Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā e hōʻemi ai i ke kaumaha wela i nā mea kanu like ʻole

Ke emi nei ka hana ʻana o ka laiki ma muli o ka loli o ke aniau a me nā ʻano like ʻole ma Colombia.Nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanuua hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha wela i nā mea kanu like ʻole. No laila, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ke loiloi i nā hopena physiological (conductance stomatal, conductance stomatal, ka nui o ka chlorophyll, ka lakio Fv/Fm o ʻelua genotypes laiki kalepa i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka wela i hui pū ʻia (nā mahana kiʻekiʻe o ke ao a me ka pō), ka mahana canopy a me ka nui o ka wai pili) a me nā loli biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA) a me ka nui o ka prolinic acid). Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua mua a me ka lua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu o ʻelua genotypes laiki ʻo Federrose 67 (“F67”) a me Federrose 2000 (“F2000”), kēlā me kēia. Ua kālailai pū ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua ma ke ʻano he moʻo o nā hoʻokolohua. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻokumu ʻia penei: kaohi piha (AC) (nā mea kanu laiki i ulu ʻia ma nā mahana kūpono (mahana ao/pō 30/25°C)), kaohi kaumaha wela (SC) [nā mea kanu laiki i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka wela i hui pū ʻia wale nō (40/25°C). 30°C)], a ua hoʻokaumaha ʻia nā mea kanu laiki a ua pīpī ʻia me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu (stress+AUX, stress+BR, stress+CK a i ʻole stress+GA) ʻelua manawa (5 mau lā ma mua a me 5 mau lā ma hope o ke kaumaha wela). ʻO ka pīpī ʻana me SA i hoʻonui i ka nui o ka chlorophyll o nā ʻano ʻelua (ʻo ke kaumaha hou o nā mea kanu laiki "F67" a me "F2000" he 3.25 a me 3.65 mg/g, kēlā me kēia) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu SC (ʻo ke kaumaha hou o nā mea kanu "F67" he 2.36 a me 2.56 mg). g-1)" a me ka laiki "F2000", ua hoʻomaikaʻi pū ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka foliar o CK i ka conductance stomatal o nā mea kanu laiki "F2000" (499.25 vs. 150.60 mmol m-2 s) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kaohi ʻana i ke kaumaha wela. kaumaha wela, emi ka mahana o ka lei aliʻi o ka mea kanu ma 2-3 °C, a emi ka nui o ka MDA i loko o nā mea kanu. Hōʻike ka helu hoʻomanawanui pili e hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana o CK (97.69%) a me BR (60.73%) ke kōkua i ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i ka pilikia o ka wela i hui pū ʻia. pilikia nui i nā mea kanu laiki F2000. I ka hopena, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka pīpī ʻana o BR a i ʻole CK ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā agronomic e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā kūlana pilikia wela i hui pū ʻia ma ke ʻano physiological o nā mea kanu laiki.
No ka ʻohana Poaceae ka laiki (Oryza sativa) a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kanu i mahi nui ʻia ma ka honua me ka kulina a me ka palaoa (Bajaj lāua ʻo Mohanty, 2005). ʻO ka ʻāina i mahi ʻia ai ka laiki he 617,934 heketa, a ʻo ka hana aupuni ma 2020 he 2,937,840 tons me ka awelika o ka hua he 5.02 tons/ha (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Ke hoʻopilikia nei ka hoʻomehana honua i nā mea kanu laiki, e alakaʻi ana i nā ʻano pilikia abiotic like ʻole e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me nā wā maloʻo. Ke kumu o ka loli o ke aniau e piʻi ai ka mahana o ka honua; Ua manaʻo ʻia e piʻi ka mahana ma 1.0-3.7°C i ke kenekulia 21, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pinepine a me ka ikaika o ke kaumaha wela. Ua hoʻopilikia ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ke kaiapuni i ka laiki, e hōʻemi ana i ka hua o nā mea kanu ma 6-7%. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, alakaʻi pū ka loli o ke aniau i nā kūlana kaiapuni maikaʻi ʻole no nā mea kanu, e like me nā wā maloʻo nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​mahana kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi tropical a me subtropical. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā hanana loli e like me El Niño ke alakaʻi i ke kaumaha wela a hoʻonui i ka pōʻino o nā mea kanu ma kekahi mau wahi tropical. Ma Colombia, ua manaʻo ʻia e piʻi ka mahana ma nā wahi hana laiki ma 2-2.5°C i ka makahiki 2050, e hōʻemi ana i ka hana laiki a hoʻopilikia i ke kahe huahana i nā mākeke a me nā kaulahao lako.
Ua ulu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu laiki ma nā wahi kahi kokoke nā mahana i ka pae kūpono no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu (Shah et al., 2011). Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka awelika kūpono o ka mahana o ke ao a me ka pō noka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka laikiʻo ka maʻamau he 28°C a me 22°C, kēlā me kēia (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Hiki i nā mahana ma luna o kēia mau paepae ke hana i nā wā o ke kaumaha wela waena a koʻikoʻi i nā pae koʻikoʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka laiki (tillering, anthesis, flowering, a me ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka palaoa), no laila e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i ka hua palaoa. ʻO kēia emi ʻana o ka hua ma muli o nā wā lōʻihi o ke kaumaha wela, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka physiology o nā mea kanu. Ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea like ʻole, e like me ka lōʻihi o ke kaumaha a me ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa i hiki ai, hiki i ke kaumaha wela ke hana i nā ʻano hōʻino hiki ʻole ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka metabolism a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.
Hoʻopilikia ka pilikia wela i nā kaʻina hana physiological a me biochemical like ʻole i nā mea kanu. ʻO ka photosynthesis lau kekahi o nā kaʻina hana i maʻalahi loa i ka pilikia wela i nā mea kanu laiki, ʻoiai ke emi nei ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis ma 50% ke ʻoi aku ka mahana o kēlā me kēia lā ma mua o 35°C. ʻOkoʻa nā pane physiological o nā mea kanu laiki ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pilikia wela. No ka laʻana, ua kāohi ʻia nā wikiwiki photosynthesis a me ke alakaʻi stomatal ke hōʻike ʻia nā mea kanu i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe o ke ao (33-40°C) a i ʻole nā ​​​​mahana kiʻekiʻe o ke ao a me ka pō (35-40°C i ke ao, 28-30°C). ʻO C ke ʻano o ka pō) (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). ʻO nā mahana kiʻekiʻe o ka pō (30°C) ke kumu o ka kāohi iki ʻana o ka photosynthesis akā hoʻonui i ka hanu pō (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). Me ka nānā ʻole i ka wā hoʻoluhi, hoʻopilikia pū ka hoʻoluhi wela i ka nui o ka chlorophyll lau, ka lakio o ka fluorescence loli chlorophyll i ka fluorescence chlorophyll kiʻekiʻe loa (Fv/Fm), a me ka hoʻāla ʻana o Rubisco i nā mea kanu laiki (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso et al., 2014).
