E Hana: ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā pesticide he pilikia olakino lehulehu a me ka ʻōnaehana ola.

      (Koe wale nō nā Pesticides, Iulai 8, 2024) E ʻoluʻolu e waiho i nā manaʻo ma mua o ka Pōʻakolu, Iulai 31, 2024. ʻO Acephate kahi pesticide no ka ʻohana organophosphate (OP) ʻawaʻawa loa a he ʻawaʻawa loa ia a ua manaʻo ka Environmental Protection Agency e pāpā iā ia koe wale nō ka hoʻokele ʻōnaehana i nā lāʻau. Ua wehe ʻia ka manawa manaʻo, a e ʻae ka EPA i nā manaʻo a hiki i ka Pōʻakolu, Iulai 31, ma hope o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ʻana o ka lā palena o Iulai. Ma kēia hihia hoʻohana i koe, ʻaʻole ʻike ka EPA he neonicotinoid systemicnā mea pepehi lāʻau makehiki ke hoʻopilikia nui i ke kaiapuni i nā ʻōnaehana ola ma o ka hoʻomake ʻana i nā meaola me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
>> E hoʻouna i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka acephate a haʻi i ka EPA ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pesticides inā hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano organik.
Ke manaʻo nei ka EPA e hoʻopau i nā hoʻohana āpau o ka acephate, koe wale nō nā inikini lāʻau, e hoʻopau i nā pilikia āpau i ʻike ʻia e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o kona pae o ka hopohopo no ka meaʻai/wai inu, nā pilikia noho a me ka hana, a me nā pilikia olaola ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia. nā pilikia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Beyond Pesticides ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hōʻike ke ʻano inikini lāʻau i nā pilikia olakino nui a i ʻole ke olakino laulā, ʻaʻole hoʻi ia e hōʻike i nā pilikia olakino hana a kanaka paha ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, hoʻowahāwahā ka ʻoihana i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni. ʻAʻole loiloi ka ʻoihana i nā pilikia kaiapuni o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā inikini lāʻau, akā ke manaʻo nei ʻaʻole kēia hoʻohana e hōʻike i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi i nā meaola ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā inikini lāʻau e hōʻike i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i nā pollinators a me kekahi mau ʻano manu i hiki ʻole ke hoʻēmi ʻia a no laila pono e hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka acephate.
Ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā lāʻau, hoʻokomo pololei ʻia nā pesticides i loko o ke kumu, komo koke ʻia a hoʻolaha ʻia ma loko o ka ʻōnaehana vascular. No ka mea, he mau pesticides systemic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka acephate a me kāna huahana breakdown methamidophos, hāʻawi ʻia kēia kemika i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka lāʻau, me ka pollen, ka wai, ka resin, nā lau a me nā mea hou aku. Hiki i nā pi a me kekahi mau manu e like me nā hummingbirds, woodpeckers, sapsuckers, vines, nuthatches, chickadees, etc. ke hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻōpala mai nā lāʻau i hoʻokomo ʻia me ka acephate. ʻAʻole wale nā ​​pi i hōʻike ʻia i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka pollen haumia, akā i ka wā e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka wai a me ka resin i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka propolis koʻikoʻi o ka pūnana. Pēlā nō, hiki i nā manu ke hōʻike ʻia i nā koena acephate/metamidophos ʻawaʻawa ke hānai lākou i ka wai lāʻau haumia, nā pepeke/larvae ʻai lāʻau, a me nā pepeke/larvae ʻai lau.
ʻOiai ua kaupalena ʻia ka ʻikepili, ua hoʻoholo ka US Environmental Protection Agency e hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka acephate ke hoʻoweliweli i nā pi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻonohonoho piha o nā haʻawina pollinator ma luna o ka acephate a i ʻole methamidophos, no laila ʻaʻohe ʻikepili e pili ana i ka ʻawaʻawa waha, makua mau, a i ʻole larval i nā pi meli; Hōʻike kēia mau hakahaka ʻikepili i ka maopopo ʻole i ka loiloi ʻana i nā hopena o ka acephate ma luna o nā pollinators, no ka mea, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e ke kahua o ke ola a me ka lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ʻana (nā mākua vs larvae a me ka acute vs chronic, kēlā me kēia). ʻO nā hanana ʻino me ke kumu a me ka hopena paha, me ka make ʻana o ka pi, ua pili pū me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka pi i ka acephate a/a i ʻole methamidophos. He mea kūpono ke manaʻo ʻaʻole e hōʻemi ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka acephate i loko o nā lāʻau i ka pilikia i nā pi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lāʻau foliar, akā hiki ke hoʻonui maoli i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā dosis kiʻekiʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lāʻau, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ka pilikia o ka ʻawaʻawa. Ua hāʻawi ke keʻena i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli pollinator no nā inikini lāʻau i ʻōlelo ʻia, "He mea ʻawahia loa kēia huahana i nā pi. ʻAʻole lawa loa kēia ʻōlelo lepili e pale i nā pi a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe a i ʻole e hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pilikia."
ʻAʻole i loiloi piha ʻia nā pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano acetate a me nā ʻano injection lāʻau no nā ʻano i hoʻopau ʻia. Ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kāna loiloi o ke kau inoa ʻana o ka acephate, pono ka EPA e hoʻopau i kahi loiloi o nā ʻano i helu ʻia a me nā kūkākūkā pono me ka US Fish and Wildlife Service a me ka National Marine Fisheries Service, me ka nānā pono ʻana i nā ʻano manu a me nā pepeke i helu ʻia a me kēia mau ʻano manu a me nā pepeke. e hoʻohana i nā lāʻau i hoʻopili ʻia no ka ʻimi ʻai, ka ʻimi ʻai a me ka hoʻopūnana.
