E hana: I ka emi ʻana o ka heluna pepeke, ʻae ka Environmental Protection Agency i ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i nā pesticides weliweli.

ʻO nā pāpā hou ma ʻEulopa he hōʻike ia o ka ulu ʻana o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide a me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna pi.Ua ʻike ka Environmental Protection Agency ma mua o 70 mau lāʻau pesticides i ʻona loa i ka nalo.Eia nā ʻāpana nui o nā pesticides i pili i ka make pi a me ka emi ʻana o ka pollinator.
ʻO Neonicotinoids ʻO Neonicotinoids (neonics) kahi papa o nā lāʻau insecticides nona ka hana maʻamau e hoʻouka i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena o nā iniseti, e hōʻeha ai i ka lolo a me ka make.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi e hiki ke hōʻiliʻili nā koena neonicotinoid i loko o ka pollen a me ka nectar o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia, e hōʻeha ana i nā pollinators.Ma muli o kēia a me kā lākou hoʻohana nui ʻana, aia nā hopohopo koʻikoʻi e hana nui nā neonicotinoids i ka emi ʻana o ka pollinator.
Hoʻomau pū ʻia nā insecticides Neonicotinoid i ke kaiapuni a, ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mālama ʻana i nā hua, e hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka pollen a me nā koena nectar o nā mea kanu mālama ʻia.Ua lawa ka hua hoʻokahi e pepehi i ka manu mele.Hiki i kēia mau pesticides ke hoʻohaumia i nā ala wai a he mea ʻawaʻawa loa i ke ola wai.ʻO ka hihia o nā pesticides neonicotinoid e hōʻike ana i ʻelua pilikia koʻikoʻi me nā kaʻina hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide o kēia manawa a me nā ʻano loiloi pilikia: ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema i kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻoihana i kū ʻole me ka noiʻi loiloi ʻia e nā hoa, a me ka lawa ʻole o nā kaʻina loiloi o kēia manawa e helu i nā hopena sublethal o pesticides.
Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa mua ʻia ʻo Sulfoxaflor i ka makahiki 2013 a ua hoʻokumu i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui.ʻO Suloxaflor kahi ʻano hou o ka sulfenimide pesticide me nā ʻano kemika e like me nā pesticides neonicotinoid.Ma hope o ka hoʻoholo a ka ʻaha, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa hou ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i ka sulfenamide i ka makahiki 2016, e kaupalena ana i kona hoʻohana ʻana e hōʻemi i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pi.Akā inā e hōʻemi kēia i nā pūnaewele o ka hoʻohana ʻana a hoʻopaʻa i ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻo ka ʻona ʻōnaehana o ka sulfoxaflor e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole e hoʻopau pono kēia mau hana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia kemika.Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Pyrethroids e hoʻopilikia i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hana ʻai ʻana o ka nalo.Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā pyrethroids me ka make pi a ua ʻike ʻia e hōʻemi nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka nalo, e hoʻemi i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka nalo i mea makua, a hoʻolōʻihi i ko lākou wā oʻo.Loaʻa ka pyrethroids i ka pollen.ʻO nā pyrethroids maʻamau ka bifenthrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, phenethrin, a me ka permethrin.Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā pest i loko a me ka lau nahele, ʻo Fipronil kahi insecticide i mea ʻawaʻawa loa i nā pepeke.He mea ʻawaʻawa a ua pili pū me nā pilikia hormonal, thyroid cancer, neurotoxicity, a me nā hopena hānau.Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Fipronil e hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā pi.Organophosphates.Hoʻohana ʻia nā organophosphates e like me ka malathion a me ka spikenard i nā papahana hoʻomalu namu a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka nalo.He mea ʻawaʻawa loa ia mau mea ʻelua i ka nalo a me nā mea ola ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka make ʻana o ka pi me nā mea ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa loa.Hōʻike ʻole ʻia ka nalo i kēia mau lāʻau pesticides ma o nā koena i waiho ʻia ma nā mea kanu a me nā ʻili ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka pulu ʻana i ka makika.Ua ʻike ʻia ka pollen, wax a me ka meli i nā koena.