ʻO nā loli biochemical kekahi ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke kaumaha wela (Wahid et al., 2007). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike o ka Proline ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona biochemical o ke kaumaha o nā mea kanu (Ahmed lāua ʻo Hassan 2011). He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Proline i ka metabolism o nā mea kanu no ka mea he hana ia ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona a nitrogen paha a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa membrane ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Hoʻopilikia pū nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ke kūpaʻa o ka membrane ma o ka lipid peroxidation, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ka ʻike MDA e hoʻomaopopo i ka pono o nā membrane cell ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). ʻO ka hope loa, ua hoʻonui ka pilikia wela i hui pū ʻia [37/30°C (lā/pō)] i ka pakeneka o ka leakage electrolyte a me ka ʻike malondialdehyde i ka laiki (Liu et al., 2013).
Ua loiloi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu (GRs) e hōʻemi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaumaha wela, ʻoiai ke komo ikaika nei kēia mau mea i nā pane mea kanu a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻano pale kino e kūʻē i ia ʻano kaumaha (Peleg lāua ʻo Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai genetic i waho ua loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ke kaumaha wela i nā mea kanu like ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e alakaʻi ana nā phytohormones e like me gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (CK), auxins (AUX) a i ʻole brassinosteroids (BR) i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano loli physiological a me biochemical (Peleg lāua ʻo Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011; Mitler et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2014). Ma Colombia, ʻaʻole i maopopo loa a aʻo ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai genetic i waho a me kona hopena i nā mea kanu laiki. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi mua e hiki i ka pīpī ʻana o ka BR i nā lau ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomanawanui i ka laiki ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻololi kinoea, ka chlorophyll a i ʻole ka nui o ka proline o nā lau laiki (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Hoʻoponopono nā Cytokinins i nā pane a nā mea kanu i nā pilikia abiotic, me ke kaumaha wela (Ha et al., 2012). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana o CK exogenous ke hōʻemi i ka pōʻino wela. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻonui ka hoʻopili ʻana o zeatin exogenous i ka wikiwiki photosynthesis, ka nui o chlorophyll a a me b, a me ka pono o ka lawe ʻana i ka electron i loko o ka creeping bentgrass (Agrotis estolonifera) i ka wā o ke kaumaha wela (Xu lāua ʻo Huang, 2009; Jespersen lāua ʻo Huang, 2015). Hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana o zeatin exogenous ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana antioxidant, hoʻonui i ka synthesis o nā protein like ʻole, hoʻemi i ka pōʻino o nā ʻano oxygen reactive (ROS) a me ka hana malondialdehyde (MDA) i nā ʻiʻo mea kanu (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009). , 2016; Kumar et al., 2020).
Ua hōʻike pū ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waikawa gibberellic i kahi pane maikaʻi i ke kaumaha wela. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hoʻopili ka biosynthesis GA i nā ala metabolic like ʻole a hoʻonui i ka hoʻomanawanui ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe (Alonso-Ramirez et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2020). Ua ʻike ʻo Abdel-Nabi et al. (2020) hiki i ka pīpī ʻana o ka foliar o ka GA exogenous (25 a i ʻole 50 mg * L) ke hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki photosynthesis a me ka hana antioxidant i nā mea kanu ʻalani i hoʻoluhi ʻia e ka wela i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu kaohi. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o HA exogenous e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka wai, ka chlorophyll a me nā ʻike carotenoid a hoʻemi i ka lipid peroxidation i ka lā pama (Phoenix dactylifera) ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela (Khan et al., 2020). He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ʻo Auxin i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pane ulu adaptive i nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Hana kēia mea hoʻoponopono ulu ma ke ʻano he māka biochemical i nā kaʻina hana like ʻole e like me ka synthesis proline a i ʻole ka degradation ma lalo o ke kaumaha abiotic (Ali et al. 2007). Eia kekahi, hoʻonui pū ʻo AUX i ka hana antioxidant, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka emi ʻana o ka MDA i nā mea kanu ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka lipid peroxidation (Bielach et al., 2017). Ua ʻike ʻo Sergeev et al. (2018) i loko o nā mea kanu pea (Pisum sativum) ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela, piʻi ka nui o ka proline - dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl)naphthylchloromethyl ether (TA-14). Ma ka hoʻokolohua like, ua ʻike pū lākou i nā pae haʻahaʻa o MDA i nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu i mālama ʻole ʻia me AUX.
ʻO Brassinosteroids kekahi papa o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻemi i nā hopena o ke kaumaha wela. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ogweno et al. (2008) ua hoʻonui ka exogenous BR spray i ka net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance a me ka nui o ka Rubisco carboxylation o nā mea kanu tōmato (Solanum lycopersicum) ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela no 8 mau lā. Hiki i ka foliar spraying o epibrassinosteroids ke hoʻonui i ka net photosynthetic rate o nā mea kanu kukumba (Cucumis sativus) ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela (Yu et al., 2004). Eia kekahi, hoʻopaneʻe ka noi exogenous o BR i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka chlorophyll a hoʻonui i ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai a me ka nui o ka quantum yield o PSII photochemistry i nā mea kanu ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke aniau a me nā ʻano like ʻole, ke kū nei nā mea kanu raiki i nā manawa o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe o kēlā me kēia lā (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). Ma ka phenotyping mea kanu, ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā phytonutrients a i ʻole biostimulants ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā e hoʻēmi i ke kaumaha o ka wela ma nā wahi ulu raiki (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loli biochemical a me physiological (ka mahana o ka lau, ka conductance stomatal, nā palena fluorescence chlorophyll, chlorophyll a me ka ʻike wai pili, malondialdehyde a me ka synthesis proline) he mea hana hilinaʻi ia no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu laiki ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela ma kahi kūloko a ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa (Sánchez -Reynoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā sprays phytohormonal foliar i ka laiki ma ka pae kūloko he mea kakaikahi. No laila, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena physiological a me biochemical o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu he mea nui loa ia no ka hāpai ʻana i nā hoʻolālā agronomic kūpono no kēia. e kamaʻilio ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kahi manawa o ke kaumaha wela paʻakikī i ka laiki. No laila, ʻo ke kumu o kēia haʻawina, ʻo ia ke loiloi i ka physiological (conductance stomatal, nā palena fluorescence chlorophyll a me ka ʻike wai pili) a me nā hopena biochemical o ka hoʻohana foliar o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu ʻehā (AUX, CK, GA a me BR). (Nā pigments photosynthetic, malondialdehyde a me nā ʻike proline) Nā loli i loko o ʻelua genotypes laiki kalepa i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia (kiʻekiʻe nā mahana o ke ao/pō).
