I nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua ulu wikiwiki nā mea pepehi pepeke maʻemaʻe o koʻu ʻāina. ʻO ka mea mua, ma muli o ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā ʻano hou a me nā ʻenehana holomua mai nā ʻāina ʻē, a ʻo ka lua, ʻo nā hana a nā ʻāpana kūloko pili i hiki ai ke hana i ka hapa nui o nā mea maka nui a me nā ʻano dosage o nā insecticides maʻemaʻe. a e haʻi i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau hou. ʻOiai he nui nā ʻano mea maka pesticide, e like me ka mea e pili ana i nā pesticides sanitary, ʻo nā pyrethroids nā mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa. No ka mea ua hoʻomohala nā mea pests i nā ʻano kūʻē like ʻole i nā pyrethroids ma kekahi mau wahi, a aia ke kūʻē ʻana, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i kāna hoʻohana. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea he nui nā pono kūikawā e like me ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻawahia a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe, he paʻakikī ke pani ʻia e nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i loko o kekahi manawa. ʻO nā ʻano i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo tetramethrin, Es-bio-allethrin, d-allethrin, methothrin, pyrethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin a me ka dextramethrin momona Allethrin etc. I waena o lākou, ua hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa ʻia a hana ʻia ka D-trans allethrin momona ma koʻu ʻāina. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻāpana waikawa o ka allethrin maʻamau mai nā isomers cis a me trans a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā isomers hema a me ka ʻākau e hoʻonui i ka lakio o kona kino kūpono, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka pono o ka huahana. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻololi ʻia ke kino kīnā i kino kūpono, e hoʻemi hou ana i ke kumukūʻai. Hōʻailona ia ua komo ka hana ʻana o nā pyrethroids ma koʻu ʻāina i ke kahua o ka hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa a me ke komo ʻana i ke kahua o ka stereochemistry a me ka ʻenehana hana optical kiʻekiʻe. ʻO Dichlorvos i waena o nā insecticides organophosphorus ka ʻano me ka hua nui loa a me ka hoʻohana ākea loa ma muli o kona hopena knockdown ikaika, ka hiki ke pepehi ikaika a me ka hana volatilization kūlohelohe, akā ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana iā DDVP a me chlorpyrifos. I ka makahiki 1999, ua hoʻomohala ka Hunan Research Institute of Chemical Industry, e like me ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a WHO, i kahi insecticide pirimiphos-methyl ākea ākea, hana wikiwiki, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā makika, nā nalo, nā ʻiole a me nā mites.
Ma waena o nā carbamates, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka propoxur a me Zhongbucarb. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻikepili pili, ʻo ka huahana palaho o ka sec-butacarb, methyl isocyanate, he mau pilikia ʻawahia. ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia kēia huahana i ka papa inoa o nā huahana pepeke hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale i paʻi ʻia e ka World Health Organization i ka makahiki 1997, a koe wale nō ʻo Kina, ʻaʻohe ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma ka honua i hoʻohana i kēia huahana no nā huahana pepeke hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale. I mea e hōʻoia ai i ka palekana o nā pepeke hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale a e kūlike me nā kūlana honua, ua hui pū ka Pesticide Control Institute o ke Kuhina Mahiʻai me nā kūlana aupuni o koʻu ʻāina, ma Malaki 23, 2000, no Zhongbuwei, ua hana ʻia nā lula pili no ka neʻe mālie ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pepeke hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale.
Nui nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu pepeke, a he nui nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me: diflubenzuron, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, a pēlā aku. Ma kekahi mau wahi, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e kāohi i nā ʻenuhe i loko o nā wahi hānau namu a me nā lele, a ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi. Ke hoʻolaha mālie ʻia nei a hoʻohana ʻia.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua noiʻi a hana nā ʻāpana e like me ke Kulanui ʻo Fudan i nā pheromones no ka lele hale, a ua hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa ke Kulanui ʻo Wuhan i nā parvovirus cockroach. Loaʻa i kēia mau huahana nā manaʻolana noi ākea. Ke hoʻomohala ʻia nei nā huahana insecticide microbial, e like me: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, cockroach virus a me Metarhizium anisopliae i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he mau huahana sanitary. ʻO nā synergists nui he piperonyl butoxide, octachlorodipropyl ether, a me synergist amine. Eia kekahi, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma muli o ka pilikia o ka manaʻolana noi o ka octachlorodipropyl ether, ua unuhi ʻo Nanjing Forestry Research Institute i ka AI-1 synergist mai ka turpentine, a ua hoʻomohala ʻo Shanghai Entomology Research Institute a me ke Kulanui ʻo Nanjing Agricultural i kahi synergist 94o. ʻākena. Aia pū kekahi mau amines synergistic hahai, nā synergist, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā synergists i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu S-855.
I kēia manawa, aia he 87 mau mea hana o nā pesticides i ke kūlana kūpono o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i nā insecticide maʻemaʻe ma ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi: 46 (52.87%) o nā pyrethroids, 8 (9.20%) o nā organophosphorus, 5 o nā carbamates 1 (5.75%), 5 mau mea inorganic (5.75%), 4 mau microorganisms (4.60%), 1 organochlorine (1.15%), a me 18 mau ʻano ʻē aʻe (20.68%).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Malaki-20-2023