Nā Maʻi Mea Kanu a me nā Mea ʻIno Pepeke

ʻO ka pōʻino i nā mea kanu i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻokūkū mai nā nāhelehele a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe e like me nā virus, bacteria, fungi, a me nā pepeke e hōʻino nui i kā lākou huahana a i kekahi mau hihia hiki ke hoʻopau loa i kahi mea kanu. I kēia lā, loaʻa nā hua kanu hilinaʻi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano maʻi kūʻē i nā maʻi, nā hana kaohi olaola, a ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pesticides e kaohi i nā maʻi mea kanu, nā pepeke, nā nāhelehele, a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 1983, ua hoʻolilo ʻia he $1.3 biliona no nā pesticides—koe naʻe nā herbicides—e pale a kaupalena i ka pōʻino i nā mea kanu mai nā maʻi mea kanu, nā nematodes, a me nā pepeke. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pohō o nā mea kanu i ka nele o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pesticide ma mua o kēlā waiwai.

No kahi o 100 mau makahiki, ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana no ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka huahana mahiʻai ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Akā, ʻo nā holomua i loaʻa e ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu he ʻike maoli ia a hiki ke lilo i mea ephemeral. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma muli o ka nele o ka ʻike kumu e pili ana i ka hana o nā genes no ke kūpaʻa ʻana, he pinepine nā haʻawina ma mua o nā ʻimi kikoʻī. Eia kekahi, hiki ke pōkole nā ​​​​hopena ma muli o ke ʻano loli o nā pathogens a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe i ka wā e hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka ʻike genetic hou i loko o nā ʻōnaehana agroecological paʻakikī.

ʻO kahi laʻana maikaʻi loa o ka hopena o ka loli genetic ʻo ia ke ʻano pollen sterile i hoʻoulu ʻia i loko o ka hapa nui o nā ʻano kulina nui e kōkua i ka hana ʻana o ka hua hybrid. Hoʻoili nā mea kanu i loaʻa ka cytoplasm Texas (T) i kēia ʻano sterile kāne ma o ka cytoplasm; pili ia me kahi ʻano mitochondrion. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻouluulu, ua lawe pū kēia mau mitochondria i ka nāwaliwali i kahi toxin i hana ʻia e ka fungus pathogenic.HelminthosporiummaidisʻO ka hopena, ʻo ia ka maʻi ahulau lau kulina ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ke kauwela o 1970.

ʻO nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kemika pesticide ua lilo i mea empirical. Me ka ʻike liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe ʻike mua e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā kemika e koho i nā mea e pepehi i ka pepeke, fungus, a i ʻole ka nāhelehele akā ʻaʻole e hōʻino i ka mea kanu a i ʻole ke kaiapuni.

Ua hoʻopuka nā ʻano hana empirical i nā holomua nui i ka kaohi ʻana i kekahi mau mea ʻino, ʻoiai nā nāhelehele, nā maʻi fungal, a me nā pepeke, akā ke hoʻomau nei ka hakakā, ʻoiai hiki i nā loli genetic i loko o kēia mau mea ʻino ke hoʻihoʻi pinepine i ko lākou virulence ma luna o kahi ʻano mea kanu kūpaʻa a i ʻole e hoʻolilo i ka mea ʻino i kūpaʻa i kahi pest. ʻO ka mea i nalowale mai kēia pōʻaiapuni pau ʻole o ka susceptibility a me ke kūʻē ʻana, ʻo ia ka ʻike maopopo o nā meaola a me nā mea kanu a lākou e hoʻouka ai. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike o nā mea ʻino—ko lākou genetics, biochemistry, a me physiology, ko lākou mau kikowaena a me nā pilina ma waena o lākou—e hoʻolālā ʻia nā hana kaohi pest i kuhikuhi maikaʻi ʻia a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

Kuhi kēia mokuna i kekahi mau ala noiʻi no ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana olaola kumu e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā pathogens mea kanu a me nā pepeke. Hāʻawi ka biology molecular i nā ʻano hana hou no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana o nā genes. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka noho ʻana o nā mea kanu host susceptible a kūʻē a me nā pathogens virulent a avirulent e ʻike a hoʻokaʻawale i nā genes e kāohi ana i nā pilina ma waena o ka host a me ka pathogen. Hiki i nā haʻawina o ke ʻano maikaʻi o kēia mau genes ke alakaʻi i nā clues e pili ana i nā pilina biochemical e kū nei ma waena o nā meaola ʻelua a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o kēia mau genes i loko o ka pathogen a me nā ʻiʻo o ka mea kanu. Pono e hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano a me nā manawa kūpono no ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā ʻano makemake no ke kūʻē ʻana i nā mea kanu huaʻai a, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hana i nā pathogens e virulent i nā mauʻu i koho ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻino arthropod. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo nui ʻana i ka neurobiology pepeke a me ke kemika a me ka hana o nā mea hoʻololi, e like me nā hormones endocrine e hoʻoponopono ana i ka metamorphosis, diapause, a me ka hana hou ʻana, e wehe i nā ala hou no ka kāohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino pepeke ma ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i kā lākou physiology a me ke ʻano ma nā pae koʻikoʻi o ke ola.