ʻO ka poʻe noho me ke kūlana socioeconomic haʻahaʻa (SES) e noho ana i loko o nā hale kaiapuni i kākoʻo ʻia e ke aupuni a i ʻole nā ʻoihana kālā lehulehu e ʻike nui ʻia i nā pesticides i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hale no ka mea ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pesticides ma muli o nā hemahema o ke kūkulu ʻana, mālama maikaʻi ʻole, etc.
I ka makahiki 2017, ua ana ʻia nā pesticides 28 i loko o ka ea i loko o 46 mau ʻāpana o ʻehiku mau hale noho haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma Toronto, Kanada, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea portable i hana ʻia no hoʻokahi pule. ʻO nā pesticides i kālailai ʻia he mau lāʻau pesticides maʻamau a hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa mai kēia mau papa: organochlorines, organophosphorus compound, pyrethroids, a me strobilurins.
Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pesticide ma 89% o nā ʻāpana, me nā helu ʻike (DRs) no nā pesticides pākahi a hiki i 50%, me nā organochlorine kuʻuna a me nā pesticides i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa. Loaʻa i nā pyrethroids i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa nā DFs kiʻekiʻe loa a me nā hoʻopaʻa ʻana, me ka pyrethroid I loaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pae ʻāpana particulate ma 32,000 pg/m3. ʻO Heptachlor, ka mea i kaupalena ʻia ma Kanada i ka makahiki 1985, ʻo ia ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa i manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ka ea holoʻokoʻa (particulate matter me ke kinoea phase) ma 443,000 pg/m3. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, a me permethrin (koe naʻe i hoʻokahi haʻawina) ma mua o nā mea i ana ʻia ma nā hale haʻahaʻa i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi ʻē. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohana manaʻo ʻana i nā pesticides no ka mālama ʻana i nā pest a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kūkulu hale a me nā pena, ua pili nui ka puhi paka me ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā pesticides ʻelima i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā mea kanu paka. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pesticides kiʻekiʻe-DF i loko o nā hale hoʻokahi e hōʻike ana ʻo nā kumu nui o nā pesticides i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia nā papahana hoʻomalu pest i mālama ʻia e nā luna hale a/a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide e ka poʻe noho.
He mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka hale kaiapuni haʻahaʻa, akā hiki i kēia mau hale ke maʻalahi i nā maʻi pest a hilinaʻi i nā pesticides e mālama iā lākou. Ua ʻike mākou he 89% o nā ʻāpana he 46 i hoʻāʻo ʻia i ʻike ʻia i ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi o 28 particulate-phase insecticides, me nā pyrethroids i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa a me nā organochlorines lōʻihi i pāpā ʻia (e laʻa, DDT, heptachlor) loaʻa ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ko lākou hoʻomau kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka hale. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka nui o nā pesticides no ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko, e like me nā strobilurins i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā mea kūkulu hale a me nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu paka. ʻO kēia mau hopena, ʻo ka ʻikepili Kanada mua ma ka hapa nui o nā pesticides i loko, e hōʻike ana i ka lehulehu o ka poʻe i ka nui o lākou.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pesticides i ka hana mahiʻai e hōʻemi i ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e nā pest. Ma 2018, ma kahi o 72% o nā pesticides i kūʻai ʻia ma Kanada i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mahiʻai, me 4.5% wale nō i hoʻohana ʻia i nā wahi noho.[1] No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pesticide a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana ua kālele i nā hoʻonohonoho mahiʻai. Ma nā wahi noho, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pesticide i loko o ka hale hoʻokahi ke hopena i ka 15 mg o ka pesticide i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni.[5] Hoʻohana ʻia nā pesticides i loko o ka hale e hoʻomalu i nā mea ʻino e like me nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala moe. ʻO nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe o nā pesticides e pili ana i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pests holoholona a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he fungicides ma nā lako a me nā huahana mea kūʻai aku (e laʻa, nā kāpeti huluhulu, textiles) a me nā mea kūkulu hale (e laʻa, fungicide-i loko o ka pā paʻa, ka pale maloʻo-kū pale) [6,7,8,9]. Eia hou, hiki i nā hana a ka poʻe noho (e laʻa, puhi i loko o ka hale) hiki ke hopena i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā pesticides i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i ka paka i loko o nā wahi o loko [10]. ʻO kahi kumu ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka pesticide i loko o nā wahi i loko o kā lākou lawe ʻana mai waho [11,12,13].
