ʻOiai nā mea kanu parasitic nematodes pili i nā pōʻino nematode, ʻaʻole lākou nā mea kanu mea kanu, akā nā maʻi kanu.
ʻO ka nematode root-knot (Meloidogyne) ʻo ia ka nematode parasitic mea kanu nui loa i laha nui ʻia ma ka honua.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ma mua o 2000 mau ʻano mea kanu ma ka honua, me ka aneane o nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, ua maʻalahi loa i ka maʻi nematode root-knot.Hoʻopili nā nematodes aʻa i nā pūnaewele aʻa e hana ai i nā maʻi koko, e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka wai a me nā meaʻai, ka hopena i ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, dwarfing, yellowing, maloʻo, lau curl, deformity hua, a hiki i ka make o ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa. hōʻemi hua honua.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi nematode ka mea nui o nā ʻoihana mālama mea kanu honua a me nā keʻena noiʻi.He kumu koʻikoʻi ka nematode cyst soy no ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hana soybean ma Brazil, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e lawe ana i ka soya.I kēia manawa, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano kino a i ʻole nā hana mahiʻai i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka maʻi nematode, e like me: ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu aʻa kūpaʻa, ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lepo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. mana olaola.
Mechanism of root-junction hana
ʻO ka moʻolelo ola o ka nematode root-knot he hua manu, ʻohu hoʻomaka mua, ʻōnohu instar ʻelua, ʻōnohu instar ʻekolu, ʻōnohu instar ʻehā a me ke kanaka makua.He ʻano ʻilo liʻiliʻi ke ʻano, he heteromorphic ke kanaka makua, he laina laina ke kāne, a ʻo ka wahine he ʻano pear.Hiki i ka lua o ka instar larvae ke neʻe i loko o ka wai o nā pores lepo, e ʻimi i ke aʻa o ka mea kanu hoʻokipa ma o nā allele koʻikoʻi o ke poʻo, e hoʻouka i ka mea kanu hoʻokipa ma ke hou ʻana i ka epidermis mai ka wahi elongation o ke aʻa hoʻokipa, a laila hele ma waena. ke ākea intercellular, neʻe i ka piko aʻa, a hiki i ka meristem o ke kumu.Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o ka lua instar larvae i ka meristem o ka piko o ke aʻa, ua neʻe hou ka ʻōpala i ka ʻaoʻao o ka puʻupuʻu vascular a hiki i ka wahi hoʻomohala xylem.Ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ka lua instar larvae Hoʻopaʻa i nā keʻena hoʻokipa me ka nila waha a hoʻokomo i nā mea huna o ka esophageal gland i loko o nā pūnaewele aʻa.Hiki i ka Auxin a me nā enzymes like ʻole i loko o nā huna huna o ka esophageal ke hoʻohuli i nā cell host e hoʻololi i loko o nā "pūnaewele nunui" me nā nuclei multinucleated, waiwai i nā suborganelles a me ka metabolism ikaika.ʻO nā pūnaewele cortical e pili ana i nā pūnaewele nunui e hoʻonui a ulu nui a pehu ma lalo o ka mana o nā pūnaewele nunui, e hana ana i nā hōʻailona maʻamau o nā nodules aʻa ma ka ʻili o ke aʻa.Hoʻohana nā larvae instar ʻelua i nā pūnaewele nunui ma ke ʻano he wahi hānai e hoʻomohu i nā meaʻai a me ka wai a ʻaʻole e neʻe.Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, hiki i ka lua instar larvae ke hoʻoulu i ka mea hoʻokipa e hana i nā pūnaewele nunui 24 mau hola ma hope o ka maʻi, a lilo i mau ilo makua ma hope o ʻekolu moults i nā lā he 20 e hiki mai ana.Ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana o nā kāne a haʻalele i nā aʻa, noho mau nā wahine a hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana, e hoʻomaka ana e waiho hua ma kahi o 28 mau lā.Ke piʻi ka mahana ma luna o 10 ℃, paʻa nā hua i loko o ka nodule aʻa, ʻo ka instar larvae mua i loko o nā hua, ʻo ka lua instar larvae drill i waho o nā hua, waiho i ka host i ka lepo hou i ka maʻi.
