ʻOiai ʻo nā nematode parasitic mea kanu he mau mea pōʻino nematode, ʻaʻole lākou he mau mea ʻino i nā mea kanu, akā, he mau maʻi i nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka nematode root-knot (Meloidogyne) ka nematode parasitic mea kanu i hoʻolaha nui ʻia a ʻino hoʻi ma ka honua. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻoi aku ma mua o 2000 mau ʻano mea kanu ma ka honua, me ka aneane o nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, he mea maʻalahi loa ia i ka maʻi root-knot nematode. Hoʻopilikia nā nematode root-knot i nā pūnaewele aʻa kikowaena e hana i nā puʻupuʻu, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka omo ʻana o ka wai a me nā meaʻai, e hopena ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, ka liʻiliʻi, ka melemele, ka mae ʻana, ka ʻōwili ʻana o ka lau, ka hewa o ka hua, a me ka make ʻana o ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka mea kanu ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka kaohi ʻana i ka maʻi nematode ke kikowaena o nā ʻoihana palekana mea kanu honua a me nā keʻena noiʻi. ʻO ka nematode cyst soybean kahi kumu nui no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hana soybean ma Brazil, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina hoʻokuʻu aku soybean koʻikoʻi. I kēia manawa, ʻoiai ua hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau ʻano kino a i ʻole nā hana mahiʻai i ka kaohi ʻana i ka maʻi nematode, e like me: ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano kūʻē, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aʻa kūʻē, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lepo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā ʻano kaohi koʻikoʻi loa he kaohi kemika a i ʻole ka kaohi olaola.
ʻAno hana o ka hana aʻa-hui
ʻO ka mōʻaukala ola o ka nematode root-knot he hua manu, ka larva instar mua, ka larva instar ʻelua, ka larva instar ʻekolu, ka larva instar ʻehā a me ka makua. He ʻano ilo liʻiliʻi ka larva, he heteromorphic ka makua, he linear ke kāne, a he ʻano pea ka wahine. Hiki i ka larva instar ʻelua ke neʻe i loko o ka wai o nā pores lepo, e ʻimi i ke aʻa o ka mea kanu kikowaena ma o nā alleles koʻikoʻi o ke poʻo, e hoʻouka i ka mea kanu kikowaena ma ke komo ʻana i ka epidermis mai ka wahi elongation o ke aʻa kikowaena, a laila hele ma waena o ka hakahaka intercellular, neʻe i ka piko aʻa, a hiki i ka meristem o ke aʻa. Ma hope o ka hiki ʻana o ka larva instar ʻelua i ka meristem o ka piko aʻa, neʻe hou ka larva i ke kuhikuhi o ka pūʻolo vascular a hiki i ka wahi hoʻomohala xylem. Maanei, e hou ka larva instar ʻelua i nā cell host me kahi nila waha a hoʻokomo i nā huna gland esophageal i loko o nā cell aʻa kikowaena. Hiki i ka auxin a me nā enzyme like ʻole i loko o nā huna gland esophageal ke hoʻoulu i nā cell host e hoʻololi i loko o nā "cells nunui" me nā nuclei multinucleated, waiwai i nā suborganelles a me ka metabolism ikaika. Hoʻonui a ulu nui a pehu nā pūnaewele cortical a puni nā pūnaewele nunui ma lalo o ka mana o nā pūnaewele nunui, e hana ana i nā hōʻailona maʻamau o nā nodules aʻa ma ka ʻili o ke aʻa. Hoʻohana nā larvae instar ʻelua i nā pūnaewele nunui ma ke ʻano he mau wahi hānai e omo i nā meaʻai a me ka wai a ʻaʻole e neʻe. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, hiki i ka larvae instar ʻelua ke hoʻoulu i ka mea hoʻokipa e hana i nā pūnaewele nunui 24 hola ma hope o ka maʻi, a ulu a lilo i mau ilo makua ma hope o ʻekolu moults i nā lā 20 e hiki mai ana. Ma hope o kēlā, neʻe nā kāne a haʻalele i nā aʻa, noho mau nā wahine a hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana, e hoʻomaka ana e waiho hua ma kahi o 28 mau lā. Ke piʻi ka mahana ma luna o 10 ℃, puka nā hua i loko o ka nodule aʻa, ʻo ka larvae instar mua i loko o nā hua, ʻeli ka larvae instar ʻelua i waho o nā hua, waiho i ka mea hoʻokipa i ka lepo hou i ka maʻi.
