ʻO nā biopesticides kekahi o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi e hoʻokō ai i ka "Green Food System strategy" ma Iapana. Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka wehewehe a me ka mahele o nā biopesticides ma Iapana, a hoʻokaʻawale i ke kau inoa ʻana o nā biopesticides ma Iapana, i mea e hāʻawi ai i ka kuhikuhi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biopesticides ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Ma muli o ka palena iki o ka ʻāina mahiʻai i loaʻa ma Iapana, pono e hoʻopili i nā pesticides a me nā mea hoʻouluulu hou aku e hoʻonui i ka hua o nā mea kanu ma kēlā me kēia wahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka nui o nā pesticides kemika ua hoʻonui i ke kaumaha o ke kaiapuni, a he mea nui loa ia e pale i ka lepo, ka wai, ka biodiversity, nā ʻāina kuaʻāina a me ka palekana meaʻai e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻomohala mahiʻai a me ke kaiapuni. Me nā koena pesticide kiʻekiʻe i nā mea kanu e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hihia o nā maʻi lehulehu, makemake nā mahiʻai a me ka lehulehu e hoʻohana i nā biopesticides palekana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni.
E like me ka hana a ʻEulopa mai ka mahiʻai a i ka hoʻolālā Fork, ua hoʻomohala ke aupuni Kepani i Mei 2021 i kahi "Green Food System Strategy" e manaʻo ana e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides kemika ma 50% ma ka makahiki 2050 a hoʻonui i ka ʻāina mahiʻai organik i 1 miliona hm2 (like me 25% o ka ʻāina mahiʻai o Iapana). Ke ʻimi nei ka hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i ka huahana a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka meaʻai, ka mahiʻai, ka ululāʻau a me ka lawaiʻa ma o nā ana Resilience hou (MeaDRI), me ka hoʻokele pest i hoʻohui ʻia, nā ʻano noi i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā koho ʻē aʻe. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka mea nui loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻokele pest i hoʻohui ʻia (IPM), a ʻo nā biopesticides kekahi o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi.
1. Ka wehewehena a me ka māhele o nā biopesticides ma Iapana
ʻO nā biopesticides e pili ana i nā pesticides kemika a synthetic paha, a ma ke ʻano laulā e pili ana i nā pesticides i palekana a aloha paha i nā kānaka, ke kaiapuni a me ka ecology e hoʻohana ana a i ʻole e pili ana i nā kumuwaiwai olaola. Wahi a ke kumu o nā mea hana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā biopesticides i nā ʻano penei: ʻo ka mua, nā pesticides kumu microbial, me nā bacteria, fungi, virus a me nā holoholona olaola kumu (hoʻololi ʻia i ka genetically) nā meaola ola microbial a me kā lākou metabolites huna ʻia; ʻO ka lua, ʻo nā pesticides kumu mea kanu, me nā mea kanu ola a me kā lākou extracts, nā mea pale i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā mea kanu (nā mea kanu i hoʻololi ʻia i ka genetically); ʻO ke kolu, nā pesticides o ke kumu holoholona, me nā nematodes entomopathetic ola, nā holoholona parasitic a me nā predatory a me nā extracts holoholona (e like me nā pheromones). Hoʻokaʻawale pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i nā pesticides kumu mineral kūlohelohe e like me ka ʻaila mineral ma ke ʻano he biopesticides.
Hoʻokaʻawale ka SEIJ o Iapana i nā biopesticides i nā pesticides meaola ola a me nā mea biogenic pesticides, a hoʻokaʻawale i nā pheromones, nā metabolites microbial (nā antibiotics mahiʻai), nā mea kanu, nā pesticides i loaʻa mai nā mineral, nā mea holoholona (e like me ka mea ʻawahia o ka arthropod), nā nanoantibodies, a me nā mea pale i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā mea kanu e like me nā mea biogenic pesticides. Hoʻokaʻawale ka Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives of Iapana i nā biopesticides Kepani i nā arthropods ʻenemi maoli, nā nematodes ʻenemi maoli, nā microorganisms a me nā mea biogenic, a hoʻokaʻawale i ka Bacillus thuringiensis i hoʻopau ʻia e like me nā microorganisms a kāpae i nā antibiotics mahiʻai mai ka māhele o nā biopesticides. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻokele pesticide maoli, ua wehewehe iki ʻia nā biopesticides Kepani he mau pesticides ola olaola, ʻo ia hoʻi, "nā mea hoʻomalu olaola e like me nā microorganisms antagonistic, nā microorganisms pathogenic mea kanu, nā microorganisms pathogenic pepeke, nā nematodes parasitic pepeke, nā arthropods parasitic a me nā predatory i hoʻohana ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino". ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo nā biopesticides Kepanī he mau pesticides e kūʻai aku ana i nā meaola ola e like me nā microorganisms, nā nematodes entomopathetic a me nā meaola ʻenemi kūlohelohe ma ke ʻano he mau mea hana, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā mea kumu olaola i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana ʻaʻole ia no ka māhele o nā biopesticides. Eia kekahi, e like me nā "Measures for the Treatment of the Results of Safety Assessment tests related to the application for Registration of microbial pesticides", ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia nā microorganisms a me nā mea kanu i hoʻololi ʻia i ka genetically ma lalo o ka mālama ʻana o nā pesticides olaola ma Iapana. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka pū ke Kuhina o ka Mahiʻai, ka Ululāʻau a me ka Lawaiʻa i ke kaʻina hana loiloi hou no nā biopesticides a ua hoʻomohala i nā kūlana hou no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻole ʻana o nā biopesticides e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻolaha ʻia nā biopesticides i ka pōʻino nui i ka nohona a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ke kaiapuni ola.
