ʻO BeauveriaʻO bassiana lāua ʻo Metarhizium anisopliae ʻelua o nā fungi entomopathogenic koʻikoʻi a hoʻohana nui ʻia (EPF) no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou e hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea kanu. No ka loiloi pololei ʻana i ka koloni a me nā hopena hoʻoulu ulu oʻO Beauveria bassianaa me Metarhizium anisopliae ma nā mea kanu mahiʻai, ma kēia noiʻi, ua mālama ʻia nā mea kanu kulina me 13 mau ʻano Beauveria bassiana a me 73 mau ʻano Metarhizium anisopliae, kēlā me kēia, e like me nā fungi rhizosphere i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hydroponic. Ua nānā ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻano ulu mea kanu, me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu, ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa, a me ke kaumaha hou, no 35 mau lā i ka lālani e hōʻoia i ka hopena hoʻoulu ulu o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka fungal entomopathogenic. Ua hōʻike nā hopena o ka loiloi fungal recovery rate (FRR) ua hiki iā Beauveria bassiana lāua ʻo Metarhizium anisopliae ke koloni endophytic o nā ʻiʻo kulina. I ka lā 7, ʻo ka helu ʻike o Beauveria bassiana he 100% ma nā kumu a me nā lau, akā i ka lā 28, ua emi ka helu ʻike ma nā kumu i 11.1% a ma nā lau i 22.2%. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ʻo *Beauveria bassiana* i loko o nā aʻa a hiki i ka lā 28, me ka helu ʻike o 33.3%. Ma loko o ka wā nānā ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano *Metarhizium anisopliae* mai nā aʻa, nā kumu, a me nā lau o ka mea kanu me ka wikiwiki ʻike kiʻekiʻe. Ua hōʻoia hou ka hoʻonui ʻana o PCR o nā hui DNA fungal-specific i ka koloni ʻōnaehana o *Beauveria bassiana* a me *Metarhizium anisopliae* i nā ʻiʻo like ʻole; ua hōʻike kēia ʻano hana i kahi ʻike ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me kahi hopena maikaʻi 100%. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā waiwai mua i loko o ka hopena hydroponic, i ka lā 21, ua emi ka nui o ka fungal i lalo o 1%. No laila, ua hoʻokumu pono nā ʻano ʻelua i koho ʻia o nā fungi entomopathogenic i ka koloni endophytic, ma mua o ka koloni ʻana, o ka rhizosphere kulina a ua hoʻolaha nui i kona ulu ʻana i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hydroponic. Loaʻa i nā fungi Entomopathogenic ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai organik, me ke ʻano he biopesticides a me nā biofertilizers.
Ua hōʻoia nā fungi Entomopathogenic (EPF) i ko lākou koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻomalu olaola (BCAs) no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā ʻano mea ʻino like ʻole ma muli o ko lākou ākea ākea, ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana, ke kūpaʻa, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pathogenicity.1,2,3Ma Kina, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo *Beauveria bassiana* a me *Metarhizium anisopliae* no ke kaohi mau ʻana i nā mea ʻino nui o ka kulina (e like me ka borer kulina a me ka ilo pulupulu) e pale aku i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticides kemika.4I ka hoʻokele pest me nā fungi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka pilina triangular ma waena o nā mea kanu, nā mea pest, a me nā fungi ma mua o ka pilina ma waena o nā mea pest a me nā pathogens fungal.
Noho nā mea kanu he nui i ka symbiosis me nā fungi endophytic5, e noho ana i nā ʻiʻo mea kanu me ka ʻole o ka hōʻeha nui ʻana iā lākou6ʻO nā fungi Endophytic nā meaola e hana ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pilina symbiotic mutualistic me ko lākou kikowaena.7Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolaha pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a hoʻonui i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, me nā pilikia biotic a me abiotic.8, 9, 10Loaʻa i nā fungi Endophytic nā ʻano phylogenetic koʻikoʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona nohona, e like me ka colonization, dispersal, host plant specificity, a me ka colonization o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu like ʻole.11ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungi endophytic ma ke ʻano he mau meaola endophytic ua huki i ka nānā noiʻi ākea a ua hōʻike i nā pono kūikawā he nui ma luna o nā meaola endophytic kuʻuna.
