palau mua a me ka hope.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻuala ʻuala o ka ʻano "Diamant" i Nowemapa a me Pepeluali, me ka wā mua a me ka hope o ka oʻo ʻana.Hoʻohana ʻia nā biostimulants (MiZax-3 a me -5) i nā ʻāpana o 5.0 a me 10.0 µM (2021) a me 2.5 a me 5.0 µM (2022).E pīpī i ka waiuma humic (HA) 1 g/l 8 manawa o ka pule.Hoʻohana ʻia ka wai a i ʻole ka acetone ma ke ʻano he mana maikaʻi ʻole.Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolālā hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke kahua ma (Supplementary Figure S1).Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻolālā poloka piha holoʻokoʻa (RCBD) me kahi ʻāpana o 2.5 m × 3.0 m e hana i nā hoʻokolohua kahua.Ua hana hou ʻia kēlā me kēia lapaʻau i ʻekolu manawa ma ke ʻano he kope kūʻokoʻa.ʻO ka mamao ma waena o kēlā me kēia pā he 1.0 m, a ʻo ka mamao ma waena o kēlā me kēia poloka he 2.0 m.ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā mea kanu he 0.6 m, ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā lālani he 1 m.Hoʻohāinu ʻia nā mea kanu ʻuala i kēlā me kēia lā e ka kulu ma ka helu o 3.4 l no kēlā me kēia dropper.Holo ka ʻōnaehana ʻelua i ka lā no 10 mau minuke i kēlā me kēia manawa e hāʻawi i ka wai i nā mea kanu.Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano agrotechnical agrotechnical no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma lalo o nā kūlana maloʻo.ʻEhā mahina ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, ua ana ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu (cm), ka helu o nā lālā o kēlā me kēia mea kanu, ka haku ʻana a me ka hua ʻuala, a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana maʻamau.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hua o nā ʻano ʻano strawberry ʻelua (Sweet Charlie a me Festival) ma lalo o nā kūlana kula.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā biostimulants (MiZax-3 a me -5) ma ke ʻano he lau lau ma nā ʻano o 5.0 a me 10.0 µM (2021) a me 2.5 a me 5.0 µM (2022) ʻewalu manawa i ka pule.E hoʻohana i 1 g o HA no ka lita ma ke ʻano he foliar spray e like me MiZax-3 a me -5, me kahi hui hoʻomalu H2O a i ʻole acetone ma ke ʻano he mana ʻino.Ua kanu ʻia nā hua Strawberry ma kahi ʻāpana 2.5 x 3 m i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Nowemapa me kahi mamao o ka mea kanu o 0.6 m a me ka mamao o ka lālani o 1 m.Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ma RCBD a ua hana hou ʻia ʻekolu manawa.Hoʻohāinu ʻia nā mea kanu no 10 mau minuke i kēlā me kēia lā ma 7:00 a me 17:00 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana irrigation drip i loaʻa nā drippers i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia 0.6 m kaawale a me ka mana o 3.4 L. Ua ana ʻia nā ʻāpana Agrotechnical a me nā ʻāpana hua i ka wā ulu.ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā hua me ka TSS (%), ka huaora C32, ka waikawa a me nā pūhui phenolic āpau33 i loiloi ʻia ma ka Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Technology of King Abdulaziz University.
Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili ma ke ʻano he ʻano a hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā ʻokoʻa maʻamau.Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke koʻikoʻi ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ANOVA ala hoʻokahi (ANOVA ala hoʻokahi) a i ʻole ANOVA ʻelua ʻaoʻao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike lehulehu a Tukey me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pae kūpono o p <0.05 a i ʻole kahi hōʻike t haumāna ʻelua-huelo e ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa nui (*p <0.05 , * *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001).Ua hana ʻia nā wehewehe helu helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā GraphPad Prism version 8.3.0.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili kumu nui (PCA), kahi ʻano helu helu multivariate, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūʻolo R 34.