ʻO ka "Papa Inoa o nā Mea Hoʻokomo Meakanu Organic" i hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia e ke Kuhina Mahiʻai, Ululāʻau a me ka Lawaiʻa o Iapana i ka makahiki 2022 e uhi ana i nā biopesticides āpau a me kekahi mau pesticides o ke kumu olaola. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā biopesticides Kepani mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻAi ʻAi ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā (ADI) a me nā palena koena kiʻekiʻe (MRL), hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana mahiʻai ma lalo o ke Kūlana Mahiʻai Organic Kepani (JAS).
2. ʻIkepili o ke kākau inoa ʻana o nā pesticides biological ma Iapana
Ma ke ʻano he ʻāina alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biopesticides, loaʻa iā Iapana kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide piha a me nā ʻano hoʻopaʻa inoa biopesticides like ʻole. Wahi a nā helu helu a ka mea kākau, e like me 2023, aia he 99 mau hoʻomākaukau pesticide biological i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a kūpono ma Iapana, e pili ana i 47 mau mea hana, e helu ana ma kahi o 8.5% o ka huina o nā mea hana o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. Ma waena o lākou, 35 mau mea hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka insecticide (me 2 nematocides), 12 mau mea hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka sterilization, a ʻaʻohe herbicides a i ʻole nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe (Kiʻi 1). ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili nā pheromones i ka māhele o nā biopesticides ma Iapana, hoʻolaha pinepine ʻia a hoʻopili ʻia me nā biopesticides ma ke ʻano he mau mea kanu organik.
2.1 Nā pesticides olaola o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
Aia he 22 mau mea hana o nā biopesticides ʻenemi kūlohelohe i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā pepeke parasitic, nā pepeke predatory a me nā mites predatory e like me nā ʻano olaola a me ke ʻano o ka hana. I waena o lākou, ʻai nā pepeke predatory a me nā mites predatory i nā pepeke ʻino no ka meaʻai, a waiho nā pepeke parasitic i nā hua i loko o nā mea ʻino parasitic a hānai kā lākou larvae i ka mea hoʻokipa a ulu e pepehi i ka mea hoʻokipa. ʻO nā pepeke hymenoptera parasitic, e like me ka aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee a me Mylostomus japonicus, i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā aphids, nā lele a me nā whiteflies ma nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia i loko o ka hale kōmahana, a ʻo ka mea pio chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug a me thrips e hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā aphids, thrips a me nā whiteflies ma nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia i loko o ka hale kōmahana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻuku predatory no ka kaohi ʻana i ka nananana ʻulaʻula, ka ʻuku lau, ka tyrophage, ka pleurotarsus, ka thrips a me ka whitefly ma nā mea kanu, nā pua, nā lāʻau hua, nā pī a me nā ʻuala i mahi ʻia i loko o ka hale kōmahana, a me nā mea kanu, nā lāʻau hua a me ke kī i kanu ʻia ma nā mahina ʻai. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris ʻAʻole i hoʻohou hou ʻia ke kākau inoa ʻana o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe e like me O. sauteri.