Loaʻa i nā nematodes aʻa ka nui o nā mea hoʻokipa, hiki ke lilo i parasitic ma mua o 3 000 mau ʻano o nā mea hoʻokipa, e like me nā mea kanu, nā meaʻai meaʻai, nā mea kanu kālā, nā kumulāʻau hua, nā mea kanu nani a me nā nāhelehele.ʻO nā aʻa o nā mea ʻai i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā nematodes ʻaʻa ʻaʻa e hana mua i nā nodules o nā nui like ʻole, he keʻokeʻo waiū i ka hoʻomaka a ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ma ka pae hope.Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nematode root-node, pōkole nā mea kanu i ka lepo, atrophied a ʻeleʻele paha nā lālā a me nā lau, ʻoki ka ulu ʻana, māmā ke kala o ka lau, a nāwaliwali ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu maʻi nui, nā mea kanu. mae i ka maloo, a make loa ka meakanu.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pane ʻana i ka pale, ka hopena inhibition a me ka pōʻino mechanical tissue i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā nematodes root-knot ma nā mea kanu i hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā pathogens e lawe ʻia i ka lepo e like me ka fusarium wilt a me ka bacteria pala aʻa, no laila e hana ai i nā maʻi paʻakikī a nui aʻe ka pohō.
Nā hana pale a hoʻomalu
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā linecides kuʻuna i nā fumigants a me nā non-fumigants e like me nā ʻano hana like ʻole.
Hoʻohuhū
Loaʻa iā ia nā hydrocarbons halogenated a me isothiocyanates, a ʻo nā non-fumigants he organophosphorus a me ka carbamates.I kēia manawa, ma waena o nā insecticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Kina, ʻo bromomethane (kahi mea hoʻopau ozone, kahi e pāpā ʻia nei) a me ka chloropicrin nā mea halogenated hydrocarbon, hiki ke kāohi i ka synthesis protein a me nā hopena biochemical i ka wā o ka hanu ʻana o nā nematodes.ʻO nā fumigants ʻelua he methyl isothiocyanate, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻokuʻu i ka methyl isothiocyanate a me nā pūhui molekala liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe i ka lepo.Hiki i ka Methyl isothiocyanate ke komo i loko o ke kino o ka nematode knot a hoʻopaʻa i ka globulin lawe oxygen, no laila ke keʻakeʻa nei i ka hanu o ka nematode knot root e loaʻa ai ka hopena make.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka sulfuryl fluoride a me ka calcium cyanamide ma ke ʻano he fumigants no ka mālama ʻana i nā nematodes root knot ma Kina.
Aia kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon halogenated ʻaʻole i kākau inoa ʻia ma Kina, e like me 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, etc., i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma kekahi mau ʻāina ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i pani no ka bromomethane.
ʻAʻole fumigan
Me ka organophosphorus a me ka carbamates.Ma waena o nā laina non-fumigated i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina, ʻo phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos a me chlorpyrifos no organophosphorus, aʻo carboxanil, aldicarb a me carboxanil butathiocarb no ka carbamate.ʻO nā nematocides non-fumigated e hoʻopau i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana nerve o nā nematodes knot knot ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka acetylcholinesterase i nā synapses o nā nematodes knot knot.ʻAʻole lākou e pepehi i nā nematodes aʻa, akā e hoʻolilo wale i nā nematodes aʻa i ko lākou hiki ke ʻimi i ka mea hoʻokipa a hoʻopili ʻia, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he "nematodes paralyzers".ʻO nā nematocides non-fumigated kuʻuna he mau mea ʻawaʻawa nui loa, he ʻano hana like ka hana ma luna o nā vertebrates a me nā arthropods me nā nematodes.No laila, ma lalo o nā kaohi o ka nohona a me ka pilikanaka, ua ho'ēmi a ho'ōki paha nā'āina ulu nui o ka honua i ka uluʻana o organophosphorus a me ka carbamate insecticides, a ua huli i ka hoʻomohalaʻana i kekahi mau meaʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma waena o nā insecticides non-carbamate/organophosphorus hou i loaʻa i ka inoa EPA he spiralate ethyl (i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma 2010), difluorosulfone (i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma 2014) a me fluopyramide (i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma 2015).
Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻawaʻawa, ka pāpā ʻana i nā pesticides organophosphorus, ʻaʻole nui nā nematocides i loaʻa i kēia manawa.Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā nematocides 371 ma Kina, ʻo ia ka 161 he mea hana abamectin a he 158 he mea hana thiazophos.ʻO kēia mau mea hana ʻelua ka mea nui loa no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode ma Kina.
I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole nui nā nematocides hou, ma waena o nā fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone a me fluopyramide nā alakaʻi.Eia kekahi, ma ke ʻano o nā biopesticides, ʻo Penicillium paraclavidum a me Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia e Kono i loaʻa i ka mākeke ikaika.
Patent honua no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode root knot soybean
ʻO ka nematode aʻa soybean kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hua soybean ma nā ʻāina nui e lawe aku ana i ka soybean, ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Brazil.
