Ua kālailai kēia papahana i ka ʻikepili mai ʻelua mau hoʻokolohua nui e pili ana i ʻeono mau puni o ka pīpī pyrethroid i loko o kahi manawa ʻelua makahiki ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Iquitos ma Peru. Ua hoʻomohala mākou i kahi kumu hoʻohālike multilevel spatial e ʻike i nā kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka Aedes aegypti i hoʻokele ʻia e (i) ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hale i nā insecticides ultra-low volume (ULV) a me (ii) ka hoʻohana ʻana o ULV ma nā hale kokoke a kokoke paha. Ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i ke kūpono o ke kumu hoʻohālike i kahi ākea o nā papahana kaupaona pono o ka pīpī e pili ana i nā hana palaho manawa a me ka spatial like ʻole e hopu i nā hopena lohi o nā insecticides ULV.
Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena ua emi ka nui o A. aegypti i loko o kahi ʻohana ma muli o ka pīpī ʻana i loko o ka ʻohana hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe hopena hou aʻe o ka pīpī ʻana ma nā ʻohana kokoke. Pono e loiloi ʻia ka pono o nā hana pīpī ma muli o ka manawa mai ka pīpī hope loa, no ka mea, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kahi hopena hōʻuluʻulu mai ka pīpī ʻana ma hope. Ma muli o kā mākou kumu hoʻohālike, ua manaʻo mākou ua emi ka pono o ka pīpī ma 50% ma kahi o 28 mau lā ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana.
ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka heluna o nā makika Aedes aegypti o ka ʻohana e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ana i ka helu o nā lā mai ka lāʻau hope loa i loko o kahi ʻohana, e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka uhi ʻana o ka pīpī ma nā wahi pilikia nui, me ka alapine (pinepine) o ka pīpī e hilinaʻi ana i ka ikaika o ka laha kūloko.
ʻO Aedes aegypti ka mea lawe mua o kekahi mau arboviruses e hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi ahulau nui, me ka maʻi dengue (DENV), ka maʻi chikungunya, a me ka maʻi Zika. ʻO kēia ʻano makika e hānai nui ana i nā kānaka a hānai pinepine i nā kānaka. Ua kūpono ia i nā wahi kūlanakauhale [1,2,3,4] a ua noho i nā wahi he nui ma nā tropics a me nā subtropics [5]. Ma nā wahi he nui o kēia mau wahi, hoʻi hou nā maʻi dengue i kēlā me kēia manawa, e hopena ana i kahi 390 miliona mau hihia i kēlā me kēia makahiki [6, 7]. I ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole kahi lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono a loaʻa nui, ʻo ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka laha ʻana o ka dengue e hilinaʻi nei i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā heluna makika ma o nā ʻano hana kaohi vector like ʻole, e pīpī pinepine ana i nā insecticides e kuhikuhi ana i nā makika makua [8].
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻikepili mai ʻelua mau hoʻokolohua kahua nui, i hana hou ʻia o ka pīpī pyrethroid i loko o ka hale haʻahaʻa loa ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Iquitos, ma ka Amazon Peruvian [14], e kuhi i nā hopena spatial a me ka manawa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka pīpī ʻana i ka nui o ka nui o ka ʻAedes aegypti ma ka hale ma waho o kēlā me kēia hale. Ua loiloi kahi haʻawina mua i ka hopena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau haʻahaʻa loa ma muli o ka noho ʻana o nā ʻohana i loko a i waho paha o kahi wahi hana nui. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua ʻimi mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hopena lapaʻau ma kahi pae maikaʻi aʻe, ma ka pae ʻohana pākahi, e hoʻomaopopo i ka hāʻawi pili o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka hale i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma nā hale kokoke. I ka manawa pōkole, ua kuhi mākou i ka hopena cumulative o ka pīpī hou ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pīpī hou loa i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻAedes aegypti ma ka hale e hoʻomaopopo i ke alapine o ka pīpī ʻana e pono ai a e loiloi i ka emi ʻana o ka pono o ka pīpī i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Hiki i kēia loiloi ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā kaohi vector a hāʻawi i ka ʻike no ka parameterization o nā hiʻohiʻona e wānana i ko lākou pono [22, 23, 24].
