ʻO nā pāpā hou ma ʻEulopa he hōʻike ia o ka ulu ʻana o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide a me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna pi. Ua ʻike ka Environmental Protection Agency ma mua o 70 mau lāʻau pesticides i ʻona loa i ka nalo. Eia nā ʻāpana nui o nā pesticides i pili i ka make pi a me ka emi ʻana o ka pollinator.
ʻO Neonicotinoids ʻO Neonicotinoids (neonics) kahi papa o nā lāʻau insecticides nona ka hana maʻamau e hoʻouka i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena o nā iniseti, e hōʻeha ai i ka lolo a me ka make. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili nā koena neonicotinoid i loko o ka pollen a me ka nectar o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia, e hōʻeha ana i nā pollinators. Ma muli o kēia a me kā lākou hoʻohana nui ʻana, aia nā hopohopo koʻikoʻi e hana nui nā neonicotinoids i ka emi ʻana o ka pollinator.
Hoʻomau pū ʻia nā insecticides Neonicotinoid i ke kaiapuni a, ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mālama ʻana i nā hua, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka pollen a me nā koena nectar o nā mea kanu mālama ʻia. Ua lawa ka hua hoʻokahi e pepehi i ka manu mele. Hiki i kēia mau pesticides ke hoʻohaumia i nā ala wai a he mea ʻawaʻawa loa i ke ola wai. ʻO ka hihia o nā pesticides neonicotinoid e hōʻike ana i ʻelua pilikia koʻikoʻi me nā kaʻina hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide o kēia manawa a me nā ʻano loiloi pilikia: ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema i kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻoihana i kū ʻole me ka noiʻi loiloi ʻia e nā hoa, a me ka lawa ʻole o nā kaʻina loiloi o kēia manawa e helu i nā hopena sublethal o pesticides.
Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa mua ʻia ʻo Sulfoxaflor i ka makahiki 2013 a ua hoʻokumu i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui. ʻO Suloxaflor kahi ʻano hou o ka sulfenimide pesticide me nā ʻano kemika e like me nā pesticides neonicotinoid. Ma hope o ka hoʻoholo a ka ʻaha, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa hou ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i ka sulfenamide i ka makahiki 2016, e kaupalena ana i kona hoʻohana ʻana e hōʻemi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pi. Akā inā e hōʻemi kēia i nā pūnaewele o ka hoʻohana ʻana a hoʻopaʻa i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻo ka ʻona ʻōnaehana o ka sulfoxaflor e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e hoʻopau pono kēia mau hana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia kemika. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Pyrethroids e hoʻopilikia i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hana ʻai ʻana o ka nalo. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā pyrethroids me ka make pi a ua ʻike ʻia e hōʻemi nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka nalo, e hoʻemi i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka nalo i mea makua, a hoʻolōʻihi i ko lākou wā oʻo. Loaʻa ka pyrethroids i ka pollen. ʻO nā pyrethroids maʻamau ka bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, phenethrin, a me ka permethrin. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i loko a me ka lau nahele, ʻo Fipronil kahi insecticide i mea ʻawaʻawa loa i nā pepeke. He mea ʻawaʻawa a ua pili pū me nā pilikia hormonal, thyroid cancer, neurotoxicity, a me nā hopena hānau. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Fipronil e hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā pi. Organophosphates. Hoʻohana ʻia nā organophosphates e like me ka malathion a me ka spikenard i nā papahana hoʻomalu namu a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka nalo. He mea ʻawaʻawa loa nā mea ʻelua i ka nalo a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka make ʻana o ka pi me nā mea ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa loa. Hōʻike ʻole ʻia ka nalo i kēia mau lāʻau pesticides ma o nā koena i waiho ʻia ma nā mea kanu a me nā ʻili ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka pulu ʻana i ka makika. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pollen, wax a me ka meli i nā koena.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-12-2023