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hana ʻia ʻelua mau hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka manawa mua nā genotypes Federrose 67 (F67: kahi genotype i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala) a me Federrose 2000 (F2000: kahi genotype i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala o ke kenekulia 20 e hōʻike ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka maʻi lau keʻokeʻo. nā hua. a me ka lua o ka hoʻokolohua, kēlā me kēia. Ua mahi nui ʻia nā genotypes ʻelua e nā mahiʻai Colombian. Ua lūlū ʻia nā hua i loko o nā pā 10-L (lōʻihi 39.6 cm, laulā 28.8 cm, kiʻekiʻe 16.8 cm) me ka lepo one loam me 2% mea organik. Ua kanu ʻia ʻelima mau hua i hoʻomoʻa mua ʻia i kēlā me kēia pā. Ua kau ʻia nā pallets i loko o ka hale kōmahana o ke Faculty of Agricultural Sciences o ke Kulanui Lahui o Colombia, kahua ʻo Bogotá (43°50′56″ N, 74°04′051″ W), ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 2556 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai (asl). m.) a ua hoʻokō ʻia mai ʻOkakopa a Dekemaba 2019. Hoʻokahi hoʻokolohua (Federroz 67) a me ka lua o ka hoʻokolohua (Federroz 2000) i ke kau like o 2020.
ʻO nā kūlana kaiapuni i loko o ka hale kōmahana i kēlā me kēia kau kanu penei: ka mahana o ke ao a me ka pō 30/25°C, ka haʻahaʻa pili 60~80%, ka photoperiod kūlohelohe 12 mau hola (photosynthetically active radiation 1500 µmol (photons) m-2 s-). 1 i ke awakea). Ua hoʻomomona ʻia nā mea kanu e like me ka nui o kēlā me kēia mea 20 mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka hua (DAE), e like me Sánchez-Reinoso et al. (2019): 670 mg nitrogen no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, 110 mg phosphorus no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, 350 mg potassium no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, 68 mg calcium no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, 20 mg magnesium no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, 20 mg sulfur no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, 17 mg silicon no kēlā me kēia mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā mea kanu he 10 mg boron no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, 17 mg keleawe no kēlā me kēia mea kanu, a me 44 mg zinc no kēlā me kēia mea kanu. Ua mālama ʻia nā mea kanu laiki a hiki i ka 47 DAE i kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua i ko lākou hiki ʻana i ke kahua phenological V5 i kēia wā. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua ʻo kēia pae phenological kahi manawa kūpono e hana i nā haʻawina hoʻoluhi wela i ka laiki (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
Ma kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua, ua hana ʻia ʻelua mau noi kaʻawale o ka mea hoʻoponopono ulu lau. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho mua o nā pīpī phytohormone foliar 5 mau lā ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha wela (42 DAE) e hoʻomākaukau i nā mea kanu no ke kaumaha o ke kaiapuni. A laila ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi pīpī foliar ʻelua i 5 mau lā ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā kūlana kaumaha (52 DAE). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻehā phytohormones a ua helu ʻia nā waiwai o kēlā me kēia mea hana i pīpī ʻia ma kēia haʻawina ma ka Papa Hoʻohui 1. ʻO nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu lau i hoʻohana ʻia penei: (i) Auxin (1-naphthylacetic acid: NAA) ma kahi ʻano o 5 × 10−5 M (ii) 5 × 10–5 M gibberellin (gibberellic acid: NAA); GA3); (iii) Cytokinin (trans-zeatin) 1 × 10-5 M (iv) Brassinosteroids [Spirostan-6-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-, (3b,5a,25R)] 5 × 10-5; M. Ua koho ʻia kēia mau ʻano nui no ka mea hoʻoulu lākou i nā pane maikaʻi a hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa o nā mea kanu i ke kaumaha wela (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). Ua mālama ʻia nā mea kanu laiki me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻoulu ulu mea kanu me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia wale nō. Ua pīpī ʻia nā mea kanu laiki a pau me ka mea pīpī lima. E hoʻopili i 20 ml H2O i ka mea kanu e hoʻomaʻū i nā ʻili o luna a me lalo o nā lau. Ua hoʻohana nā pīpī foliar a pau i ka mea kōkua mahiʻai (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Colombia) ma 0.1% (v/v). ʻO ka mamao ma waena o ka ipuhao a me ka mea pīpī he 30 cm.
Ua lawelawe ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau wela i 5 mau lā ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana o ka lau mua (47 DAE) i kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua. Ua hoʻoili ʻia nā mea kanu laiki mai ka hale kōmahana i kahi keʻena ulu 294 L (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, USA) e hoʻokumu i ke kaumaha wela a mālama paha i nā kūlana kaiapuni like (47 DAE). Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau wela i hui pū ʻia ma ke kau ʻana i ke keʻena i nā mahana o ke ao/pō aʻe: ke kiʻekiʻe o ke ao [40°C no 5 mau hola (mai 11:00 a 16:00)] a me ka pō [30°C no 5 mau hola]. 8 mau lā ma ka lālani (mai 19:00 a 24:00). Ua koho ʻia ka mahana kaumaha a me ka manawa hōʻike ma muli o nā haʻawina mua (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabría et al. 2017). Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua mālama ʻia kahi hui o nā mea kanu i hoʻoili ʻia i ke keʻena ulu i loko o ka hale kōmahana ma ka mahana like (30°C i ke ao / 25°C i ka pō) no 8 mau lā i ka lālani.
I ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua, ua loaʻa nā hui lapaʻau penei: (i) ke kūlana mahana ulu + ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia [Absolute control (AC)], (ii) ke kūlana pilikia wela + ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia [Heat stress control (SC)], (iii) nā kūlana pilikia wela + ka hoʻopili ʻana o auxin (AUX), (iv) ke kūlana pilikia wela + ka hoʻopili ʻana o gibberellin (GA), (v) ke kūlana pilikia wela + ka hoʻopili ʻana o cytokinin (CK), a me (vi) ke kūlana pilikia wela + brassinosteroid (BR) Appendix. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau hui lapaʻau no ʻelua genotypes (F67 a me F2000). Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā lapaʻau āpau ma kahi hoʻolālā randomized piha me ʻelima mau replicates, kēlā me kēia me hoʻokahi mea kanu. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēlā me kēia mea kanu e heluhelu i nā loli i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua. Ua mau ka hoʻokolohua no 55 DAE.
Ua ana ʻia ke alakaʻi stomatal (gs) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi porosometer lawe lima (SC-1, METER Group Inc., USA) mai 0 a 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, me kahi puka keʻena laʻana o 6.35 mm. Lawe ʻia nā ana ma ke kau ʻana i kahi probe stomameter i kahi lau makua me ka wana nui o ka mea kanu i hoʻonui piha ʻia. No kēlā me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau, ua lawe ʻia nā heluhelu gs ma ʻekolu lau o kēlā me kēia mea kanu ma waena o 11:00 a me 16:00 a ua ʻawelike ʻia.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo RWC e like me ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia e Ghoulam et al. (2002). Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka pepa i hoʻonui piha ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka g e ana i ka RWC. Ua hoʻoholo koke ʻia ke kaumaha hou (FW) ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi unahi kikohoʻe. A laila ua waiho ʻia nā lau i loko o kahi pahu plastik i piha i ka wai a waiho ʻia i ka pouli ma ka mahana o ka lumi (22°C) no 48 mau hola. A laila kaupaona ma kahi unahi kikohoʻe a hoʻopaʻa i ke kaumaha i hoʻonui ʻia (TW). Ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā lau pehu i ka umu ma 75°C no 48 mau hola a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ko lākou kaumaha maloʻo (DW).