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻike maka o ka hoʻolālā mamao apo i hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka hapa o nā ʻohana i loko o ke apo ma kahi mamao i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka ʻohana i mālama ʻia me nā insecticides i ka pule ma mua o t (aia nā ʻohana āpau i loko o 1000 m o ka buffer zone). Ma kēia laʻana mai L-2014, aia ka ʻohana i ma kahi i mālama ʻia a ua hana ʻia ka noiʻi makua ma hope o ka lua o ka puni o ka pīpī ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā apo mamao ma nā mamao i ʻike ʻia e lele ai nā makika Aedes aegypti. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā apo mamao B ma kahi hoʻolaha like i kēlā me kēia 100 m.
Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i kahi ana maʻalahi b ma ka helu ʻana i ka hapa o nā ʻohana i loko o ke apo ma kahi mamao i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka ʻohana i i mālama ʻia me nā pesticides i ka pule ma mua o t (Faila hou 1: Papa 4).
kahi ʻo h ka helu o nā ʻohana ma ke apo r, a ʻo r ka mamao ma waena o ke apo a me ka ʻohana i. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā mamao ma waena o nā apo me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kumu aʻe:
ʻO ke kūpono o ke kumu hoʻohālike pili o ka hana hopena pīpī i loko o ka hale i kaupaona ʻia i ka manawa. Hōʻike nā laina ʻulaʻula mānoanoa i nā kumu hoʻohālike kūpono loa, kahi e hōʻike ai ka laina mānoanoa loa i nā kumu hoʻohālike kūpono loa a hōʻike nā laina mānoanoa ʻē aʻe i nā kumu hoʻohālike nona ka WAIC ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa mai ka WAIC o ke kumu hoʻohālike kūpono loa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hana B Decay i nā lā mai ka pīpī hope loa i loko o nā kumu hoʻohālike kūpono ʻelima kiʻekiʻe, i helu ʻia e ka awelika WAIC ma nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua
ʻO ka emi ʻana i manaʻo ʻia o ka helu o nā Aedes aegypti ma kēlā me kēia ʻohana e pili ana i ka helu o nā lā mai ka pīpī hope loa. Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike i hāʻawi ʻia i ka emi ʻana ma ke ʻano he lakio, kahi ʻo ka lakio helu (RR) ka lakio o ke kūlana pīpī i ka pae kumu ʻaʻohe pīpī.
Ua manaʻo ke kumu hoʻohālike ua emi ka pono o ka pīpī ʻana ma 50% ma kahi o 28 mau lā ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana, ʻoiai ua aneane hoʻōla piha ʻia nā heluna Aedes aegypti ma kahi o 50-60 mau lā ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana.
Ma kēia haʻawina, wehewehe mākou i nā hopena o ka pīpī ʻana o ka pyrethroid haʻahaʻa loa i loko o ka hale ma ka nui o Aedes aegypti ma ke ʻano he hana o ka manawa a me ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana ma kahi kokoke i ka hale. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ka lōʻihi a me ka nui o ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana ma nā heluna Aedes aegypti e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā pahuhopu kūpono no ka uhi ʻana o ka wahi a me ka pinepine o ka pīpī ʻana i koi ʻia i ka wā o nā hana hoʻomalu vector a hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu hoʻohālike e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻomalu vector like ʻole. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena ua hoʻokele ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka Aedes aegypti i loko o hoʻokahi hale e ka pīpī ʻana i loko o ka hale hoʻokahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka pīpī ʻana o nā hale ma nā wahi kokoke ʻaʻohe hopena hou aʻe. ʻO nā hopena o ka pīpī ʻana ma ka nui o Aedes aegypti ma ka hale e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ana i ka manawa mai ka pīpī hope loa a ua emi mālie ma luna o 60 mau lā. ʻAʻohe emi hou ʻana o nā heluna kanaka Aedes aegypti i ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka hopena hōʻuluʻulu o nā pīpī hale he nui. I ka pōkole, ua emi ka nui o Aedes aegypti. ʻO ka nui o nā makika Aedes aegypti i loko o kahi hale e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ana i ka manawa i hala mai ka pīpī hope loa i loko o kēlā hale.
