ʻO nā pāpā hou ma ʻEulopa he hōʻike ia o ka hopohopo e ulu ana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides a me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna o nā pi. Ua ʻike ka Environmental Protection Agency ma mua o 70 mau pesticides i ʻawahia loa i nā pi. Eia nā ʻano nui o nā pesticides e pili ana i ka make ʻana o nā pi a me ka emi ʻana o nā pollinators.
ʻO Neonicotinoids ʻO Neonicotinoids (neonics) kahi papa o nā insecticides nona ke ʻano hana maʻamau e hoʻouka i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena o nā pepeke, e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi lolo a me ka make. Ua hōʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi hiki i nā koena neonicotinoid ke hōʻiliʻili i loko o ka pollen a me ka nectar o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia, e hoʻoweliweli ana i nā pollinators. Ma muli o kēia a me kā lākou hoʻohana ākea ʻana, aia nā hopohopo koʻikoʻi e pāʻani nui ana nā neonicotinoids i ka emi ʻana o nā pollinators.
Hoʻomau nō hoʻi nā mea pepehi pepeke Neonicotinoid i ke kaiapuni a, ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau hua, ua hoʻoili ʻia i nā koena pollen a me nectar o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia. Ua lawa ka hua hoʻokahi e pepehi i kahi manu mele. Hiki i kēia mau pesticides ke hoʻohaumia i nā kahawai a he mea ʻawahia loa i ke ola wai. Hōʻike ka hihia o nā pesticides neonicotinoid i ʻelua mau pilikia koʻikoʻi me nā kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide o kēia manawa a me nā ʻano loiloi pilikia: ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema i kālā ʻia e ka ʻoihana i kūlike ʻole me ka noiʻi i loiloi ʻia e nā hoa, a me ka lawa ʻole o nā kaʻina hana loiloi pilikia o kēia manawa e helu ai i nā hopena sublethal o nā pesticides.
Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa mua ʻia ʻo Sulfoxaflor i ka makahiki 2013 a ua hoʻoulu i ka nui o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. He ʻano hou ʻo Suloxaflor o ka pesticide sulfenimide me nā ʻano kemika e like me nā pesticides neonicotinoid. Ma hope o ka hoʻoholo a ka ʻaha, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa hou ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i ka sulfenamide i ka makahiki 2016, e kaupalena ana i kona hoʻohana ʻana e hōʻemi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pi. Akā inā hōʻemi kēia i nā wahi o ka hoʻohana a kaupalena i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻo ka ʻawaʻawa systemic o sulfoxaflor e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ʻaʻole e hoʻopau pono kēia mau hana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia kemika. Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi nā Pyrethroids e hoʻopilikia i ke ʻano aʻo a me ka ʻimi ʻana o nā pi. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā Pyrethroids me ka make ʻana o nā pi a ua ʻike ʻia e hōʻemi nui i ka momona o nā pi, e hōʻemi i ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o nā pi i nā mākua, a hoʻolōʻihi i ko lākou wā o ka immaturity. Loaʻa nui nā Pyrethroids i ka pollen. ʻO nā pyrethroids i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e komo pū me ka bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, phenethrin, a me ka permethrin. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino i loko a me ka lau nahele, ʻo Fipronil kahi mea pepehi manu i ʻawahia loa i nā pepeke. He ʻawahia iki ia a ua pili pū me nā haunaele hormonal, ka maʻi ʻaʻai thyroid, ka neurotoxicity, a me nā hopena hānau. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Fipronil e hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana o ke ʻano a me nā hiki ke aʻo i nā pi. ʻO Organophosphates. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Organophosphates e like me ka malathion a me ka spikenard i nā papahana kaohi namu a hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i nā pi. He ʻawahia loa nā mea ʻelua i nā pi a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka make ʻana o nā pi me nā pīpī ʻawahia haʻahaʻa loa. Hoʻopili pololei ʻia nā pi i kēia mau pesticides ma o nā koena i waiho ʻia ma nā mea kanu a me nā ʻili ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana i nā namu. Ua ʻike ʻia he mau koena ka pollen, wax a me ka meli.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-12-2023