He nui nā ʻano kikowaena o nā nematodes root-knot, hiki ke parasitic ma luna o 3 000 mau ʻano kikowaena, e like me nā mea kanu, nā mea kanu meaʻai, nā mea kanu kālā, nā lāʻau hua, nā mea kanu hoʻonaninani a me nā nāhelehele. ʻO nā aʻa o nā mea kanu i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā nematodes root-knot e hana mua i nā nodules o nā nui like ʻole, he keʻokeʻo waiū i ka hoʻomaka a he ʻeleʻele palupalu i ka wā ma hope. Ma hope o ka maʻi ʻana me ka nematode root-node, ua pōkole nā mea kanu i ka lepo, ua mae a melemele paha nā lālā a me nā lau, ua paʻa ka ulu ʻana, ua māmā ke kala o ka lau, a ua nāwaliwali ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu maʻi nui, ua mae nā mea kanu i ka maloʻo, a ua make ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa i ka nui. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka pane pale, ka hopena pale a me ka hōʻino mechanical o nā ʻiʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā nematodes root-knot ma nā mea kanu i kōkua pū i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā pathogens i lawe ʻia e ka lepo e like me ka fusarium wilt a me ka bacteria root rot, a laila e hana ana i nā maʻi paʻakikī a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pohō nui.
Nā hana pale a me ka kaohi
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā linecides kuʻuna i nā fumigants a me nā non-fumigants e like me nā ʻano hoʻohana like ʻole.
Mea hoʻoheheʻe wai
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia me nā hydrocarbons halogenated a me nā isothiocyanates, a ʻo nā mea non-fumigants e komo pū me nā organophosphorus a me nā carbamates. I kēia manawa, ma waena o nā insecticides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Kina, ʻo ka bromomethane (kahi mea hoʻopau ozone, ka mea e pāpā mālie ʻia nei) a me ka chloropicrin he mau hui hydrocarbon halogenated, hiki ke kāohi i ka synthesis protein a me nā hopena biochemical i ka wā o ka hanu ʻana o nā nematodes knot root. ʻO nā fumigants ʻelua he methyl isothiocyanate, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻokuʻu i ka methyl isothiocyanate a me nā hui molekala liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe i ka lepo. Hiki i ka Methyl isothiocyanate ke komo i ke kino o ka nematode knot root a hoʻopaʻa i ka globulin lawe oxygen, a laila e kāohi ana i ka hanu ʻana o ka nematode knot root e hoʻokō i ka hopena make. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka sulfuryl fluoride a me ka calcium cyanamide ma ke ʻano he fumigants no ka kaohi ʻana i nā nematodes knot root ma Kina.
Aia kekahi mau fumigants hydrocarbon halogenated i kākau inoa ʻole ʻia ma Kina, e like me 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, a pēlā aku, i kākau inoa ʻia ma kekahi mau ʻāina ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ke ʻano he pani no ka bromomethane.
ʻAʻole hoʻoheheʻe
Me ka organophosphorus a me nā carbamates. Ma waena o nā lineicides i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻole ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo ka phosphine thiazolium, Methapophos, phoxiphos a me chlorpyrifos no ka organophosphorus, ʻoiai ʻo carboxanil, aldicarb a me carboxanil butathiocarb no ka carbamate. Hoʻopilikia nā nematocides i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana nerve o nā nematodes knot root ma ke kau ʻana i ka acetylcholinesterase i loko o nā synapses o nā nematodes knot root. ʻAʻole lākou e pepehi pinepine i nā nematodes knot root, akā hoʻolilo wale i nā nematodes knot root e nalowale i ko lākou hiki ke ʻimi i ka mea hoʻokipa a hoʻopili, no laila ua kapa pinepine ʻia lākou he "nematodes paralyzers". ʻO nā nematocides kuʻuna i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia he mau mea ʻawaʻawa loa, nona ke ʻano hana like ma nā vertebrates a me nā arthropods e like me nā nematodes. No laila, ma lalo o nā palena o nā kumu kaiapuni a me nā mea pili kanaka, ua hōʻemi a hoʻōki paha nā ʻāina nui i hoʻomohala ʻia o ka honua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā insecticides organophosphorus a me carbamate, a ua huli i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kekahi mau insecticides hou me ka pono kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa-ʻawahia. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma waena o nā insecticides non-carbamate/organophosphorus hou i loaʻa ka hoʻopaʻa inoa EPA ʻo spiralate ethyl (i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma 2010), difluorosulfone (i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma 2014) a me fluopyramide (i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma 2015).
Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻawahia, ka pāpā ʻana o nā pesticides organophosphorus, ʻaʻole nui nā nematocides i loaʻa i kēia manawa. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia he 371 nematocides ma Kina, he 161 o ia mau mea he mea hana abamectin a he 158 he mea hana thiazophos. ʻO kēia mau mea hana ʻelua nā mea nui loa no ka kaohi ʻana i nā nematode ma Kina.
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole nui nā nematocides hou, ʻo ia hoʻi nā fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone a me fluopyramide nā alakaʻi. Eia kekahi, ma ke ʻano o nā biopesticides, ʻo Penicillium paraclavidum lāua ʻo Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia e Kono he hiki ke kūʻai aku i ka mākeke.
Palapala Sila Nui Honua no ka Kaohi ʻana i ka Nematode Knot Root Soybean
ʻO ka nematode aʻa soybean kekahi o nā kumu nui no ka emi ʻana o ka hua soybean ma nā ʻāina nui e hoʻokuʻu aku ana i ka soybean, ʻoiai ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Brazil.
Ua waiho ʻia he 4287 mau palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa no ka pale ʻana i nā mea kanu e pili ana i nā nematode aʻa soybean ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala. ʻO ka nematode aʻa soybean o ka honua i noi nui ʻia no nā palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa ma nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāina, ʻo ka mua ʻo ia ka European Bureau, ʻo ka lua ʻo Kina, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai ʻo ka wahi koʻikoʻi loa o ka nematode aʻa soybean, ʻo Brazil, he 145 wale nō noi palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa. A ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou mai nā hui multinational.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka abamectin a me ka phosphine thiazole nā mea hoʻomalu nui no nā nematode aʻa ma Kina. A ua hoʻomaka pū ka huahana fluopyramide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e waiho.
ʻAvermectin
I ka makahiki 1981, ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka abamectin i ka mākeke ma ke ʻano he kaohi i nā parasite ʻōpū i loko o nā mammals, a i ka makahiki 1985 ma ke ʻano he pesticide. ʻO Avermectin kekahi o nā insecticides i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia lā.
ʻO ka Phosphine thiazate
ʻO ka Phosphine thiazolium kahi mea pepehi kanaka organophosphorus i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia, kūpono a ākea hoʻi i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka ʻoihana ʻo Ishihara ma Iapana, a ua kau ʻia ma ka mākeke ma nā ʻāina he nui e like me Iapana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua he endosorption a lawe ka phosphine thiazolium i nā mea kanu a he hana ākea e kūʻē i nā nematodes parasitic a me nā mea ʻino. Hoʻopilikia nā nematodes parasitic mea kanu i nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi he nui, a ʻo nā waiwai olaola a me ke kino a me ke kemika o ka phosphine thiazole he kūpono loa ia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lepo, no laila he mea kūpono ia e kāohi i nā nematodes parasitic mea kanu. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka phosphine thiazolium kekahi o nā nematocides wale nō i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma nā mea kanu ma Kina, a he omo kūloko maikaʻi loa ia, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia e kāohi i nā nematodes a me nā mea ʻino o ka lepo, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā mites lau a me nā mea ʻino o ka lau. ʻO ke ʻano hana nui o ka phosphine thiazolium ʻo ia ke kāohi i ka acetylcholinesterase o ka meaola i manaʻo ʻia, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka ecology o ka nematode 2nd larval stage. Hiki i ka Phosphine thiazole ke kāohi i ka hana, ka hōʻino a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā nematodes, no laila hiki iā ia ke kāohi i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā nematodes.