ʻO kahi palena koʻikoʻi o kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole mākou i kāohi i ka makahiki o nā makika makua ʻo Aedes aegypti i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia nā loiloi mua o kēia mau hoʻokolohua [14] i kahi ʻano i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā wahine makua i ka wā ʻōpio (ka nui o ka hapa o nā wahine nulliparous) ma nā wahi i mālama ʻia me L-2014 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka buffer zone. No laila, ʻoiai ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kahi hopena wehewehe hou aʻe o ka pīpī ʻana i nā hale kokoke i ka nui o A. aegypti i loko o kahi hale i hāʻawi ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hilinaʻi ʻaʻohe hopena ʻāpana i ka dinamika o ka heluna kanaka ʻo A. aegypti ma nā wahi kahi e hana pinepine ʻia ai ka pīpī ʻana.
ʻO nā palena ʻē aʻe o kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hiki ʻole ke helu no kahi pīpī ulia pōpilikia i mālama ʻia e ke Kuhina Ola ma kahi o 2 mau mahina ma mua o ka pīpī hoʻokolohua L-2014 ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i kona wahi a me ka manawa. Ua hōʻike nā loiloi mua he like nā hopena o kēia mau pīpī ma ka wahi noiʻi, e hana ana i kahi kumu maʻamau no nā ʻano nui o Aedes aegypti; ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻomaka ka heluna o Aedes aegypti e hoʻōla i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ka pīpī hoʻokolohua [14]. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o nā hopena ma waena o nā wā hoʻokolohua ʻelua ma muli paha o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolālā noiʻi a me ka ʻokoʻa o ka maʻalahi o Aedes aegypti i ka cypermethrin, me S-2013 i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o L-2014 [14]. Hōʻike mākou i nā hopena kūlike loa mai nā noiʻi ʻelua a hoʻokomo i ke kumu hoʻohālike i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻokolohua L-2014 ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālike hope loa. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o ka hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua L-2014 no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana i nā heluna makika Aedes aegypti, a ua hoʻomohala nā heluna Aedes aegypti kūloko i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pyrethroids i ka hopena o 2014 [41], ua manaʻo mākou he koho conservative kēia kumu hoʻohālike a ʻoi aku ka kūpono e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina.
ʻO ke ʻano pālahalaha o ke kiʻina palaho pīpī i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina, ma muli paha ia o ka hui pū ʻana o ka nui o ka palaho o ka cypermethrin a me ka dinamika o ka heluna makika. ʻO ka insecticide cypermethrin i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina he pyrethroid ia e palaho nui ana ma o ka photolysis a me ka hydrolysis (DT50 = 2.6–3.6 lā) [44]. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia nā pyrethroids e palaho koke ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana a he liʻiliʻi nā koena, ʻoi aku ka lohi o ka nui o ka palaho o nā pyrethroids i loko o ka hale ma mua o waho, a ua hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina e hiki i ka cypermethrin ke noho i loko o ka ea o loko a me ka lepo no nā mahina ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana [45,46,47]. Kūkulu pinepine ʻia nā hale ma Iquitos i loko o nā alaloa pouli a haiki me nā puka makani liʻiliʻi, kahi e wehewehe ai i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka palaho ma muli o ka photolysis [14]. Eia kekahi, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa ka cypermethrin i nā makika Aedes aegypti i maʻalahi i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (LD50 ≤ 0.001 ppm) [48]. Ma muli o ke ʻano hydrophobic o ke koena cypermethrin, ʻaʻole paha e hoʻopilikia i nā larvae makika wai, e wehewehe ana i ka hoʻōla ʻana o nā pākeke mai nā wahi larval hana i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma ke aʻo mua, me ka hapa nui o nā wahine non-oviparous ma nā wahi i mālama ʻia ma mua o nā wahi buffer [14]. ʻO ke ola o ka makika Aedes aegypti mai ka hua a i ka pākeke hiki ke hala i 7 a 10 mau lā ma muli o ka mahana a me nā ʻano makika. [49] Hiki ke wehewehe hou ʻia ka lohi o ka hoʻōla ʻana o nā heluna makika pākeke e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pepehi ana ka cypermethrin koena a pale aku paha i kekahi mau pākeke hou i puka mai a me kekahi mau pākeke i hoʻolauna ʻia mai nā wahi i mālama ʻole ʻia, a me ka emi ʻana o ka waiho ʻana o nā hua ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka helu o nā pākeke [22, 50].