Ma kahi hōʻike ma mua, ua hōʻike mākou i ka hana hoʻoulu ulu ʻana o MiZax ma 5 a me 10 μM ka nui o nā mea kanu horticultural a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hōʻailona chlorophyll i ka Soil Plant Assay (SPAD)27.Ma muli o kēia mau hopena, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā manaʻo like e loiloi i nā hopena o MiZax ma ka ʻuala, kahi meaʻai meaʻai koʻikoʻi o ka honua, i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kula ma nā piʻi ʻana o ka wao nahele i 2021. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoihoi mākou i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana inā hiki iā MiZax ke hoʻonui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka starch. , ka hua hope o ka photosynthesis.Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana iā MiZax i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻuala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka humic acid (HA), e hoʻonui ai i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kanu, biomass a me ka helu o nā lālā (Fig. 1B).Eia kekahi, ua ʻike mākou he 5 μM MiZax3 a me MiZax5 i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu, ka helu o nā lālā, a me ka biomass mea kanu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 10 μM (Figure 1B).Me ka ulu maikaʻi ʻana, ua hoʻonui pū ʻo MiZax i nā hua, i ana ʻia e ka helu a me ke kaumaha o nā ʻuala i ʻohi ʻia.ʻAʻole i haʻi ʻia ka hopena maikaʻi holoʻokoʻa i ka wā i lawelawe ʻia ai ʻo MiZax ma kahi ʻano o 10 μM, e manaʻo ana e hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau pūhui ma lalo o kēia (Figure 1B).Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻāpana āpau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o ka mālama ʻana i ka acetone (hoʻohenehene) a me ka wai (mana), e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia nā hopena modulation ulu e ka solvent, i kūlike me kā mākou hōʻike mua27.
Ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala ma Saudi Arabia i ka wā mua a me ka hope o ka ulu ʻana, ua hana mākou i kahi haʻawina kula lua i ka makahiki 2022 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (2.5 a me 5 µM) i ʻelua mau kau e loiloi i ka hopena o ka wā o nā māla ākea (Supplementary Figure S2A).E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ua hoʻopuka nā noi ʻelua o 5 μM MiZax i nā hopena hoʻoulu ulu e like me ka hoʻāʻo mua: hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu, hoʻonui i ka lālā, kiʻekiʻe biomass, a hoʻonui i ka helu tuber (Fig. 2; Fig. S3 Hoʻohui).ʻO ka mea nui, ua ʻike mākou i nā hopena koʻikoʻi o kēia mau PGR ma ke ʻano o 2.5 μM, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka mālama ʻana o GA i nā hopena wānana.Hōʻike kēia hopena e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo MiZax ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonui ka noi MiZax i ka lōʻihi a me ka laula o nā ʻuala (Supplementary Figure S2B).Ua ʻike pū mākou i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ke kaumaha o ka ʻuala, akā ua hoʻohana wale ʻia ka 2.5 µM i nā kau kanu ʻelua;
ʻO ka loiloi phenotypic kanu i ka hopena o MiZax i nā mea kanu ʻuala oʻo mua ma ke kula KAU, i hana ʻia ma 2022. ʻO ka ʻikepili ke hōʻike nei i ka mean ± ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau.n≥15.Hana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka ʻano like ʻole (ANOVA) a me ka hoʻāʻo post hoc a Tukey.Hōʻike nā asterisk i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001; ns, ʻaʻole nui).HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā hopena o ka mālama ʻana (T) a me ka makahiki (Y), ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ANOVA ʻelua ala e nānā i kā lākou pilina (T x Y).ʻOiai ua hoʻonui nui nā biostimulants (T) i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu ʻuala a me ka biomass, ʻo MiZax3 a me MiZax5 wale nō ka mea i hoʻonui nui i ka helu o ka tuber a me ke kaumaha, e hōʻike ana i nā pane bidirectional o nā ʻuala ʻuala i nā MiZax ʻelua i like loa (Fig. 3)).Eia kekahi, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau, ʻoi aku ka wela o ke aniau (https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/saudi-arabia/jeddah/climate) (awelika 28 °C a me ka haʻahaʻa 52% (2022), e hōʻemi nui ana. ʻo ka biomass tuber holoʻokoʻa (Fig. 2; Fig. S3 Hoʻohui).