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka chlorophyll pili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mika chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, USA) a ua hōʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāpana atLeaf (Dey et al., 2016). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā heluhelu pono quantum kiʻekiʻe loa o PSII (lakio Fv/Fm) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluorimeter chlorophyll hoʻonāukiuki mau (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā lau i ka ʻeleʻele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻūpā lau no 20 min ma mua o nā ana Fv/Fm (Restrepo-Diaz lāua ʻo Garces-Varon, 2013). Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o nā lau i ka ʻeleʻele, ua ana ʻia ke kumu (F0) a me ka fluorescence kiʻekiʻe loa (Fm). Mai kēia mau ʻikepili, ua helu ʻia ka fluorescence loli (Fv = Fm – F0), ka lakio o ka fluorescence loli i ka fluorescence kiʻekiʻe loa (Fv/Fm), ka hua quantum kiʻekiʻe loa o ka photochemistry PSII (Fv/F0) a me ka lakio Fm/F0 (Baker, 2008; Lee et al. ., 2017). Ua lawe ʻia nā heluhelu fluorescence chlorophyll a me chlorophyll pili ma nā lau like i hoʻohana ʻia no nā ana gs.
Ma kahi o 800 mg o ke kaumaha hou o ka lau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau loli biochemical. A laila ua hoʻohuihui ʻia nā laʻana lau i loko o ka naikokene wai a mālama ʻia no ka nānā hou ʻana. ʻO ke ʻano spectrometric i hoʻohana ʻia e kuhi i ka ʻiʻo chlorophyll a, b a me ka carotenoid e pili ana i ke ʻano a me nā kaulike i wehewehe ʻia e Wellburn (1994). Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā laʻana ʻiʻo lau (30 mg) a ua hoʻohuihui ʻia i loko o 3 ml o 80% acetone. A laila ua centrifuged ʻia nā laʻana (model 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, USA) ma 5000 rpm no 10 min e wehe i nā ʻāpana. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka supernatant i ka nui hope loa o 6 ml ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i 80% acetone (Sims lāua ʻo Gamon, 2002). Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike o ka chlorophyll ma 663 (chlorophyll a) a me 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, a me nā carotenoids ma 470 nm me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrophotometer (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, USA).
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hana thiobarbituric acid (TBA) i wehewehe ʻia e Hodges et al. (1999) e loiloi i ka membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA). Ma kahi o 0.3 g o ka ʻiʻo lau i hoʻohuihui ʻia i loko o ka naikokene wai. Ua centrifuged ʻia nā laʻana ma 5000 rpm a ua ana ʻia ka absorbance ma kahi spectrophotometer ma 440, 532 a me 600 nm. ʻO ka hope loa, ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka MDA me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka coefficient extinction (157 M mL−1).
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka proline o nā lāʻau āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia e Bates et al. (1973). E hoʻohui i 10 ml o kahi hopena wai 3% o ka waikawa sulfosalicylic i ka hāpana i mālama ʻia a kānana ma o ka pepa kānana Whatman (No. 2). A laila ua hoʻohui ʻia he 2 ml o kēia filtrate me 2 ml o ka waikawa ninhydric a me 2 ml o ka waikawa acetic glacial. Ua kau ʻia ka hui ʻana i loko o kahi ʻauʻau wai ma 90°C no 1 hola. E hoʻōki i ka hopena ma ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana ma luna o ka hau. E lulu ikaika i ka paipu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi vortex shaker a hoʻoheheʻe i ka hopena hopena i loko o 4 ml o toluene. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā heluhelu absorbance ma 520 nm me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrophotometer like i hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu ʻana o nā pigments photosynthetic (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, USA).
ʻO ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia e Gerhards et al. (2016) e helu i ka mahana o ka canopy a me CSI. Ua lawe ʻia nā kiʻi wela me kahi kāmela FLIR 2 (FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, USA) me ka pololei o ±2°C i ka hopena o ka wā pilikia. E kau i kahi ʻili keʻokeʻo ma hope o ka mea kanu no ke kiʻi ʻana. Eia hou, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻelua mau hale hana he mau kumu hoʻohālike. Ua kau ʻia nā mea kanu ma kahi ʻili keʻokeʻo; ua uhi ʻia kekahi me kahi mea kōkua mahiʻai (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Colombia) e hoʻohālike i ka wehe ʻana o nā stomata āpau [wet mode (Twet)], a ʻo kekahi he lau me ka ʻole o kekahi noi [Dry mode (Tdry)] (Castro -Duque et al., 2020). ʻO ka mamao ma waena o ke kāmela a me ka ipuhao i ka wā o ke kiʻi ʻana he 1 m.
Ua helu ʻia ka helu hoʻomanawanui pili ma ke ʻano ʻē me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka conductance stomatal (gs) o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu kaohi (nā mea kanu me ka ʻole o nā lāʻau hoʻoluhi a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu i hoʻopili ʻia) e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻomanawanui o nā genotypes i mālama ʻia i loiloi ʻia ma kēia haʻawina. Ua loaʻa ʻo RTI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaulike i hoʻololi ʻia mai Chávez-Arias et al. (2020).
I kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā loli physiological āpau i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 55 DAE me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lau i hoʻonui piha ʻia i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka canopy luna. Eia kekahi, ua hana ʻia nā ana i loko o kahi keʻena ulu e pale aku i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni e ulu ai nā mea kanu.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā hoʻokolohua mua a me ka lua ma ke ʻano he moʻo o nā hoʻokolohua. Aia kēlā me kēia hui hoʻokolohua he 5 mau mea kanu, a ua hoʻokumu kēlā me kēia mea kanu i kahi ʻāpana hoʻokolohua. Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi o ka variance (ANOVA) (P ≤ 0.05). I ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo hoʻohālikelike post hoc a Tukey ma P ≤ 0.05. E hoʻohana i ka hana arcsine e hoʻololi i nā waiwai pakeneka. Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Statistix v 9.0 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA) a ua hoʻolālā ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā SigmaPlot (mana 10.0; Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi ʻāpana nui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu InfoStat 2016 (Analysis Software, National University of Cordoba, Argentina) e ʻike i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu maikaʻi loa ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana.
Hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 1 i ka ANOVA e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻokolohua, nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole, a me kā lākou pilina me nā pigments photosynthetic lau (chlorophyll a, b, total, a me carotenoids), malondialdehyde (MDA) a me ka nui o ka proline, a me ka conductance stomatal. Hopena o gs, ka nui o ka wai pili. (RWC), ka nui o ka chlorophyll, nā palena fluorescence chlorophyll alpha, ka mahana o ka lei aliʻi (PCT) (°C), ka helu kuhikuhi pilikia o ka mea kanu (CSI) a me ka helu kuhikuhi hoʻomanawanui pili o nā mea kanu laiki ma 55 DAE.
