ʻO nā biopesticides kekahi o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi e hoʻokō i ka "Green Food System strategy" ma Iapana.Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka wehewehe a me ka ʻāpana o nā biopesticides ma Iapana, a hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā biopesticides ma Iapana, i mea e hāʻawi ai i ka kuhikuhi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biopesticides ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāina mahiʻai i loaʻa ma Iapana, pono e hoʻopili hou aku i nā pesticides a me nā mea kanu e hoʻonui i nā hua o nā mea kanu i kēlā me kēia wahi.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o nā pesticides kemika ua hoʻonui i ke kaumaha o ke kaiapuni, a he mea koʻikoʻi ka pale ʻana i ka lepo, ka wai, ka biodiversity, nā ʻāina kuaʻāina a me ka palekana meaʻai e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai a me ka hoʻomohala kūlohelohe.Me nā koena pesticide kiʻekiʻe i nā mea kanu e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hihia o nā maʻi lehulehu, hoʻohana ka poʻe mahiʻai a me ka lehulehu i nā biopesticides palekana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaiapuni.
E like me ka European farm-to-Fork initiative, ua hoʻomohala ke aupuni Iapana i Mei 2021 i kahi "Green Food System Strategy" e manaʻo nei e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides kemika e 50% e 2050 a hoʻonui i ka wahi o ka mahiʻai organik 1 miliona hm2 (e like me 25% o ka ʻāina mahiʻai o Iapana).Ke ʻimi nei ka hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i ka huahana a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka meaʻai, ka mahiʻai, ka ululāʻau a me nā lawaiʻa ma o nā hana Resilience hou (MeaDRI), me ka hoʻokele pest integrated, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano noi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou.Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka mea nui loa ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka noi a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻokele pest integrated (IPM), a ʻo nā biopesticides kekahi o nā mea hana nui.
1. Ka wehewehe a me ka waeʻano o nā biopesticides ma Iapana
Pili nā biopesticides i nā pesticides kemika a i ʻole synthetic, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau e pili ana i nā pesticides i palekana a aloha paha i ka poʻe, ke kaiapuni a me ke kaiaola e hoʻohana ana a i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā kumuwaiwai olaola.Wahi a ke kumu o nā mea hana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā biopesticides i kēia mau ʻāpana: ʻo ka mua, nā pesticides kumu microbial, me ka bacteria, fungi, viruses a me nā holoholona ola mua (genetically modified) microbial living organisms a me kā lākou metabolites huna;ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia nā mea kanu kumu lāʻau pesticides, me nā mea kanu ola a me kā lākou mau mea hoʻoheheʻe, nā mea hoʻomalu i hoʻokomo ʻia (genetically modified crops);ʻO ke kolu, nā lāʻau pesticides o ke kumu holoholona, me nā nematodes entomopathetic ola, nā holoholona parasitic a predatory a me nā unuhi holoholona (e like me nā pheromones).Hoʻokaʻawale pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i nā pesticides kumu waiwai kūlohelohe e like me ka ʻaila mineral e like me nā biopesticides.
Hoʻokaʻawale ka SEIJ o Iapana i nā biopesticides i loko o nā lāʻau pesticides ola a me nā mea biogenic lāʻau pesticides, a hoʻokaʻawale i nā pheromones, microbial metabolites (antibiotics mahiʻai), nā mea kanu, nā pesticides i loaʻa mai i ka minerala, nā ʻāpana holoholona (e like me ka arthropod venom), nanoantibodies, a me nā mea kanu i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka biogenic. mea lāʻau pesticides.Hoʻokaʻawale ka Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives o Iapana i nā biopesticides Iapana i nā arthropod ʻenemi kūlohelohe, nā nematodes ʻenemi maoli, nā microorganisms a me nā mea biogenic, a hoʻokaʻawale i ka Bacillus thuringiensis inactivated ma ke ʻano he microorganisms a kāpae i nā lāʻau antibiotic mahiʻai mai ke ʻano o nā biopesticides.Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hoʻokele pesticide maoli, ua wehewehe ʻia nā biopesticides Iapana e like me nā pesticides ola ola, ʻo ia hoʻi, "nā mea hoʻomalu olaola e like me nā microorganism antagonistic, nā mea kanu pathogenic microorganisms, nā pepeke pathogenic microorganisms, insect parasitic nematodes, parasitic a predatory arthropods i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana pests”.I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā biopesticides Iapana nā pesticides e kūʻai aku ana i nā mea ola e like me nā microorganisms, entomopathetic nematodes a me nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe e like me nā mea ikaika, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻano a me nā ʻano kumu kumu olaola i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Iapana ʻaʻole ia i ka ʻāpana o nā biopesticides.Eia kekahi, e like me kā Iapana "Measures for the Treatment of the Results of Safety Assessment tests e pili ana i ka noi no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i nā microbial pesticides", ʻaʻole i lalo o ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā pesticides biological i Iapana.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaka pū ka Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries i ke kaʻina loiloi hou no nā biopesticides a hoʻomohala i nā kūlana hou no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻole ʻana i nā biopesticides e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hoʻohana a hoʻolaha ʻia nā biopesticides e hōʻeha nui i ka nohona. a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i loko o ka nohona.