He 4287 mau palapala hoʻopalekana pale mea kanu e pili ana i nā nematodes root-knot soybean i waiho ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala.ʻO ka soybean root-knot nematode o ka honua i noi nui ʻia no nā patent ma nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāina, ʻo ka mua ka European Bureau, ʻo ka lua ʻo Kina, a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoiai ʻo ka wahi koʻikoʻi loa o ka soybean root-knot nematode, Brazil, he 145 wale nō. palapala noi patent.A ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou mai nā hui multinational.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka abamectin a me ka phosphine thiazole nā mea hoʻomalu nui no nā nematodes aʻa ma Kina.A ua hoʻomaka pū ka fluopyramide huahana patented e waiho i waho.
Avermectin
I ka makahiki 1981, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka abamectin i ka mākeke ma ke ʻano he kaohi i nā parasite intestinal i nā mammals, a i ka makahiki 1985 he pesticide.ʻO Avermectin kekahi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia lā.
Phosphine thiazate
ʻO ka Phosphine thiazole kahi moʻolelo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka laulā ākea non-fumigated organophosphorus insecticide i hoʻomohala ʻia e Ishihara Company ma Iapana, a ua kau ʻia ma ka mākeke ma nā ʻāina he nui e like me Iapana.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua he endosorption a me ka lawe ʻana o ka phosphine thiazolium i nā mea kanu a he hana ākea ākea e kūʻē i nā nematodes parasitic a me nā pests.Hoʻopilikia ka mea kanu parasitic nematodes i nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi, a ʻo nā mea ola a me ke kino a me nā waiwai kemika o ka phosphine thiazole he kūpono loa ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lepo, no laila he mea kūpono ia e hoʻomalu i nā nematodes parasitic kanu.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka phosphine thiazolium kekahi o nā nematocides wale nō i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma nā mea kanu ma Kina, a he maikaʻi loa ka absorption kūloko, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia e hoʻomalu i nā nematodes a me nā pests o ka lepo, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā mites lau a me nā lau. nā pests surface.ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka hana o ka phosphine thiazolides ʻo ke kāohi ʻana i ka acetylcholinesterase o ke kino i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e pili ana i ka ecology o ka nematode 2nd larval stage.Hiki i ka Phosphine thiazole ke kāohi i ka hana, ka pōʻino a me ka hatching o nā nematodes, no laila hiki iā ia ke pale i ka ulu a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā nematodes.
Fluopyramide
ʻO Fluopyramide kahi fungicide pyridyl ethyl benzamide, i hoʻomohala ʻia a kūʻai ʻia e Bayer Cropscience, aia nō ia i ka wā patent.Loaʻa i ka Fluopyramide kekahi hana nematicidal, a ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode aʻa i loko o nā mea kanu, a i kēia manawa he nematicide kaulana loa.ʻO ke ʻano o kāna hana ʻo ke kāohi ʻana i ka hanu mitochondrial ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻoili electron o ka succinic dehydrogenase i loko o ke kaulahao hanu, a ke kāohi i kekahi mau pae o ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi pathogenic e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi pathogenic.
ʻO ka mea hana o ka fluropyramide ma Kina aia nō i ka wā patent.ʻO kāna noi palapala patent i nā nematodes, 3 mai Bayer, a ʻo 4 mai Kina, i hui pū ʻia me nā biostimulants a i ʻole nā mea hana ʻē aʻe e kāohi ai i nā nematodes.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau mea hana i loko o ka manawa patent e hoʻokō i kahi hoʻolālā patent ma mua e hopu i ka mākeke.E like me nā pests lepidoptera maikaʻi loa a me ka thrips agent ethyl polycidin, ʻoi aku ma mua o 70% o nā palapala noi home i noi ʻia e nā ʻoihana kūloko.
Nā lāʻau pesticides no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua loaʻa ka manaʻo nui o nā ʻano hoʻokele biological e hoʻololi i ka mana kemika o nā nematodes root knot ma ka home a ma waho.ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā microorganisms me ka mana antagonistic kiʻekiʻe e kūʻē i nā nematodes root-knot nā kumu kumu no ka hoʻomalu olaola.ʻO nā kumu nui i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i nā microorganism antagonistic o nā nematodes knot knot ʻo Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus a me Rhizobium.ʻO Myrothecium, Paecilomyces a me Trichoderma, akā naʻe, ua paʻakikī kekahi mau microorganism i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou hopena kū'ē i nā nematodes knot knot ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka moʻomeheu artificial a i ʻole ka hopena hoʻomalu olaola paʻa ʻole i ke kula.