Papa 1. Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka ʻikepili ANOVA ma nā loli physiological a me biochemical o ka laiki ma waena o nā hoʻokolohua (genotypes) a me nā mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha wela.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa (P≤0.01) i nā pilina pigment photosynthetic lau, ka ʻike chlorophyll pili (nā heluhelu ʻana o Atleaf), a me nā palena fluorescence alpha-chlorophyll ma waena o nā hoʻokolohua a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka Papa 2. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana i ke ao a me ka pō ua hoʻonui i ka nui o ka chlorophyll a me ka carotenoid. ʻO nā hua laiki me ka ʻole o ka pīpī foliar o nā phytohormones (2.36 mg g-1 no "F67" a me 2.56 mg g-1 no "F2000") i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana mahana kūpono (2.67 mg g -1)) ua hōʻike i ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka chlorophyll. Ma nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua, ʻo "F67" he 2.80 mg g-1 a ʻo "F2000" he 2.80 mg g-1. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hua laiki i mālama ʻia me ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻūpī AUX a me GA ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela ua hōʻike pū i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka chlorophyll ma nā genotypes ʻelua (AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 a me GA = 1.45 mg g-1 no "F67"; AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 a me GA = 1.45 mg g-1 no "F67"; AUX = 2.24 mg) g-1 a me GA = 1.43 mg g-1 (no "F2000") ma lalo o nā kūlana kaumaha wela. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kaumaha wela, ua hopena ka mālama ʻana i nā foliar me BR i ka piʻi iki ʻana o kēia loli ma nā genotypes ʻelua. ʻO ka hope loa, ua hōʻike ka ʻūpī foliar CK i nā waiwai pigment photosynthetic kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā mālama āpau (nā mālama ʻana o AUX, GA, BR, SC a me AC) ma nā genotypes F67 (3.24 mg g-1) a me F2000 (3.65 mg g-1). Ua hoʻemi ʻia hoʻi ka nui o ka chlorophyll (ʻāpana Atleaf) e ka hui pū ʻana o ke kaumaha wela. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa i nā mea kanu i pīpī ʻia me CC ma nā genotypes ʻelua (41.66 no "F67" a me 49.30 no "F2000"). Ua hōʻike nā lakio Fv a me Fv/Fm i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā lāʻau a me nā cultivars (Papa 2). Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ma waena o kēia mau loli, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka maʻalahi o ka cultivar F67 i ke kaumaha wela ma mua o ka cultivar F2000. ʻOi aku ka ʻeha o nā lakio Fv a me Fv/Fm i ka hoʻokolohua ʻelua. ʻO nā hua kanu 'F2000' i hoʻoluhi ʻia ʻaʻole i pīpī ʻia me kekahi phytohormones he mau waiwai Fv haʻahaʻa loa (2120.15) a me nā lakio Fv/Fm (0.59), akā ua kōkua ka pīpī foliar me CK i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kēia mau waiwai (Fv: 2591, 89, lakio Fv/Fm: 0.73). , e loaʻa ana nā heluhelu like me nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā mea kanu "F2000" i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana mahana kūpono (Fv: 2955.35, Fv/Fm ratio: 0.73:0.72). ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma ka fluorescence mua (F0), ka fluorescence kiʻekiʻe loa (Fm), ka hua quantum photochemical kiʻekiʻe loa o PSII (Fv/F0) a me ka Fm/F0 ratio. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hōʻike ʻo BR i kahi ʻano like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia me CK (Fv 2545.06, Fv/Fm ratio 0.73).
Papa 2. Hopena o ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia (40°/30°C ao/pō) ma nā pigments photosynthetic lau [ka huina chlorophyll (Chl Total), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) a me nā carotenoids Cx+c] hopena], ka ʻike chlorophyll pili (ʻāpana Atliff), nā ʻano fluorescence chlorophyll (fluorescence mua (F0), fluorescence kiʻekiʻe loa (Fm), fluorescence loli (Fv), ka pono PSII kiʻekiʻe loa (Fv/Fm), ka hua quantum photochemical kiʻekiʻe loa o PSII (Fv/F0) a me Fm/F0 i nā mea kanu o ʻelua genotypes laiki [Federrose 67 (F67) a me Federrose 2000 (F2000)] 55 mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana (DAE)).
Ua hōʻike ka ʻike wai pili (RWC) o nā mea kanu laiki i mālama ʻia me nā ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻokoʻa (P ≤ 0.05) i ka pilina ma waena o nā lāʻau hoʻokolohua a me nā lāʻau foliar (Kiʻi 1A). I ​​ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me SA, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā waiwai haʻahaʻa loa no nā genotypes ʻelua (74.01% no F67 a me 76.6% no F2000). Ma lalo o nā kūlana pilikia wela, ua piʻi nui ka RWC o nā mea kanu laiki o nā genotypes ʻelua i mālama ʻia me nā phytohormones like ʻole. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻonui nā noi foliar o CK, GA, AUX, a i ʻole BR i ka RWC i nā waiwai like me nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua. Ua hoʻopaʻa nā mea kanu hoʻomalu piha a me nā mea kanu i pīpī ʻia me ka foliar i nā waiwai ma kahi o 83% no nā genotypes ʻelua. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike pū ʻo gs i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi (P ≤ 0.01) i ka pilina hoʻokolohua-lāʻau (Kiʻi 1B). Ua hoʻopaʻa pū ka mea kanu mana piha (AC) i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa no kēlā me kēia genotype (440.65 mmol m-2s-1 no F67 a me 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 no F2000). ʻO nā mea kanu laiki i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka wela i hui pū ʻia ua hōʻike i nā waiwai gs ​​haʻahaʻa loa no nā genotypes ʻelua (150.60 mmol m-2s-1 no F67 a me 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 no F2000). Ua hoʻonui pū ka mālama ʻana i nā foliar me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu āpau i ka g. Ma nā mea kanu laiki F2000 i pīpī ʻia me CC, ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana i nā foliar me nā phytohormones. ʻAʻole i hōʻike kēia hui o nā mea kanu i nā ʻokoʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu mana piha (AC 511.02 a me CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Kiʻi 1. Hopena o ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia (40°/30°C ao/pō) ma ka ʻike wai pili (RWC) (A), ke alakaʻi stomatal (gs) (B), ka hana malondialdehyde (MDA) (C), a me ka ʻike proline. (D) i nā mea kanu o ʻelua genotypes laiki (F67 a me F2000) i 55 mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai (DAE). ʻO nā lāʻau i loiloi ʻia no kēlā me kēia genotype i hoʻokomo ʻia: ka mana piha (AC), ka mana kaumaha wela (SC), ka pilikia wela + auxin (AUX), ka pilikia wela + gibberellin (GA), ka pilikia wela + cell mitogen (CK), a me ka pilikia wela + brassinosteroid. (BR). Hōʻike kēlā me kēia kolamu i ka awelika ± hewa maʻamau o ʻelima mau kiko ʻikepili (n = 5). Hōʻike nā kolamu i ukali ʻia e nā leka like ʻole i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi e like me ka hoʻāʻo a Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Hōʻike nā leka me ka hōʻailona like ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka awelika (≤ 0.05).