2.2 Nā Pesticides Microbial
Aia he 23 mau ʻano mea hana o ka pesticide microbial i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā insecticides viral/fungicides, bacterial insecticides/fungicides a me fungal insecticides/fungicides e like me nā ʻano a me nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā microorganisms. I waena o lākou, pepehi a kāohi paha nā insecticides microbial i nā mea ʻino ma ka hoʻopili ʻana, hoʻonui ʻana a me ka hūnā ʻana i nā toxins. Kāohi nā fungicides microbial i nā bacteria pathogenic ma o ka hoʻokūkū colonization, ka huna ʻana o nā antimicrobials a i ʻole nā metabolites lua, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea kanu [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum a me ka Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, A ʻaʻole i hoʻohou hou ʻia ke kau inoa ʻana o nā pesticides microbial e like me Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus a me Drechslera monoceras.
2.2.1 Nā mea pepehi pepeke microbial
ʻO nā insecticides virus polyhedroid granular a me nuclear i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana e hoʻohana nui ʻia e kāohi i nā mea ʻino kikoʻī e like me ka ʻāpala ringworm, tea ringworm a me tea longleaf ringworm, a me Streptococcus aureus ma nā mea kanu e like me nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu a me nā pī. Ma ke ʻano he insecticide bacteria i hoʻohana nui ʻia, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Bacillus thuringiensis e kāohi i nā mea ʻino lepidoptera a me hemiptera ma nā mea kanu e like me nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, ka laiki, ka ʻuala a me ka turf. Ma waena o nā insecticides fungal i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Beauveria bassiana e kāohi i nā mea ʻino waha e nau ana a me ke ʻeha e like me nā thrips, nā pepeke unahi, nā whiteflies, nā mites, nā beetles, nā daimana a me nā aphids ma nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, nā paina a me ke kī. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Beauveria brucei e kāohi i nā mea ʻino coleoptera e like me nā longiceps a me nā beetles i nā lāʻau hua, nā lāʻau, nā angelica, nā pua cherry a me nā halo shiitake. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Metarhizium anisopliae e kāohi i nā thrips i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā mango; Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Paecilomyces furosus lāua ʻo Paecilopus pectus e kāohi i ka nalo keʻokeʻo, nā aphids a me ka nananana ʻulaʻula i loko o nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia ma ka hale kōmahana a me nā ʻōpena. Hoʻohana ʻia ka fungus e kāohi i nā nalo keʻokeʻo a me nā thrips i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā mango, nā chrysanthemums a me ka lisiflorum ma ka hale kōmahana.
ʻOiai ʻo Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum wale nō ka nematocide microbial i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a pono ma Iapana, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia no ka kaohi ʻana i ka nematode knot root i nā mea kanu, nā ʻuala a me nā fiku.
2.2.2 Nā Microbiocides
ʻO ka maʻi fungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i ka maʻi Mosaic a me ka fusarium wilting i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi e pili ana i ka kukumba. Ma waena o nā fungicides bacteriological i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bacillus amylolitica no ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi fungal e like me ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka ʻōpala hina, ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka maʻi hōkū keʻokeʻo, ka pauka mildew, ka ʻōpala ʻeleʻele, ka ʻōpala lau, ka maʻi kiko, ka ʻōpala keʻokeʻo a me ka pala lau ma nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, nā pua, nā hops a me ka paka. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bacillus simplex no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka pala bacteria a me ka pala bacteria o ka laiki. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bacillus subtilis no ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria a me ka fungal e like me ka pala hina, ka pauka mildew, ka maʻi hōkū ʻeleʻele, ka pahū laiki, ka pala lau, ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka pala lau, ke kiko keʻokeʻo, nā kiko, ka maʻi canker, ka pala, ka maʻi ʻōpala ʻeleʻele, ka maʻi kiko ʻeleʻele, ka pala lau ʻeleʻele a me ka maʻi kiko bacteria o nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, ka laiki, nā pua a me nā mea kanu hoʻonaninani, nā pī, nā ʻuala, nā hops, ka paka a me nā halo. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ʻano kāloti pala palupalu ʻole o Erwenella no ka kaohi ʻana i ka pala palupalu a me ka maʻi canker ma nā mea kanu, citrus, cycleen a me ka ʻuala. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Pseudomonas fluorescens e kaohi i ka pala, ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka pala ʻeleʻele bacteria a me ka pala pua pua ma nā lau lau. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Pseudomonas roseni no ka kaohi ʻana i ka pala palupalu, ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka pala, ka pala pua pua, ka kiko bacteria, ka kiko ʻeleʻele bacteria, ka perforation bacteria, ka pala palupalu bacteria, ka pala kumu bacteria, ka pala lālā bacteria a me ka canker bacteria ma nā mea kanu a me nā hua. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Phagocytophage mirabile no ka kaohi ʻana i ka maʻi pehu aʻa o nā mea kanu cruciferous, a hoʻohana ʻia nā bacteria hīnaʻi melemele no ka kaohi ʻana i ka pauka mildew, ka ʻōpala ʻeleʻele, ka anthrax, ka ʻōpala lau, ka ʻōpala hina, ka pahū laiki, ka pala bacteria, ka pala bacteria, ke kaha ʻeleʻele, ka maʻi seedling maikaʻi ʻole a me ka pala seedling ma nā mea kanu, nā ʻōpena a me ka laiki, a paipai i ka ulu ʻana o nā aʻa o ka mea kanu. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Lactobacillus plantarum e kaohi i ka pala palupalu ma nā mea kanu a me nā ʻuala. Ma waena o nā fungicides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Scutellaria microscutella no ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka pala sclerotium i nā mea kanu, ka pala ʻeleʻele i nā scallions a me ke kālika. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Trichoderma viridis e kaohi i nā maʻi bacteria a me nā fungal e like me ka pala laiki, ka maʻi bacteria brown streak, ka pala lau a me ka pahū laiki, a me ka maʻi asparagus purple streak a me ka maʻi silika keʻokeʻo paka.