ʻO ka "List of Organic Planting Inputs" hou i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻonaʻauao o Iapana i ka makahiki 2022 e uhi ana i nā biopesticides āpau a me kekahi mau pesticides o ke kumu olaola.Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā biopesticides Iapana mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) a me nā palena Residue kiʻekiʻe (MRL), hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ia mau mea ʻelua i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana mahiʻai ma lalo o ka Japanese Organic Agriculture Standard (JAS).
2. Nānā i ke kākau inoa ʻana o nā pesticides olaola ma Iapana
Ma ke ʻano he ʻāina alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biopesticides, ua loaʻa iā Iapana kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻokele hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide piha a me kahi ʻano nui o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa biopesticides.Wahi a ka helu helu o ka mea kākau, mai ka makahiki 2023, aia he 99 mau mea hoʻomākaukau pesticide i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a maikaʻi hoʻi ma Iapana, e pili ana i 47 mau mea ikaika, e helu ana ma kahi o 8.5% o ka nui o nā mea hana o nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.Ma waena o lākou, hoʻohana ʻia he 35 meaʻai no ka insecticide (me 2 nematocides), 12 mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka sterilization, a ʻaʻohe herbicides a me nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe (Figure 1).ʻOiai ʻaʻole pili nā pheromones i ka ʻāpana o nā biopesticides ma Iapana, hoʻolaha pinepine ʻia lākou a hoʻohana pū ʻia me nā biopesticides ma ke ʻano he mea kanu mea kanu.
2.1 Pesticides olaola o na enemi maoli
Aia he 22 mau mea ikaika o nā biopesticides ʻenemi maoli i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā iniseti parasitic, nā inike predatory a me nā mites predatory e like me nā ʻano biological a me ke ʻano o ka hana.Ma waena o lākou, ʻai nā ʻupena a me nā mite predatory i nā iniseti pōʻino no ka meaʻai, a waiho nā iniseti parasitic i nā hua i loko o nā pest parasitic a ʻai kā lākou mau larvae hatched i ka mea hoʻokipa a hoʻomohala e pepehi i ka mea hoʻokipa.ʻO nā pepeke hymenoptera parasitic, e like me aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, aphid bee, hemiptera bee a me Mylostomus japonicus, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Iapana, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā aphids, nā nalo a me nā keʻokeʻo ma nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a ʻo ka chrysoptera prey, bug bug, ladybug a me thrips e hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā aphids, thrips a me nā whiteflies ma nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mites predatory no ka mālama ʻana i ka spider ʻulaʻula, lau mite, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips a me ka whitefly ma nā mea kanu, nā pua, nā lāʻau hua, nā pīni a me nā ʻuala i mahi ʻia i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me nā mea kanu, nā kumulāʻau hua a me ke kī i kanu ʻia i loko. nā mahinaʻai.Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris ʻAʻole i hana hou ʻia ke kākau inoa ʻana o nā ʻenemi maoli e like me O. sauteri.