Hiki i ka Beauveria bassiana a me Metarhizium anisopliae ke hoʻopili i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, me ka palaoa, ka soybean, ka laiki, nā legumes, ka ʻakaʻakai, ka tōmato, ka pama, ka hua waina, ka ʻuala, a me ka pulupulu.12ʻO ka maʻi kūloko a i ʻole ka maʻi ʻōnaehana e ʻike nui ʻia ma ke aʻa, nā kumu, nā lau, a me nā ʻiʻo o loko o nā mea kanu.11ʻO ka maʻi hana ma o ka mālama ʻana i nā hua, ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lau, a me ka hoʻoinu wai ʻana i ka lepo hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu ma o ka maʻi endophytic e ka fungi.13,14,15,16Ua hoʻoulu pono ka mālama ʻana i nā hua kanu me Beauveria bassiana lāua ʻo Metarhizium anisopliae i ka maʻi endophytic i loko o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu a hoʻolaha i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu, ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa, ke kaumaha hou o ke aʻa, a me ke kaumaha hou o ke kumu.17,18,19Ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lepo a melauʻO ke pīpī ʻana o Beauveria bassiana kekahi o nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, hiki ke hoʻoulu nui i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu kulina.20
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi, ʻo ia ke loiloi i nā hopena hoʻoulu ulu a me nā ʻano koloni o nā mea kanu kulina e Beauveria bassiana lāua ʻo Metarhizium anisopliae a me ko lākou hopena i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā ʻōnaehana hydroponic.
I loko o kahi hoʻokolohua 35 lā, ua hoʻoulu nui ka mālama ʻana me nā fungi Beauveria bassiana a me Metarhizium anisopliae i ka ulu ʻana o ka kulina. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1, ua hilinaʻi ka hopena hoʻoulu o nā fungi ma nā ʻano kino kulina like ʻole i ko lākou pae ulu.
Ka ulu ʻana o nā hua kulina ma lalo o nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau, hōʻike nā laina kala like ʻole i nā hua kulina i loko o ka hui kaohi, ka hui i mālama ʻia me Beauveria bassiana, a me ka hui i mālama ʻia me Metarhizium anisopliae.
Ua noiʻi hou ʻia ka koloni ʻana o nā ʻiʻo kulina e *Beauveria bassiana* a me *Metarhizium anisopliae* me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka PCR. Hōʻike ka Papa 5 ua koloni ʻo *Beauveria bassiana* i 100% o nā ʻiʻo ʻōkana kulina āpau ma kēlā me kēia wahi laʻana (7-35 lā). Ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena like no *Metarhizium anisopliae* i loko o nā ʻiʻo lau, akā ʻaʻole i mau mau ka koloni ʻana e kēia fungus ma 100% i loko o nā kumu a me nā lau kulina.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā ʻano inculcation no ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o nā fungi.28Parsa et al.29ua ʻike ʻia hiki i ka *Beauveria bassiana* ke hoʻopulapula i nā mea kanu endophytically ke pīpī ʻia a hoʻoinu ʻia paha, ʻoiai ʻo ke kolona aʻa hiki wale nō me ka hoʻoinu ʻana. I loko o ka sorghum, ua hōʻike ʻo Tefera lāua ʻo Vidal ua hoʻonui ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka lau i ka wikiwiki o ke kolona ʻana o *Beauveria bassiana* i loko o ke kumu, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hua i hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ke kolona ʻana i nā aʻa a me nā kumu. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻopili mākou i nā aʻa me ʻelua mau fungi ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi conidial suspension pololei i ka ʻōnaehana hydroponic. Hiki i kēia ʻano hana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka fungal, no ka mea, hiki i ka wai kahe ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o nā conidia fungal i nā aʻa kulina. Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano hoʻopili ʻana, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me nā microorganism lepo, ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa pili, ka medium nutrient, ka makahiki a me nā ʻano mea kanu, ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana, a me nā ʻano fungal hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka kolona holomua o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu like ʻole e nā fungi.28