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka pololei o nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻokomo i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ka pīpī ʻana o ka hale i hala a me nā kuhi hopena nāwaliwali ma mua o nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻokomo wale i ka lā pīpī hou loa. ʻAʻole pono e lawe ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he hōʻike ʻaʻole pono e mālama hou ʻia nā ʻohana pākahi. ʻO ka hoʻōla ʻana o nā heluna kanaka A. aegypti i ʻike ʻia i kā mākou noiʻi, a me nā noiʻi mua [14], ma hope koke iho o ka pīpī ʻana, hōʻike ia e pono e mālama hou ʻia nā ʻohana ma kahi alapine i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka dynamics transmission kūloko e hoʻokumu hou i ka hoʻopau ʻana o A. aegypti. Pono e kuhikuhi mua ʻia ka alapine pīpī i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hiki ke loaʻa ka maʻi o ka wahine Aedes aegypti, kahi e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka lōʻihi i manaʻo ʻia o ka manawa incubation extrinsic (EIP) - ka manawa e pono ai no kahi vector i ʻai nui i ke koko i loaʻa i ka maʻi e lilo i mea hoʻopili i ka host aʻe. Ma ka huli ʻana, e hilinaʻi ʻo EIP i ke ʻano o ka maʻi, ka mahana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, i ka hihia o ka maʻi dengue, ʻoiai inā pepehi ka pīpī insecticide i nā vectors makua āpau i loaʻa i ka maʻi, hiki i ka heluna kanaka ke noho maʻi no 14 mau lā a hiki ke hoʻopili i nā makika hou [54]. No ke kāohi ʻana i ka laha ʻana o ke kuni dengue, pono e pōkole nā manawa ma waena o nā pīpī ʻana ma mua o nā manawa ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau pepeke e hoʻopau i nā makika hou e nahu paha i nā mea hoʻokipa ma mua o ka hiki ʻana iā lākou ke hoʻopili i nā makika ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻehiku mau lā ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi a me kahi ana kūpono no nā keʻena kaohi vector. No laila, ʻo ka pīpī ʻana i nā pepeke i kēlā me kēia pule no ka liʻiliʻi he 3 mau pule (e uhi i ka wā maʻi holoʻokoʻa o ka mea hoʻokipa) e lawa ia e pale aku i ka laha ʻana o ke kuni dengue, a hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena ʻaʻole e emi nui ka pono o ka pīpī ʻana ma mua i kēlā manawa [13]. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma Iquitos, ua hoʻemi maikaʻi nā luna olakino i ka laha ʻana o ka dengue i ka wā o ka maʻi ahulau ma ka hana ʻana i ʻekolu mau pōʻai o ka pīpī ʻana i nā pepeke insecticide haʻahaʻa loa ma nā wahi pani ma luna o kekahi mau pule a i kekahi mau mahina.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena ua kaupalena ʻia ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana i loko o nā hale i nā hale i hana ʻia ai, a ʻo ka pīpī ʻana o nā hale kokoke ʻaʻole i hōʻemi hou i ka heluna o Aedes aegypti. Hiki i nā makika Aedes aegypti makua ke noho kokoke a i loko paha o ka hale kahi a lākou e hoʻopuehu ai, e hōʻuluʻulu a hiki i 10 m ka mamao, a hele i kahi mamao awelika o 106 m.[36] No laila, ʻo ka pīpī ʻana i ka ʻāina a puni kahi hale ʻaʻole paha he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka helu o Aedes aegypti i loko o ia hale. Kākoʻo kēia i nā ʻike i hala iho nei ʻaʻohe hopena o ka pīpī ʻana ma waho a puni paha o nā hale [18, 55]. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, aia paha he mau hopena kūloko ma ka dinamika heluna kanaka A. aegypti ʻaʻole hiki i kā mākou kumu hoʻohālike ke ʻike.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Pepeluali-06-2025