2.2 Pesticides Microbial
Aia he 23 mau ʻano mea hoʻohana lāʻau pesticide microbial i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā insecticides viral/fungicides, bacterial insecticides/fungicides a me fungal insecticides/fungicides e like me ke ʻano a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā microorganism.Ma waena o lākou, pepehi a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā insecticides microbial i nā pests ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana, hoʻonui a huna ʻana i nā toxins.ʻO nā fungicides microbial e hoʻomalu i ka bacteria pathogenic ma o ka hoʻokūkū colonization, ka huna ʻana o nā antimicrobials a i ʻole nā metabolites lua, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke kūpaʻa mea kanu [1-2, 7-8, 11].ʻO nā fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum a me ka Pepper mild mottle virus attenuated strain, A me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i nā microbial pesticides e like me Xan⁃flexidesp. ʻAʻole i hana hou ʻia ka Drechslera monoceras.
2.2.1 Nā lāʻau lāʻau make microbial
ʻO ka granular a me ka nuclear polyhedroid virus insecticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Iapana e hoʻohana nui ʻia e kāohi i nā pests kikoʻī e like me ka ringworm apple, tea ringworm a me ka longleaf ringworm, a me Streptococcus aureus ma nā mea kanu e like me nā huaʻai, nā mea kanu a me nā pī.E like me ka mea hoʻohana nui ʻia o ka bacterial insecticide, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Bacillus thuringiensis e kāohi i ka lepidoptera a me nā pest hemiptera ma nā mea kanu e like me nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, ka laiki, ka ʻuala a me ka turf.Ma waena o nā insecticides fungal i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Beauveria bassiana e hoʻomalu i ka nau ʻana a me ke kuʻi ʻana o nā waha pests e like me thrips, scale insects, whiteflies, mites, beetles, daimana a me nā aphids ma nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, nā pine a me ke kī.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Beauveria brucei no ka mālama ʻana i nā pōpoki coleoptera e like me ka longiceps a me nā pipi i nā kumulāʻau hua, nā kumu lāʻau, angelica, nā pua cherry a me nā halo shiitake.Hoʻohana ʻia ka Metarhizium anisopliae e hoʻomalu i nā thrips i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā mango;Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Paecilomyces furosus a me Paecilopus pectus e hoʻomalu i ka nalo keʻokeʻo, aphids a me ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i loko o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā strawberries.Hoʻohana ʻia ka haʻuki e hoʻomalu i nā whiteflies a me nā thrips i ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā mango, nā chrysanthemums a me lisiflorum.
ʻOiai ʻo ka microbial nematocide wale nō i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a maikaʻi hoʻi ma Iapana, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode root knot i nā mea kanu, ʻuala a me nā fiku.
2.2.2 Microbiocids
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka maʻi like me ka fungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated strain i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Iapana no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi Mosaic a me ka fusarium wilt i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi pili i ka kukumba.Ma waena o nā fungicides bacteriological i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bacillus amylolitica no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi fungal e like me ka pala ʻulaʻula, ka ʻeleʻele hina, ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ka maʻi hōkū keʻokeʻo, ka pauka ʻeleʻele, ka ʻeleʻele lau, ka maʻi kiko, ka ʻōpala keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻōpala lau. ma nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, nā pua, nā hops a me ka paka.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bacillus simplex no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi bacterial a me ka maʻi bacterial o ka laiki.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bacillus subtilis no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi bacterial a me nā maʻi fungal e like me ka ʻeleʻele hina, ka pauka ʻeleʻele, ka maʻi hōkū ʻeleʻele, ka laiki blast, ka ʻeleʻele lau, ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ka ʻulaʻula o ka lau, kahi keʻokeʻo, speckle, maʻi canker, blight, maʻi ʻeleʻele. maʻi kiko ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele lau a me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi bacteria o nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, ka laiki, nā pua a me nā mea kanu hoʻonani, ka pī, ka ʻuala, ka ʻuala, ka paka a me nā halo.Hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana non-pathogenic o Erwenella soft rot carrot subspecies no ka mālama ʻana i ka pala palupalu a me ka maʻi canker ma nā mea kanu, citrus, cycleen a me ka ʻuala.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Pseudomonas fluorescens e hoʻomalu i ka pala, ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka pala ʻeleʻele bacterial a me ka pala o ka pua ma nā lau lau.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Pseudomonas roseni no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka pala palupalu, ka pala ʻeleʻele, ka pala, ka pala o ka pua, kahi bacterial, kahi ʻeleʻele bacterial, perforation bacteria, pala palapalapala bacteria, blight stem blight, bacterial branch blight a me ka maʻi bacterial ma nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Phagocytophage mirabile no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi pehu aʻa o nā mea kanu cruciferous, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā bacteria hīnaʻi melemele no ka mālama ʻana i ka pauka ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, anthrax, lau mold, ʻeleʻele hina, blast blast, bacterial blight, bacterial wilt, brown streak , ka ma'i ino a me ka ma'i hua ma luna o nā mea kanu, strawberries a me raiki, a paipai i ka ulu ana o na a'a hua.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Lactobacillus plantarum e kāohi i ka pala pala ma luna o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻuala.Ma waena o nā fungicides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Scutellaria microscutella no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka sclerotium pala i loko o nā mea kanu, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele rot rot i ka scallions a me ke kāleka.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Trichoderma viridis e hoʻomalu i nā maʻi bacterial a me nā maʻi fungal e like me ka rice blight, bacterial brown streak maʻi, leaf blight a me ka laiki, a me ka asparagus poni streak maʻi a me ka paka keʻokeʻo siliki maʻi.