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o PCR o nā hui DNA fungal-specific e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano hana hou a koʻikoʻi no ka ʻike ʻana i nā endophytes fungal. No ka laʻana, ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻiʻo mea kanu ma nā media fungal koho, ua ʻike ʻia kahi helu haʻahaʻa o ka mea loaʻa ʻike manuahi (FRR) no *Beauveria bassiana*, akā ua loaʻa i ka loiloi PCR he 100% ka ʻike ʻana. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka heluna kanaka o nā fungi endophytic i loko o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu a i ʻole ka pale ʻana o ka biotic o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu ke kumu o ka ulu ʻole ʻana o ka fungal ma nā media koho. Hiki ke hoʻopili pono ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o PCR i ke aʻo ʻana i nā fungi endophytic.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua e hiki i kekahi mau pathogens pepeke endophytic ke hana ma ke ʻano he biofertilizers ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Jaber et al. [16]ua hōʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu, ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa, ke kaumaha o ke aʻa hou, a me ke kaumaha o ke kumu ma mua o nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia. ʻO Russo et al.[30]ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ka pīpī ʻana o ka lau i ka palaoa me Beauveria bassiana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu, ka helu o nā lau, a me ka helu o nā puʻu pepeiao mua.
I kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻelua mau fungi entomopathogenic i koho ʻia, ʻo Beauveria bassiana lāua ʻo Metarhizium anisopliae, i hoʻolaha nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana ulu mea kanu hydroponic a hoʻokumu i ka koloni ʻōnaehana o nā ʻiʻo like ʻole o nā mea kanu palaoa, kahi i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻolaha i ka ulu ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua ʻike ʻo Moloignane et al. ʻoiai he 4 mau pule ma hope o ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka lepo, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu, ka helu aʻa, ka helu lau, ke kaumaha hou, a me ke kaumaha maloʻo ma waena o nā kumu waina i mālama ʻia a mālama ʻole ʻia me *Beauveria bassiana*. ʻAʻole kēia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea, hiki ke pili pono ka hiki ke endophytic o nā ʻano fungal kikoʻī i nā ʻano mea kanu kikowaena, ka cultivar mea kanu, nā kūlana meaʻai, a me nā mana o ke kaiapuni. Ua noiʻi ʻo Tull lāua ʻo Meying i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka hua *Beauveria bassiana* (GHA) ma ka ulu ʻana o ka maile. Ua ʻike lākou ua hana ʻo *Beauveria bassiana* ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu ulu i ka maile ma lalo o nā kūlana lawa ka meaʻai, a ʻaʻohe hopena hoʻoulu i ʻike ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana nele i ka meaʻai. No laila, ʻaʻole maopopo loa ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana o ka mea kanu i nā hopena endophytic o nā fungi a pono e noiʻi hou aku.
Ua noiʻi mākou i nā hopena o nā fungi entomopathogenic *Beauveria bassiana* a me *Metarhizium anisopliae* ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoulu ulu i ka palaoa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo inā he rhizosphere a endophytic paha ke ʻano mua. Ua nānā mākou i ka dinamika heluna kanaka o *Beauveria bassiana* a me *Metarhizium anisopliae* i loko o nā hopena hydroponic a me nā ʻiʻo mea kanu e wehewehe i kā lākou mau hana hana. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana hoʻokumu kolone (CFU) ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona, ua ʻike mākou ua emi koke ka nui o *Beauveria bassiana* a me *Metarhizium anisopliae* i loko o ka hopena hydroponic. Ma hope o hoʻokahi pule, ʻo ke koena o *Metarhizium anisopliae* ma lalo o 10%, a ʻo *Beauveria bassiana* ma lalo o 1%. I loko o ka hopena palaoa hydroponic, ua nalowale nā fungi ʻelua i ka lā 28. Ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua hoʻomalu ua mālama nā conidia o nā fungi ʻelua i ke ola kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hydroponic ma hope o hoʻokahi pule. No laila, ʻo nā fungi endophytic, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka conidial, ka ʻike ʻana o ka host, a me nā ala endogenous, ke kumu nui o ka emi nui ʻana o ka nui o ka fungal i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hydroponic. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hana hoʻoulu ulu o nā fungi ma muli o kā lākou hana endophytic, ʻaʻole ka hana rhizosphere.