ʻO Paecilomyces lavviolaceus kahi maʻi maʻi maikaʻi o nā hua o ka nematode kumu aʻa hema a me Cystocystis albicans.ʻO ka nui o ka parasite o nā hua o ka nematode nematode nematode aʻa hema he kiʻekiʻe e like me 60% ~ 70%.ʻO ka hana inhibition o Paecilomyces lavviolaceus e kūʻē i nā nematodes aʻa-knot ʻo ia ma hope o ka launa ʻana o Paecilomyces lavviolaceus me ka laina ilo oocysts, i loko o ka substrate viscous, hoʻopuni ka mycelium o biocontrol bacteria i ka hua a pau, a lilo ka hope o ka mycelium manoanoa.Haʻihaʻi ka ʻili o ka ʻili hua ma muli o nā hana o nā metabolites exogenous a me fungal chitinase, a laila hoʻouka a hoʻololi i nā fungi.Hiki iā ia ke hūnā i nā toxins e pepehi i nā nematodes.ʻO kāna hana nui ka pepehi ʻana i nā hua.ʻEwalu mau inoa pesticide ma Kina.I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe palapala hoʻohuihui ʻia ʻo Paecilomyces lilaclavi no ke kūʻai aku, akā ʻo kāna hoʻonohonoho patent ma Kina he patent no ka hui pū ʻana me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui ai i ka hana o ka hoʻohana.
Kohi mea kanu
Hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia nā mea kanu kūlohelohe no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode root knot, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā mea nematoidal i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu e hoʻomalu i nā maʻi nematode root knot ʻoi aku ka nui o nā koi o ka palekana kaiaola a me ka palekana meaʻai.
Loaʻa nā ʻāpana Nematoidal o nā mea kanu i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka mea kanu a hiki ke loaʻa ma ka distillation o ka mahu, ka ʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu, ka ʻohi ʻana i nā huna huna, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. a me nā mea hoʻohuihui mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole, i waena o ia mau mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hapa nui.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana nematoidal o nā mea kanu he nui no ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode root knot ma hope o ka unuhi maʻalahi, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pūhui hana hou.Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai he hopena insecticidal, ʻaʻole maopopo pinepine ka mea hana maoli a me ke kumu insecticidal.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, tea saponin a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ka mea nui o nā mea kanu lāʻau pesticides me ka hana pepehi nematode, he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu nematode inhibitory ma ka interplanting a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea kanu no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka nematode root knot e pāʻani i kahi hopena hoʻomalu nematode ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻaʻole ia i kūʻai piha ʻia i kēia manawa, akā hāʻawi ia i kahi manaʻo hou no nā mea kanu e hoʻomalu i ka nematode knot knot.
Mea hoʻomomona bio-organic
ʻO ke kī o ka mea kanu bio-organic inā hiki i nā microorganism antagonistic ke hoʻonui i ka lepo a i ʻole ka rhizosphere lepo.Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau mea olaola e like me ka ʻoʻo a me ka ʻili pāpaʻi a me ka ʻai aila hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha i ka hopena hoʻomalu ola o ka nematode knot knot.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana fermentation paʻa e fermentate i nā microorganism antagonistic a me nā mea hoʻomoʻi kūlohelohe e hana i nā mea kanu bio-organic kahi ala hoʻomalu olaola hou e kāohi ai i ka maʻi nematode root knot.
I ke aʻo ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i nā nematodes mea kanu me nā mea kanu bio-organic, ua ʻike ʻia he hopena maikaʻi nā microorganism antagonistic i loko o ka mea kanu bio-organic i nā nematodes root-knot, ʻoi aku ka mea kanu organik i hana ʻia mai ka fermentation o nā microorganisms antagonistic a me nā mea kanu organik. ma o ka ʻenehana fermentation paʻa.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana o ka mea kanu lāʻau ma luna o nā nematodes root-knot me ke kaiapuni a me ka wā hoʻohana, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana ma mua o nā pesticides kuʻuna, a paʻakikī ke kūʻai aku.
Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau a me ka mea hoʻomomona, hiki ke hoʻomalu i nā nematodes ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pesticides kemika a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wai a me nā mea kanu.
Me ka nui o nā ʻano mea kanu hoʻokahi (e like me ka ʻuala, soybean, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i kanu ʻia ma ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nematode, a ke kū nei hoʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka nematode i kahi pilikia nui.I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻano pesticide i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Kina ma mua o nā makahiki 1980, a ʻaʻole lawa nā mea hana hou.
Loaʻa i nā mea olaola nā pono kūʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi lākou e like me nā mea hana kemika, a ua kaupalena ʻia kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana e nā kumu like ʻole.Ma o nā noi patent kūpono, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā nematocides i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā huahana kahiko, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā biopesticides, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wai a me ka mea momona.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-20-2024