ʻO Fluopyramide
ʻO Fluopyramide kahi fungicide pyridyl ethyl benzamide, i hoʻomohala ʻia a kūʻai ʻia e Bayer Cropscience, aia nō i loko o ka wā patent. Loaʻa iā Fluopyramide kekahi hana nematicidal, a ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i ka nematode knot root i nā mea kanu, a ʻo ia ka nematicide kaulana i kēia manawa. ʻO ke ʻano o kāna hana, ʻo ia ke kāohi ʻana i ka hanu mitochondrial ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻoili electron o ka succinic dehydrogenase i loko o ke kaulahao hanu, a kāohi i kekahi mau pae o ke kaʻina ulu o nā bacteria pathogenic e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka kaohi ʻana i nā bacteria pathogenic.
ʻO ka mea hana o ka fluropyramide ma Kina aia nō i loko o ka wā patent. ʻO kāna mau noi patent noi i nā nematodes, 3 mai Bayer, a ʻo 4 mai Kina, i hui pū ʻia me nā biostimulants a i ʻole nā mea hana like ʻole e kāohi i nā nematodes. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau mea hana i loko o ka wā patent e hoʻokō i kekahi hoʻolālā patent ma mua e hopu i ka mākeke. E like me nā mea ʻino lepidoptera maikaʻi loa a me nā thrips agent ethyl polycidin, ʻoi aku ma mua o 70% o nā palapala noi kūloko i noi ʻia e nā ʻoihana kūloko.
Nā pesticides biological no ka kaohi ʻana i nā nematode
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa i nā ʻano hana kaohi olaola e pani ana i ka kaohi kemika o nā nematodes knot root i ka nānā nui ʻia ma ka home a ma waho. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā microorganism me ka hiki ke kūʻē i nā nematodes knot root ke kumu nui no ka kaohi olaola. ʻO nā ʻano nui i hōʻike ʻia ma nā microorganism antagonistic o nā nematodes knot root ʻo Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus a me Rhizobium. ʻO Myrothecium, Paecilomyces a me Trichoderma, akā naʻe, ua paʻakikī kekahi mau microorganism e hoʻokō i kā lākou hopena antagonizing ma nā nematodes knot root ma muli o nā pilikia i ka moʻomeheu artificial a i ʻole ka hopena kaohi olaola paʻa ʻole ma ke kahua.
He parasite kūpono ʻo Paecilomyces lavviolaceus i nā hua o ka nematode root-node hema a me Cystocystis albicans. ʻO ka nui o ka parasite o nā hua o ka nematode root-node hema he 60% ~ 70%. ʻO ke ʻano pale o Paecilomyces lavviolaceus e kūʻē i nā nematodes root-knot, ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o Paecilomyces lavviolaceus me nā oocysts ilo laina, i loko o ka substrate viscous, hoʻopuni ka mycelium o nā bacteria biocontrol i ka hua holoʻokoʻa, a lilo ka hopena o ka mycelium i mānoanoa. Ua haki ka ʻili o ka pūpū hua ma muli o nā hana o nā metabolites exogenous a me ka fungal chitinase, a laila komo mai nā fungi a pani iā ia. Hiki iā ia ke hūnā i nā mea ʻawahia e pepehi i nā nematodes. ʻO kāna hana nui ka pepehi ʻana i nā hua. ʻEwalu mau hoʻopaʻa inoa pesticide ma Kina. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe ʻano dosage hui o Paecilomyces lilaclavi no ke kūʻai aku, akā ʻo kāna hoʻolālā patent ma Kina he patent no ka hui pū ʻana me nā insecticides ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui i ka hana o ka hoʻohana.
Mea kanu
Hiki ke hoʻohana palekana ʻia nā huahana mea kanu kūlohelohe no ka kaohi ʻana i ka nematode knot root, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā mea nematoidal i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu e kaohi i nā maʻi nematode knot root e kūlike me nā koi o ka palekana kaiapuni a me ka palekana meaʻai.