2.3 Nā nematode entomopathogenic
ʻElua ʻano o nā nematode entomopathogenic i hoʻopaʻa inoa pono ʻia ma Iapana, a ʻo kā lākou mau hana insecticidal [1-2, 11] e pili nui ana i ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mīkini hoʻouka kaua, ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā cell tissue, a me nā bacteria symbiotic e huna ana i nā mea ʻawahia. ʻO Steinernema carpocapsae lāua ʻo S. glaseri, i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻuala, nā ʻoliva, nā fiku, nā pua a me nā mea kanu lau nahele, nā pua cherry, nā plum, nā peach, nā hua ʻulaʻula, nā ʻāpala, nā halo, nā mea kanu, nā turf a me ka ginkgo. Ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻino pepeke e like me Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica a me Red fungus. ʻAʻole i hoʻohou hou ʻia ke kau inoa ʻana o ka nematode entomopathogenic S. kushidai.
3. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo a me ka nānā ʻana
Ma Iapana, he mea nui nā biopesticides no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai, ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ke ʻano like ʻole, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻomohala mahiʻai hoʻomau. ʻAʻole e like me nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāina e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ka Hui ʻEulopa, Kina a me Vietnam [1, 7-8], ua wehewehe iki ʻia nā biopesticides Kepani he mau mea ola biocontrol i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea kanu organik. I kēia manawa, aia he 47 mau pesticides biological i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a kūpono ma Iapana, nona nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, nā microorganisms a me nā nematodes pathogenic insect, a hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā arthropods ʻino, nā nematodes parasitic mea kanu a me nā pathogens ma ka mahi ʻana i nā hale kōmahana a me nā mea kanu mahina ʻai e like me nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, ka laiki, nā lāʻau kī, nā lāʻau, nā pua a me nā mea kanu hoʻonaninani a me nā lau nahele. ʻOiai he mau pono kēia mau biopesticides o ka palekana kiʻekiʻe, ka haʻahaʻa o ka pilikia o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau, ka huli ponoʻī a i ʻole ka hoʻopau pinepine ʻana i nā parasitic i nā pests ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ka wā lōʻihi o ka pono a me ka mālama ʻana i ka hana, loaʻa iā lākou nā hemahema e like me ka paʻa ʻole, ka lohi o ka pono, ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻole, ka spectrum control a me ka wā puka makani hoʻohana haiki. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua palena iki ʻia ka laulā o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kaohi no ke kau inoa ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā biopesticides ma Iapana, a ʻaʻole hiki ke pani i nā pesticides kemika e hoʻokō i ka pono piha. Wahi a nā helu helu [3], i ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka waiwai o nā biopesticides i hoʻohana ʻia ma Iapana he 0.8% wale nō, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hapa o ka helu i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia o nā mea hana.
Ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana pesticide i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ke noiʻi nui ʻia nei a hoʻomohala ʻia nei nā biopesticides a hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka hana mahiʻai. Me ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana olaola a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka pono o ke kumukūʻai o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka biopesticide, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai, ka ukana o ke kaiapuni a me nā koi hoʻomohala hoʻomau mahiʻai, ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu wikiwiki o ka mākeke biopesticide o Iapana. Ua manaʻo ʻo Inkwood Research e ulu ka mākeke biopesticide Kepani ma kahi ulu makahiki hui o 22.8% mai 2017 a 2025, a manaʻo ʻia e hiki i $729 miliona i ka makahiki 2025. Me ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka "Green Food System Strategy", ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā biopesticides i nā mahiʻai Kepani.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-14-2024