2.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes
ʻElua mau ʻano nematodes entomopathogenic i hoʻopaʻa inoa maikaʻi ʻia ma Iapana, a ʻo kā lākou hana insecticidal [1-2, 11] ka mea nui e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mīkini hoʻouka, ka ʻai meaʻai a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā cell cell tissue, a me ka symbiotic bacteria huna i nā toxins.ʻO Steinernema carpocapsae a me S. glaseri, i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Iapana, hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka ʻuala, ʻoliva, fiku, pua a me nā mea kanu lau, nā pua cherry, plums, peaches, nā hua ʻulaʻula, nā ʻapala, nā halo, nā mea kanu, turf a me ginkgo e like me Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm , aculema Japonica a me ka ʻulaʻula.ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka nematode entomopathogenic S. kushidai.
3. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
I Iapana, he mea nui nā biopesticides no ka mālama ʻana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai, ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me nā mea olaola, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai.ʻAʻole like me nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāpana e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻEulopa, Kina a me Vietnam [1, 7-8], ua wehewehe liʻiliʻi ʻia nā biopesticides Iapana ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoponopono ola ʻole i hoʻololi ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea kanu mea kanu.I kēia manawa, aia he 47 mau lāʻau pesticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia a maikaʻi hoʻi ma Iapana, nona nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe, microorganisms a me nā nematodes pathogenic insect, a hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā arthropods ʻino, kanu parasitic nematodes a me nā pathogens ma ka mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā mea kanu āpau. e like me nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, ka laiki, nā kumulāʻau kī, nā kumulāʻau, nā pua a me nā mea kanu nani a me nā lau.ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau biopesticides ka maikaʻi o ka palekana kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻimi ponoʻī a i ʻole ka hoʻopau pinepine ʻana i ka parasitic i nā pests ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ka lōʻihi o ka manawa kūpono a me ka mālama ʻana i ka hana, loaʻa iā lākou nā hemahema e like me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka paʻa, lohi lohi, maikaʻi ʻole. .Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka laulā o nā mea kanu a me nā mea hoʻomalu no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biopesticides ma Iapana he mea liʻiliʻi nō hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i nā pesticides kemika e hoʻokō i ka pono piha.Wahi a nā helu helu [3], ma 2020, ʻo ka waiwai o nā biopesticides i hoʻohana ʻia ma Iapana he 0.8% wale nō, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka helu o ka helu o nā mea hana.
Ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi hoʻomohala nui o ka ʻoihana pesticide i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ke noiʻi hou ʻia nei nā biopesticides a hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka hana mahiʻai.Hoʻohui ʻia me ka holomua o ka ʻepekema olaola a me ka ʻenehana a me ke koʻikoʻi o ke kumu kūʻai o ka noiʻi biopesticide a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me ka maikaʻi, ka ukana kaiapuni a me nā koi hoʻomohala hoʻomau, ke hoʻomau nei ka mākeke biopesticide o Iapana e ulu wikiwiki.Manaʻo ʻo Inkwood Research e ulu ana ka mākeke biopesticides Iapana i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki o 22.8% mai 2017 a 2025, a ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki i $ 729 miliona ma 2025. Me ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka "Green Food System Strategy", ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā biopesticides. i ka poe mahiai Iapana
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-14-2024