Aia nā ʻāpana nematoidal o nā mea kanu i loko o nā ʻōpū āpau o ka mea kanu a hiki ke loaʻa ma o ka distillation mahu, ka unuhi organik, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā huna aʻa, a pēlā aku. Wahi a ko lākou mau waiwai kemika, ua māhele nui ʻia lākou i nā mea non-volatile me ka solubility wai a i ʻole ka solubility organik a me nā hui organik volatile, kahi i helu ʻia ai nā mea non-volatile no ka hapa nui. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana nematoidal o nā mea kanu he nui no ka kaohi ʻana i ka nematode knot root ma hope o ka unuhi maʻalahi ʻana, a ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea kanu i unuhi ʻia he mea maʻalahi ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui hana hou. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai he hopena insecticidal kona, ʻaʻole maopopo pinepine ka mea hana maoli a me ke kumu insecticidal.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tea saponin a pēlā aku nā pesticides mea kanu kalepa nui me ka hana pepehi nematode, he kakaikahi wale nō, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu pale nematode ma ke kanu ʻana ma waena a i ʻole ke hele pū ʻana.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea kanu e kāohi i ka nematode knot root e pāʻani i kahi hopena kaohi nematode maikaʻi aʻe, ʻaʻole i kūʻai piha ʻia i kēia manawa, akā hāʻawi mau ia i kahi manaʻo hou no nā mea kanu e kāohi i ka nematode knot root.
Mea hoʻomomona bio-organic
ʻO ke kī o ka mea hoʻouluulu bio-organic, ʻo ia ka hiki i nā microorganism antagonistic ke hoʻonui i ka lepo a i ʻole ka lepo rhizosphere. Hōʻike nā hopena e hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana o kekahi mau mea organik e like me nā pūpū ʻōpae a me nā pūpū pāpaʻi a me ka ʻaila palaoa ke hoʻomaikaʻi pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha i ka hopena kaohi olaola o ka nematode knot root. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana fermentation paʻa e fermentate i nā microorganism antagonistic a me ka mea hoʻouluulu organik e hana i ka mea hoʻouluulu bio-organic he ʻano kaohi olaola hou e kaohi ai i ka maʻi nematode knot root.
I ke aʻo ʻana i ka kaohi ʻana i nā nematodes mea kanu me ka mea hoʻoulu bio-organic, ua ʻike ʻia he hopena maikaʻi ko nā microorganism antagonistic i loko o ka mea hoʻoulu bio-organic i nā nematodes root-knot, ʻoi aku ka mea hoʻoulu organik i hana ʻia mai ka fermentation o nā microorganism antagonistic a me ka mea hoʻoulu organik ma o ka ʻenehana fermentation paʻa.
Eia nō naʻe, he pilina maikaʻi loa ka hopena kaohi o ka mea hoʻoulu organik ma nā nematodes aʻa-knot me ke kaiapuni a me ka wā hoʻohana, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kona pono kaohi ma mua o nā pesticides kuʻuna, a he paʻakikī ke kūʻai aku.
Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka kaohi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻouluulu, hiki ke kaohi i nā nematodes ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pesticides kemika a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wai a me ka mea hoʻouluulu.
Me ka nui o nā ʻano mea kanu hoʻokahi (e like me ka ʻuala, ka soybean, a pēlā aku) i kanu ʻia ma ka home a ma waho, ke lilo nei ka hanana o ka nematode i mea koʻikoʻi, a ke kū nei hoʻi ka kaohi ʻana i ka nematode i kahi pilikia nui. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻano pesticide i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Kina ma mua o nā makahiki 1980, a ʻaʻole lawa loa nā pūhui hana hou.
Loaʻa i nā mea olaola nā pono kūikawā i ke kaʻina hana hoʻohana, akā ʻaʻole lākou i like ka maikaʻi me nā mea kemika, a ua kaupalena ʻia kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana e nā kumu like ʻole. Ma o nā noi patent pili, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā nematocides i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā huahana kahiko, ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā biopesticides, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wai a me ka mea hoʻouluulu.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-20-2024