Ua hōʻike pū nā ʻike o MDA (P ≤ 0.01) a me proline (P ≤ 0.01) i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻokolohua a me nā lāʻau phytohormone (Kiʻi 1C, D). Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka lipid peroxidation me ka lāʻau SC ma nā genotypes ʻelua (Kiʻi 1C), akā naʻe, ua hōʻike nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia me ka spray regulator ulu lau i ka emi ʻana o ka lipid peroxidation ma nā genotypes ʻelua; Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā phytohormones (CA, AUC, BR a i ʻole GA) e alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka lipid peroxidation (ʻike MDA). ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa i loaʻa ma waena o nā mea kanu AC o nā genotypes ʻelua a me nā mea kanu ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela a pīpī ʻia me nā phytohormones (ʻo nā waiwai FW i ʻike ʻia ma nā mea kanu "F67" mai 4.38-6.77 µmol g-1, a ma nā mea kanu FW "F2000" "nā waiwai i ʻike ʻia mai 2.84 a 9.18 µmol g-1 (nā mea kanu). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka synthesis proline ma nā mea kanu "F67" ma mua o nā mea kanu "F2000" ma lalo o ke kaumaha i hui pū ʻia, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana proline. i nā mea kanu laiki i hoʻokaumaha ʻia e ka wela, ma nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua, ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui nui ka lawelawe ʻana o kēia mau hormones i ka nui o ka waikawa amino o nā mea kanu F2000 (ʻo AUX a me BR he 30.44 a me 18.34 µmol g-1) (Kiʻi 1G).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka ʻūlū ʻana o ka mea hoʻoponopono ulu lāʻau foliar a me ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia ma ka mahana o ka canopy mea kanu a me ka helu hoʻomanawanui pili (RTI) ma nā Kiʻi 2A a me B. No nā genotypes ʻelua, ua kokoke ka mahana o ka canopy o nā mea kanu AC i 27°C, a ʻo ka mahana o nā mea kanu SC ma kahi o 28°C. WITH. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ua hopena nā mālama ʻana o ka foliar me CK a me BR i ka emi ʻana o ka mahana canopy he 2-3°C i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu SC (Kiʻi 2A). Ua hōʻike ʻo RTI i ke ʻano like me nā loli physiological ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi (P ≤ 0.01) i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻokolohua a me ka mālama ʻana (Kiʻi 2B). Ua hōʻike nā mea kanu SC i ka hoʻomanawanui mea kanu haʻahaʻa ma nā genotypes ʻelua (34.18% a me 33.52% no nā mea kanu laiki "F67" a me "F2000", kēlā me kēia). Hoʻomaikaʻi ka hānai ʻana o ka foliar i nā phytohormones i ka RTI i nā mea kanu i hōʻike ʻia i ke kaumaha wela kiʻekiʻe. Ua ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻia o kēia hopena i nā mea kanu "F2000" i pīpī ʻia me CC, kahi i 97.69 ai ka RTI. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma ka yield stress index (CSI) o nā mea kanu laiki ma lalo o nā kūlana stress spray foliar factor (P ≤ 0.01) (Kiʻi 2B). ʻO nā mea kanu laiki wale nō i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pilikia wela paʻakikī i hōʻike i ka waiwai index stress kiʻekiʻe loa (0.816). I ka wā i pīpī ʻia ai nā mea kanu laiki me nā phytohormones like ʻole, ua haʻahaʻa ka index stress (nā waiwai mai 0.6 a 0.67). ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ka mea kanu laiki i ulu ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa he waiwai o 0.138.
Kiʻi 2. Nā hopena o ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia (40°/30°C ao/pō) ma ka mahana o ka canopy (A), ka helu hoʻomanawanui pili (RTI) (B), a me ka helu kaumaha huaʻai (CSI) (C) o nā ʻano mea kanu ʻelua. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā genotypes laiki kalepa (F67 a me F2000) i nā ʻano lapaʻau wela like ʻole. ʻO nā lapaʻau i loiloi ʻia no kēlā me kēia genotype: kaohi piha (AC), kaohi kaumaha wela (SC), kaohi wela + auxin (AUX), kaohi wela + gibberellin (GA), kaohi wela + cell mitogen (CK), a me ka pilikia wela + brassinosteroid. (BR). ʻO ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea kanu laiki i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe o ke ao/pō (40°/30°C ao/pō). Hōʻike kēlā me kēia kolamu i ka awelika ± hewa maʻamau o ʻelima mau kiko ʻikepili (n = 5). Hōʻike nā kolamu i ukali ʻia e nā leka like ʻole i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi e like me ka hoʻāʻo a Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Hōʻike nā leka me ka hōʻailona like ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka awelika (≤ 0.05).
Ua hōʻike ka loiloi ʻāpana nui (PCA) ua wehewehe nā loli i loiloi ʻia ma 55 DAE i 66.1% o nā pane physiological a me biochemical o nā mea kanu laiki i hoʻoluhi ʻia me ka ʻaila hoʻoponopono ulu (Kiʻi 3). Hōʻike nā Vectors i nā loli a hōʻike nā kiko i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu (GRs). Aia nā vectors o gs, ka nui o ka chlorophyll, ka pono quantum kiʻekiʻe o PSII (Fv/Fm) a me nā ʻano biochemical (TChl, MDA a me proline) ma nā kihi kokoke i ke kumu, e hōʻike ana i kahi pilina kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ke ʻano physiological o nā mea kanu a me lākou. loli. Hoʻokahi hui (V) i hoʻokomo i nā mea kanu laiki i ulu ʻia ma ka mahana kūpono (AT) a me nā mea kanu F2000 i mālama ʻia me CK a me BA. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia me GR i hoʻokumu i kahi hui ʻokoʻa (IV), a ʻo ka mālama ʻana me GA ma F2000 i hoʻokumu i kahi hui ʻokoʻa (II). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, aia nā mea kanu laiki i hoʻoluhi ʻia me ka wela (nā hui I a me III) me ka ʻole o ka ʻaila foliar o nā phytohormones (ʻo nā genotypes ʻelua he SC) ma kahi ʻāpana e kū pono ana i ka hui V, e hōʻike ana i ka hopena o ke kaumaha wela i ka physiology mea kanu. .
Kiʻi 3. Ka nānā ʻana i nā hopena o ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia (40°/30°C lā/pō) ma nā mea kanu o nā genotypes laiki ʻelua (F67 a me F2000) ma 55 mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai (DAE). Nā pōkole: AC F67, kaohi piha F67; SC F67, kaohi kaumaha wela F67; AUX F67, kaohi wela + auxin F67; GA F67, kaohi wela + gibberellin F67; CK F67, kaohi wela + mahele cell BR F67, kaohi wela + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, kaohi piha F2000; SC F2000, Kaohi Kaumaha Wela F2000; AUX F2000, kaohi wela + auxin F2000; GA F2000, kaohi wela + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, kaohi wela + cytokinin, BR F2000, kaohi wela + steroid keleawe; F2000.