I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻopau ke keʻena i kahi loiloi piha o nā endocrine disruptor acephates a ua hoʻoholo ʻaʻole pono nā ʻikepili hou e loiloi i nā hopena hiki ke loaʻa ma nā ala estrogen, androgen, a i ʻole thyroid i loko o ke kanaka a i ʻole nā ​​​​holoholona hihiu. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ka ʻike hou e hiki ke hopohopo ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia endocrine o acephate a me kona hōʻino ʻana o methamidophos ma o nā ala i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia e ka receptor, a no laila pono ka EPA e hōʻano hou i kāna loiloi o ka pilikia endocrine disrupting o acephate.
Eia kekahi, i kāna loiloi ʻana i ka pono, ua hoʻoholo ka Environmental Protection Agency he mea liʻiliʻi ka pono o nā inikini acetate i ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino lāʻau no ka mea he kakaikahi nā koho ʻē aʻe e pono ai no ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻino. No laila, ʻaʻole i hoʻāpono ʻia ka pilikia kiʻekiʻe i nā pi a me nā manu e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā lāʻau me ka acephate mai kahi hiʻohiʻona pilikia-pōmaikaʻi.
> E kau i kahi manaʻo ma ka acephate a haʻi i ka EPA inā hiki ke ulu ʻia nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano organik, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pesticides.
ʻOiai ke kau mua ʻana i ka loiloi ʻana o nā pesticides organophosphate, ʻaʻole i hana ka EPA i kahi hana e pale aku i ka poʻe palupalu loa i ko lākou hopena neurotoxic—nā mahiʻai a me nā keiki. I ka makahiki 2021, ua noi ʻo Earthjustice a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i ka Environmental Protection Agency e kāpae i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i kēia mau pesticides neurotoxic loa. I kēia pūnāwai, ua hana ʻo Consumer Reports (CR) i kahi noiʻi piha loa o nā pesticides i loko o nā huahana, me ka ʻike ʻana ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ʻelua mau hui kemika nui—nā organophosphates a me nā carbamates—ʻo ia ka mea weliweli loa, a pili pū kekahi me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka maʻi kanesa, ka maʻi diabetes a me ka maʻi puʻuwai. maʻi. Ma muli o kēia mau ʻike, ua noi ʻo CR i ka Environmental Protection Agency e "pāpā i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau pesticides i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu."
Ma waho aʻe o nā pilikia i luna, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ka EPA i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka endocrine. ʻAʻole hoʻi i noʻonoʻo ka EPA i nā heluna kanaka palupalu, ka ʻike ʻana i nā hui ʻana, a me nā pilina synergistic i ka wā e hoʻonohonoho ai i nā pae koena meaʻai i ʻae ʻia. Eia kekahi, hoʻohaumia nā pesticides i ko mākou wai a me ka ea, hōʻino i ka biodiversity, hōʻino i nā limahana mahiʻai, a pepehi i nā pi, nā manu, nā iʻa, a me nā holoholona hihiu ʻē aʻe.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole hoʻohana ka meaʻai organik i hōʻoia ʻia e ka USDA i nā pesticides ʻawahia i kāna hana ʻana. ʻO nā koena pesticide i loaʻa i nā huahana organik, me nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka haumia mahiʻai ikaika ʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ma muli o ka hele ʻana o ka pesticide, ka haumia wai, a i ʻole nā ​​​​koena lepo hope. ʻAʻole wale ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai organik ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka hana nui ʻana i nā kemika, ke hōʻike nei ka ʻepekema hou loa i ka mea a nā mea kākoʻo organik i ʻōlelo ai no ka manawa lōʻihi: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai organik, me ka ʻole o nā koena ʻawahia mai nā huahana meaʻai maʻamau. He meaʻai momona ia a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻomake i nā kānaka a hoʻohaumia paha i nā kaiāulu kahi i ulu ai ka meaʻai.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia e The Organic Center he kiʻekiʻe aʻe ka helu o nā meaʻai organik ma kekahi mau wahi koʻikoʻi, e like me ka nui o ka antioxidant capacity, ka nui o nā polyphenols, a me ʻelua mau flavonoids koʻikoʻi, ʻo quercetin lāua ʻo kaempferol, nā mea a pau he mau pono olakino. Ua nānā pono ka Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry i ka nui o ka phenolic o nā blueberries, strawberries, a me ka kulina a ua ʻike ʻia he kiʻekiʻe aʻe ka nui o ka phenolic o nā meaʻai i ulu ʻia me nā mea organik. He mea nui nā pūhui Phenolic no ke olakino o nā mea kanu (pale ʻana mai nā pepeke a me nā maʻi) a me ke olakino kanaka no ka mea he "hana antioxidant ikaika a me ka nui o nā waiwai pharmacological, me ka anticancer, antioxidant, a me ka hana inhibitory platelet aggregation."
Ma muli o nā pono o ka hana organik, pono e hoʻohana ka EPA i ka hana organik ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālikelike i ka wā e kaupaona ana i nā pilikia a me nā pono o nā pesticides. Inā hiki ke ulu ʻia nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano organik, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pesticides.
>> E kau i kahi manaʻo ma ka acephate a haʻi i ka EPA inā hiki ke ulu ʻia ka mea kanu ma ke ʻano organik, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pesticides.
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