ʻO ka maʻamau, pili nā hana olaola me ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. Ma ka helu ʻana i ka nui o nā fungi endophytic i loko o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokumu i kahi pilina ma waena o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka nui o ka heluna fungal endophytic. Pono ka noiʻi hou aku i nā ʻano hana e hoʻoulu ʻia ai ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā pilina fungal-mea kanu entomopathogenic. ʻAʻole wale nā fungi Entomopathogenic i loaʻa ka hiki ke kaohi i nā mea ʻino olaola akā he kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, e wehe ana i nā manaʻo hou e pili ana i nā pilina ecological ma waena o nā mea kanu, nā mea ʻino, a me nā fungi entomopathogenic.
Ua koho wale ʻia he kanaiwakumamāiwa mau ʻano kanu ulu like a olakino hoʻi mai kēlā me kēia hui hoʻokolohua. Ua holoi pono ʻia ka mea ulu a puni nā aʻa o kēlā me kēia ʻano kanu me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e pale aku i ka hōʻino ʻana i ke aʻa. A laila ua hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻano kanu i mālama ʻia, nona ka ulu like ma nā ʻāpana ma luna a ma lalo o ka honua, i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana ulu kulina hydroponic.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili hoʻokolohua āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi hoʻokahi ala o ka variance (ANOVA) ma IBM SPSS Statistics (mana 20.0), a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo HSD a Tukey (P ≤ 0.05).
ʻOiai ua kūʻai ʻia nā mea kanu mai kahi mea hoʻolaha kūloko i hōʻoia ʻia, ʻaʻohe laikini i koi ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā mea kanu ma kēia noiʻi e kūlike me nā alakaʻi pili honua, aupuni, a/a i ʻole nā ʻoihana.
I ka hopena, ʻelua mau fungi entomopathogenic, ʻo *Beauveria bassiana* a me *Metarhizium anisopliae*, i hoʻokani i kahi hana maikaʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua kulina ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka rhizosphere me kahi ʻōnaehana hydroponic. Ua hiki i kēia mau fungi ʻelua ke hoʻokumu i ka koloni ʻōnaehana o nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻiʻo kulina āpau ma o ka ʻōnaehana aʻa i loko o hoʻokahi pule. Ua hōʻike ka dinamika heluna fungal i loko o ka hopena hydroponic a me ka koloni fungal o nā ʻiʻo kulina, me ka hana rhizosphere, ua hāʻawi nui ka hana endophytic o nā fungi i ka hoʻolaha ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu i ʻike ʻia. Ua hōʻike ka hana endophytic o nā fungi i kekahi mau ʻano kikoʻī. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā hui DNA fungal-specific me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka PCR ua hōʻoia ʻia he ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o nā ʻano ʻike kolone me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā media fungal-selective. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hahai pololei i ka koloni fungal a me ko lākou hoʻolaha spatial i nā ʻiʻo mea kanu. Pono ka noiʻi hou aku e wehewehe i nā ʻano hana e pane ai nā mea kanu a me nā mea ʻino mea kanu i nā hopena endophytic o nā fungi (ʻike hou aku).
Loaʻa nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia i ka wā o kēia noiʻi mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Ian-20-2026