E noʻonoʻo i nā hopena o 5 µm lapaʻau (T), makahiki (Y) a me kā lākou pilina (T x Y) i ka ʻuala.Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka mean ± deviation maʻamau.n ≥ 30. Ua hana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua ala o ka ʻokoʻa (ANOVA).Hōʻike nā asterisk i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001; ns, ʻaʻole nui).HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka lāʻau Myzax ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu oʻo hope.Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa ʻekolu me ke kānalua ʻole he hopena koʻikoʻi ka noi ʻana o MiZax i ka hoʻolālā mea kanu ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā lālā.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia kahi hopena koʻikoʻi ma waena o (T) a me (Y) ma ka helu o nā lālā ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā MiZax (Fig 3).Ua kūlike kēia hopena me kā lākou hana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻole o ka strigolactone (SL) biosynthesis26.Eia hou, ua hōʻike mua mākou ʻo ka mālama ʻana iā Zaxinone ke kumu o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka starch i loko o nā aʻa raiki35, hiki ke wehewehe i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui a me ke kaumaha o nā ʻuala ʻuala ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā MiZax, no ka mea, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻuala i haku ʻia me ka starch.
ʻO nā huaʻai he mea kanu waiwai nui.Pilikia nā Strawberries i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi abiotic e like me ka maloʻo a me ka wela kiʻekiʻe.No laila, ua noiʻi mākou i ka hopena o MiZax i nā strawberries ma ke kāpī ʻana i nā lau.Hāʻawi mua mākou i ka MiZax ma kahi ʻano o 10 µM e loiloi i kona hopena i ka ulu ʻana o ka strawberry (cultivar Festival).ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua ʻike mākou ua hoʻonui nui ʻo MiZax3 i ka nui o nā stolons, e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lālā, ʻoiai ʻo MiZax5 i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ka pua, biomass mea kanu, a me nā lau lau ma lalo o nā kūlana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Supplementary Figure S4), e hōʻike ana he ʻano like ʻole kēia mau pūhui ʻelua.Nā hanana 26,27.No ka hoʻomaopopo hou ʻana i ko lākou hopena i nā strawberries ma lalo o nā kūlana mahiʻai maoli, ua hana mākou i nā hoʻokolohua kahua e pili ana i ka 5 a me 10 μM MiZax i nā mea kanu strawberry (cv. Sweet Charlie) i ulu ʻia ma ka lepo semi-sandy i 2021 (fig. S5A).Ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia me GC,ʻaʻole mākou iʻike i ka piʻiʻana o ka biomass mea kanu, akā uaʻikeʻia keʻano o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka nui o nā hua (Fig. C6A-B).Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o MiZax i ka paona hua hoʻokahi a hōʻike ʻia i ka hilinaʻi ʻana (Supplementary Figure S5B; Supplementary Figure S6B), e hōʻike ana i ka mana o kēia mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu i ka maikaʻi o ka hua strawberry ke hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana wao nahele.hoʻohuli manaʻo.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana inā pili ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mahiʻai, ua koho mākou i ʻelua mau mea kanu strawberry kalepa ma Saudi Arabia (Sweet Charlie a me Festival) a hana i ʻelua mau haʻawina kula ma 2022 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o MiZax (2.5 a me 5 µM).No Sweet Charlie, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā huaʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka biomass huaʻai no nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia me MiZax, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā hua ma kēlā me kēia pā ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā MiZax3 (Fig. 4).Hōʻike hou kēia mau ʻikepili he ʻokoʻa paha nā hana olaola o MiZax3 a me MiZax5.Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me Myzax, ʻike mākou i ka piʻi ʻana o ka paona hou a maloʻo o nā mea kanu, a me ka lōʻihi o nā wana mea kanu.No ka nui o nā stolons a me nā mea kanu hou, ua loaʻa iā mākou ka hoʻonui wale ʻana ma 5 μM MiZax (Fig. 4), e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻana o MiZax e pili ana i nā ʻano mea kanu.