Hiki i nā loli e like me ka ʻike chlorophyll, ka conductance stomatal, ka lakio Fv/Fm, CSI, MDA, RTI a me ka ʻike proline ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā genotypes laiki a loiloi i ka hopena o nā hoʻolālā agronomic ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). ʻO ke kumu o kēia hoʻokolohua, ʻo ia ke loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ʻehā mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu ma nā ʻano physiological a me biochemical o nā mea kanu laiki ma lalo o nā kūlana kaumaha wela paʻakikī. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea kanu he ala maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi no ka loiloi like ʻana o nā mea kanu laiki ma muli o ka nui a i ʻole ke kūlana o nā ʻoihana i loaʻa (Sarsu et al. 2018). Ua hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi ua hoʻoulu ka kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia i nā pane physiological a me biochemical like ʻole i nā genotypes laiki ʻelua, e hōʻike ana i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻololi. Hōʻike pū kēia mau hopena e kōkua nā sprays regulator ulu foliar (ʻo ia hoʻi nā cytokinins a me nā brassinosteroids) i ka laiki e hoʻololi i ke kaumaha wela paʻakikī e like me ka mea e pili nui ana i nā gs, RWC, Fv/Fm ratio, nā pigments photosynthetic a me ka ʻike proline.
ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūlana wai o nā mea kanu laiki ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela, kahi e pili pū ana me ke kaumaha kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahana canopy mea kanu haʻahaʻa. Ua hōʻike kēia haʻawina ma waena o nā mea kanu "F2000" (genotype susceptible), ʻo nā mea kanu laiki i mālama nui ʻia me CK a i ʻole BR he mau waiwai gs ​​kiʻekiʻe a me nā waiwai PCT haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia me SC. Ua hōʻike pū nā haʻawina mua he mau hōʻailona physiological pololei nā gs a me PCT e hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka pane adaptive o nā mea kanu laiki a me nā hopena o nā hoʻolālā agronomic ma ke kaumaha wela (Restrepo-Diaz lāua ʻo Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero). -Carr DeLong et al., 2021). Hoʻonui ka lau CK a i ʻole BR i ka g ma lalo o ke kaumaha no ka mea hiki i kēia mau hormones mea kanu ke hoʻolaha i ka wehe ʻana o ka stomatal ma o nā pilina synthetic me nā molekala hōʻailona ʻē aʻe e like me ABA (mea hoʻolaha o ka pani ʻana o ka stomatal ma lalo o ke kaumaha abiotic) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). 2013). ). , 2014). Hoʻoulu ka wehe ʻana o ka stomatal i ka hoʻolulu ʻana o ka lau a kōkua i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka mahana o ka canopy (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). No kēia mau kumu, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana o ka canopy o nā mea kanu laiki i pīpī ʻia me CK a i ʻole BR ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia.
Hiki i ke kaumaha wela kiʻekiʻe ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ka pigment photosynthetic o nā lau (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). Ma kēia haʻawina, i ka wā i pilikia ai nā mea kanu laiki a ʻaʻole i pīpī ʻia me nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu, ua emi iho nā pigments photosynthetic ma nā genotypes ʻelua (Papa 2). Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Feng et al. (2013) i ka emi nui ʻana o ka nui o ka chlorophyll i nā lau o ʻelua genotypes palaoa i hōʻike ʻia i ke kaumaha wela. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e hopena pinepine i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka chlorophyll, hiki ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o ka biosynthesis chlorophyll, ka hōʻino ʻana o nā pigments, a i ʻole ko lākou hopena i hui pū ʻia ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela (Fahad et al., 2017). Eia naʻe, ʻo nā mea kanu laiki i mālama nui ʻia me CK a me BA i hoʻonui i ka nui o nā pigments photosynthetic lau ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā hopena like e Jespersen lāua ʻo Huang (2015) a me Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), nāna i ʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka chlorophyll lau ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā hormones zeatin a me epibrassinosteroid i loko o ka bentgrass a me ka laiki i hoʻokaumaha ʻia e ka wela. ʻO kahi wehewehe kūpono no ke kumu e hoʻolaha ai ʻo CK a me BR i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka chlorophyll lau ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia, ʻo ia ka hiki iā CK ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoulu mau ʻana o nā mea hoʻolaha hōʻike (e like me ka mea hoʻolaha senescence-activating (SAG12) a i ʻole ka mea hoʻolaha HSP18) a hōʻemi i ka nalowale o ka chlorophyll i nā lau. , hoʻopaneʻe i ka senescence lau a hoʻonui i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka wela (Liu et al., 2020). Hiki iā BR ke pale i ka chlorophyll lau a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka chlorophyll lau ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka synthesis o nā enzymes e pili ana i ka biosynthesis chlorophyll ma lalo o nā kūlana kaumaha (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). ʻO ka hope loa, ʻelua mau phytohormones (CK a me BR) e hoʻolaha pū i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā protein haʻalulu wela a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana hoʻololi metabolic like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka biosynthesis chlorophyll (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Hāʻawi nā ʻano fluorescence Chlorophyll i kahi ʻano hana wikiwiki a ʻaʻole luku e hiki ai ke loiloi i ka hoʻomanawanui o nā mea kanu a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi abiotic (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano e like me ka lakio Fv/Fm ma ke ʻano he mau hōʻailona o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017; Chavez-Arias et al. 2020). Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hōʻike nā mea kanu SC i nā waiwai haʻahaʻa loa o kēia loli, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea kanu laiki "F2000". Ua ʻike pū ʻo Yin et al. (2010) ua emi nui ka lakio Fv/Fm o nā lau laiki kiʻekiʻe loa i nā mahana ma luna o 35°C. Wahi a Feng et al. (2013), ʻo ka lakio Fv/Fm haʻahaʻa ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi wela e hōʻike ana ua emi ka wikiwiki o ka hopu ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu hoʻonāukiuki e ke kikowaena hana PSII, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻopau ke kikowaena hana PSII ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi wela. ʻO kēia nānā ʻana e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻoholo he ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻia o nā haunaele i loko o ka mea hana photosynthetic i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi (Fedearroz 2000) ma mua o nā ʻano kūʻē (Fedearroz 67).
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana iā CK a i ʻole BR i hoʻonui nui i ka hana o PSII ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī o ke kaumaha wela. Ua loaʻa nā hopena like e Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), nāna i ʻike ua hoʻonui ka noi ʻana o BR i ka pono o PSII ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela i ka laiki. Ua ʻike pū ʻo Kumar et al. (2020) ua hoʻonui nā mea kanu chickpea i mālama ʻia me CK (6-benzyladenine) a ua kau ʻia i ke kaumaha wela i ka lakio Fv/Fm, e hoʻoholo ana ua hoʻolaha ka noi foliar o CK ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kaʻina pigment zeaxanthin i ka hana PSII. Eia kekahi, ua makemake ka pīpī lau BR i ka photosynthesis PSII ma lalo o nā kūlana kaumaha i hui pū ʻia, e hōʻike ana ua hopena ka noi ʻana o kēia phytohormone i ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ikehu hoʻonāukiuki o nā antennae PSII a ua hoʻolaha i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā protein haʻalulu wela liʻiliʻi i loko o nā chloroplasts (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari lāua ʻo Lachowitz). , 2021).
Hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka nui o ka MDA a me ka proline i ka wā e pilikia ai nā mea kanu i ka abiotic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu i ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Ua hōʻike pū nā haʻawina mua he mau hōʻailona biochemical nā pae MDA a me ka proline e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaopopo i ke kaʻina hana hoʻololi a i ʻole ka hopena o nā hana agronomic i ka laiki ma lalo o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe o ke ao a i ʻole ka pō (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al. . , 2021). Ua hōʻike pū kēia mau haʻawina he ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka MDA a me ka proline i nā mea kanu laiki i hōʻike ʻia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ka pō a i ʻole ke ao. Eia nō naʻe, ua kōkua ka pīpī ʻana o ka foliar o CK a me BR i ka emi ʻana o ka MDA a me ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae proline, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka genotype tolerant (Federroz 67). Hiki i ka pīpī CK ke hoʻolaha i ka overexpression o cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, no laila e hoʻonui ana i ka nui o nā hui pale e like me betaine a me proline (Liu et al., 2020). Hoʻolaha ʻo BR i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā osmoprotectants e like me ka betaine, nā kō, a me nā waikawa amino (me ka proline manuahi), e mālama ana i ke kaulike osmotic cellular ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni maikaʻi ʻole (Kothari lāua ʻo Lachowiec, 2021).
Hoʻohana ʻia ka helu kuhi pilikia o nā mea kanu (CSI) a me ka helu kuhi hoʻomanawanui pili (RTI) e hoʻoholo ai inā kōkua nā lāʻau lapaʻau e loiloi ʻia ana i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pilikia like ʻole (abiotic a me biotic) a loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ka physiology mea kanu (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez-Arias et al., 2020). Hiki i nā waiwai CSI ke piʻi mai ka 0 a i ka 1, e hōʻike ana i nā kūlana pilikia ʻole a me ke kaumaha, (Lee et al., 2010). ʻO nā waiwai CSI o nā mea kanu i hoʻoluhi ʻia i ka wela (SC) mai 0.8 a i 0.9 (Kiʻi 2B), e hōʻike ana ua hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā mea kanu laiki e ke kaumaha i hui pū ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pīpī ʻana o ka foliar o BC (0.6) a i ʻole CK (0.6) i alakaʻi nui i ka emi ʻana o kēia hōʻailona ma lalo o nā kūlana pilikia abiotic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu laiki SC. I loko o nā mea kanu F2000, ua hōʻike ka RTI i kahi piʻi kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e hoʻohana ai iā CA (97.69%) a me BC (60.73%) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SA (33.52%), e hōʻike ana ua hāʻawi pū kēia mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pane o ka laiki i ka hoʻomanawanui o ka haku mele. Wela loa. Ua hāpai ʻia kēia mau ʻōkuhi e hoʻokele i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi i mālama ʻia e Lee et al. (2010) ʻo ka CSI o nā ʻano pulupulu ʻelua ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi wai waena ma kahi o 0.85, ʻoiai ʻo nā waiwai CSI o nā ʻano i hoʻoinu maikaʻi ʻia mai 0.4 a 0.6, e hoʻoholo ana he hōʻailona kēia ʻōkuhi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai o nā ʻano. Eia kekahi, ua loiloi ʻo Chavez-Arias et al. (2020) i ka pono o nā elicitors synthetic ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā hoʻokele koʻikoʻi piha i nā mea kanu C. elegans a ua ʻike ʻia ua hōʻike nā mea kanu i pīpī ʻia me kēia mau hui i ka RTI kiʻekiʻe (65%). Ma muli o nā mea i luna, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo CK lāua ʻo BR he mau hoʻolālā agronomic e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻomanawanui o ka laiki i ke kaumaha wela paʻakikī, ʻoiai ʻo kēia mau mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu e hoʻoulu ai i nā pane biochemical a me physiological maikaʻi.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kālele ka noiʻi laiki ma Colombia i ka loiloi ʻana i nā genotypes e hoʻomanawanui i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe o ke ao a i ʻole ka pō me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano physiological a biochemical paha (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Eia nō naʻe, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻenehana kūpono, hoʻokele waiwai a me ka waiwai i mea nui e hāpai i ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā mea kanu i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hopena o nā wā paʻakikī o ke kaumaha wela ma ka ʻāina (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). No laila, ʻo nā pane physiological a me biochemical o nā mea kanu laiki i ke kaumaha wela paʻakikī (40°C lā/30°C pō) i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina e hōʻike ana he ʻano hoʻokele mea kanu kūpono ka pīpī ʻana o ka foliar me CK a i ʻole BR e hōʻemi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. Ka hopena o nā wā o ke kaumaha wela waena. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi kēia mau lāʻau i ka hoʻomanawanui o nā genotypes laiki ʻelua (CSI haʻahaʻa a me RTI kiʻekiʻe), e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano maʻamau i nā pane physiological a me biochemical o nā mea kanu ma lalo o ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia. ʻO ka pane nui o nā mea kanu laiki, ʻo ia ka emi ʻana o ka nui o GC, ka chlorophyll holoʻokoʻa, nā chlorophylls α a me β a me nā carotenoids. Eia kekahi, ua ʻeha nā mea kanu i ka pōʻino PSII (ua emi nā ʻano fluorescence chlorophyll e like me ka ratio Fv/Fm) a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lipid peroxidation. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai ka laiki me CK a me BR, ua hoʻēmi ʻia kēia mau hopena maikaʻi ʻole a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka proline (Kiʻi 4).
Kiʻi 4. Kumu hoʻohālike o nā hopena o ka hoʻoluhi wela i hui pū ʻia a me ka pīpī hoʻoponopono ulu lāʻau foliar ma nā mea kanu laiki. Hōʻike nā pua ʻulaʻula a me ka polū i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a maikaʻi paha o ka pilina ma waena o ke kaumaha wela a me ka hoʻopili ʻana o BR (brassinosteroid) a me CK (cytokinin) ma nā pane physiological a me biochemical, kēlā me kēia. gs: conductance stomatal; Huina Chl: ka nui o ka chlorophyll; Chl α: ka nui o ka chlorophyll β; Cx+c: ka nui o ka carotenoid;
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo nā pane physiological a me biochemical i loko o kēia haʻawina e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea kanu laiki Fedearroz 2000 i kahi manawa o ke kaumaha wela paʻakikī ma mua o nā mea kanu laiki Fedearroz 67. Ua hōʻike nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu āpau i loiloi ʻia ma kēia haʻawina (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, a i ʻole brassinosteroids) i kekahi kekelē o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha wela i hui pū ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻoulu ka cytokinin a me brassinosteroids i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka wā i hoʻonui ai nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu i ka nui o ka chlorophyll, nā ʻano fluorescence alpha-chlorophyll, gs a me RWC i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kanu laiki me ka ʻole o kekahi noi, a ua hoʻemi pū i ka nui o MDA a me ka mahana canopy. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ke hoʻoholo nei mākou ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu (cytokinins a me brassinosteroids) he mea hana pono ia i ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kūlana kaumaha i nā mea kanu laiki i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kaumaha wela koʻikoʻi i nā wā o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā mea kumu i hōʻike ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana me ka ʻatikala, a hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia nā nīnau hou aku i ka mea kākau pili.