ʻO ka hopena o MiZax i ka hale kanu a me ka hua strawberry (Sweet Charlie variety) mai nā māla KAU, i mālama ʻia i ka makahiki 2022. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka mean ± deviation maʻamau.n ≥ 15, akā ua helu ʻia ka helu o nā hua ma ka ʻāpana ma ka awelika mai 15 mau mea kanu mai ʻekolu mau pā (n = 3).Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka ʻano like ʻole (ANOVA) a me ka hoʻāʻo post hoc a Tukey a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo t haumāna ʻelua huelo.Hōʻike nā asterisk i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001; ns, ʻaʻole nui).HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Ua nānā pū mākou i nā hana hoʻoulu ulu like e pili ana i ka paona hua a me ka biomass mea kanu i loko o nā strawberries o ka ʻano Festival (Fig. 5), akā naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka huina o nā huaʻai no kēlā me kēia mea kanu a i ʻole ka pā (Fig. 5);.ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka mea kanu a me ka helu o nā stolons i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā MiZax, e hōʻike ana e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu hua (Fig. 5).Eia hou, ua ana mākou i kekahi mau ʻāpana biochemical no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka hua o nā mea kanu ʻelua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ke kula, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mākou kekahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau āpau (Supplementary Figure S7; Supplementary Figure S8).
Ka hopena o ka MiZax i ka hale kanu a me ka hua strawberry ma ke kahua KAU (Festival variety), 2022. ʻO ka ʻikepili ka mean ± ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau.n ≥ 15, akā ua helu ʻia ka helu o nā hua ma ka ʻāpana ma ka awelika mai 15 mau mea kanu mai ʻekolu mau pā (n = 3).Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka ʻano like ʻole (ANOVA) a me ka hoʻāʻo post hoc a Tukey a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo t haumāna ʻelua huelo.Hōʻike nā asterisk i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001; ns, ʻaʻole nui).HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
I kā mākou mau haʻawina e pili ana i nā strawberries, ua ʻokoʻa nā hana biological o MiZax3 a me MiZax5.Ua nānā mua mākou i nā hopena o ka mālama ʻana (T) a me ka makahiki (Y) ma ka cultivar like (Sweet Charlie) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ANOVA ʻelua ala e hoʻoholo ai i kā lākou pilina (T x Y).No laila, ʻaʻohe hopena o GA i ka cultivar strawberry (Sweet Charlie), ʻoiai ʻo 5 μM MiZax3 a me MiZax5 i hoʻonui nui i ka mea kanu a me ka biomass hua (Fig. 6), e hōʻike ana ua like loa nā pilina ʻelua o nā MiZax ʻelua i ka hoʻolaha strawberry. .hana hua
E noʻonoʻo i nā hopena o ka 5 µM lapaʻau (T), makahiki (Y) a me kā lākou launa ʻana (T x Y) ma nā strawberries (cv. Sweet Charlie).Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka mean ± deviation maʻamau.n ≥ 30. Ua hana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua ala o ka ʻokoʻa (ANOVA).Hōʻike nā asterisk i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001; ns, ʻaʻole nui).HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
Hoʻohui hou, hāʻawi ʻia he ʻokoʻa iki ka hana ʻo MiZax ma nā mea kanu ʻelua (Fig. 4; Fig. 5), ua hana mākou i kahi ANOVA hoʻohālikelike ʻelua ʻaoʻao (T) a me nā mea kanu ʻelua (C).ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻohe lāʻau i hoʻopili ʻia i ka helu hua ma kēlā me kēia pā (Fig. 7), e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o (T x C) a me ka manaʻo ʻaʻole ʻo MiZax a i ʻole HA e hāʻawi i ka huina hua.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo MiZax (akā ʻaʻole HA) i hoʻonui nui i ke kaumaha o nā mea kanu, ke kaumaha o nā hua, nā stolons a me nā mea kanu hou (Fig. 7), e hōʻike ana ʻo MiZax3 a me MiZax5 e hoʻoikaika nui i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu strawberry like ʻole.Ma muli o ANOVA ʻelua (T x Y) a me (T x C), hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i nā hana hoʻoulu ulu ʻana o MiZax3 a me MiZax5 ma lalo o nā kūlana kahua he ʻano like a kūlike.
ʻO ka loiloi o ka lāʻau strawberry me 5 µM (T), ʻelua ʻano (C) a me kā lākou pilina (T x C).Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka mean ± deviation maʻamau.n ≥ 30, akā, ua helu ʻia ka helu o nā hua ma ka ʻāpana ma ka awelika mai 15 mau mea kanu mai ʻekolu mau pā (n = 6).Hana ʻia ka ʻikepili helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua ala ʻelua o ka ʻokoʻa (ANOVA).Hōʻike nā asterisk i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001; ns, ʻaʻole nui).HA – waika humic;MZ3, MiZax3, MiZax5;
ʻO ka hope, ua hoʻohana mākou i ke kālailai ʻāpana kumu (PCA) no ka loiloi ʻana i nā hopena o nā pūhui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻuala (T x Y) a me nā strawberry (T x C).Hōʻike kēia mau helu i ka like ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka HA me ka acetone i loko o ka ʻuala a i ʻole ka wai i loko o nā strawberry (Figure 8), e hōʻike ana i kahi hopena maikaʻi liʻiliʻi i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena holoʻokoʻa o MiZax3 a me MiZax5 i ka māhele like ʻana i ka ʻuala (Figure 8A), akā ʻokoʻa ka māhele ʻana o kēia mau pūhui ʻelua i ka strawberry (Figure 8B).ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻo MiZax3 a me MiZax5 i ka hāʻawi maikaʻi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻohua ʻana o nā mea kanu, ua hōʻike ka loiloi PCA e hilinaʻi paha ka hana hoʻoponopono ulu i nā ʻano mea kanu.
Ka nānā 'ana i nā mea nui (PCA) o (A) uala (T x Y) a me (B) strawberries (T x C).Nā ʻāpana helu no nā hui ʻelua.ʻO ka laina e pili ana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana e alakaʻi i ke kikowaena o ka hui.
Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, e pili ana i kā mākou mau haʻawina kula kūʻokoʻa ʻelima e pili ana i ʻelua mau mea kanu waiwai nui a kūlike me kā mākou hōʻike mua mai 2020 a 202226,27, ʻo MiZax3 a me MiZax5 e hoʻohiki nei i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu a me ka hua., me ka cereals, ka laau laau (date palm) a me ka horticultural huaai26,27.ʻOiai ua paʻakikī nā hana molekala ma waho aʻe o kā lākou mau hana olaola, loaʻa iā lākou ka mana nui no nā noi kula.ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loa, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka humic acid, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo MiZax i nā mea liʻiliʻi loa (ka micromolar a i ʻole milligram level) a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hopena maikaʻi.No laila, manaʻo mākou i ke ʻano o MiZax3 no kēlā me kēia noi (mai ka haʻahaʻa a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe): 3, 6 a i ʻole 12 g/ha, a me ke ʻano o MiZx5: 4, 7 a i ʻole 13 g/ha, e hoʻomaikaʻi i kēia mau PGR no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hua kanu. .Hiki ke hana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-29-2024