Ma waho aʻe o nā limahana mahiʻai a me ko lākou mau ʻohana, ua pilikia kekahi mau hui i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā keiki i nā mea haumia o loko, me nā pesticides, ma mua o nā pākeke ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka inhalation, ka ʻai ʻana o ka lepo, a me nā hana lima-a-waha e pili ana i ke kaumaha o ke kino [14, 15]. No ka laʻana, Trunnel et al. uaʻikeʻia ua hoʻopili maikaʻiʻia ka pyrethroid / pyrethrin (PYR) i loko o ka holoi papahele me ka PYR metabolite i loko o ka mimi o nā keiki [16]. ʻO ka DF o ka PYR pesticide metabolites i hōʻikeʻia ma ka Canadian Health Measures Study (CHMS) iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā keiki i piha i ka makahiki 3-5 ma mua o nā poʻeʻelemakule [17]. Manaʻo ʻia nā wahine hāpai a me kā lākou pēpē he pūʻulu nāwaliwali ma muli o ka pilikia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pesticide i ke ola mua. Wyatt et al. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua pili nui nā pesticides i loko o nā hōʻike koko makuahine a me neonatal, e like me ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka makuahine-fetal [18].
ʻO ka poʻe e noho ana i nā hale haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa paha ka nui o ka pilikia o ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia o loko, me nā pesticides [19, 20, 21]. No ka laʻana, ma Kanada, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe me ke kūlana socioeconomic haʻahaʻa (SES) i nā phthalates, halogenated flame retardants, organophosphorus plasticizers and flame retardants, a me polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ma mua o ka poʻe me SES kiʻekiʻe [22,23,24]. ʻO kekahi o kēia mauʻike e pili ana i nā poʻe e noho ana i "ka hale noho," a mākou e wehewehe nei he hale hoʻolimalima i kākoʻoʻia e ke aupuni (a iʻole nā keʻena i kākoʻoʻia e ke aupuni) i loaʻa nā poʻe noho o ke kūlana socioeconomic haʻahaʻa [25]. ʻO nā hale noho i loko o nā hale noho lehulehu (MURBs) hiki ke loaʻa i nā pest infestations, ka mea nui ma muli o ko lākou mau hemahema (e like me nā māwae a me nā māwae i loko o nā paia), ka nele o ka mālama pono / hoʻoponopono, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻole a me ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i nā'ōpala, a me ka hoʻonui pinepine [20, 26]. ʻOiai ua loaʻa nā papahana hoʻokele pest i hoʻohui ʻia e hōʻemi i ka pono o nā polokalamu hoʻomalu pest i ka hoʻokele hale a no laila e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hale lehulehu, hiki i nā pests ke laha i loko o ka hale [21, 27, 28]. Hiki i ka laha pest a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticide ke hoʻopilikia i ka maikaʻi o ka ea o loko a hōʻike i ka poʻe noho i ka pilikia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide, e alakaʻi ana i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole [29]. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka pae o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pesticides i pāpā ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma nā hale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā hale kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hale [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā koho haʻahaʻa o ka poʻe haʻahaʻa no ka haʻalele ʻana i ko lākou mau home, hiki ke ʻike mau ʻia lākou i nā pesticides ma ko lākou mau home.
I loko o nā hale, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā poʻe noho i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā pesticides no ka manawa lōʻihi no ka mea e hoʻomau ʻia nā koena pesticide ma muli o ka nele o ka lā, ka makū, a me nā ala degradation microbial [33,34,35]. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide e pili ana i nā hopena olakino e like me ke kīnā neurodevelopmental (ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka IQ waha i nā keikikāne), a me nā maʻi maʻi koko, nā maʻi maʻi lolo (me nā maʻi maʻi ʻōpiopio), nā hopena pili pili i ka endocrine, a me ka maʻi o Alzheimer.
Ma ke ʻano he pāʻina i ka Stockholm Convention, ua kaupalena ʻo Kanada i ʻeiwa OCP [42, 54]. ʻO ka loiloi hou ʻana i nā koi hoʻoponopono ma Kanada ua hopena i ka pau ʻana o nā mea hoʻohana i loko o ka hale o OPP a me ka carbamate.[55] Hoʻopaʻa pū ka Pest Management Regulatory Agency o Kanada (PMRA) i kekahi mau hoʻohana i loko o ka PYR. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o cypermethrin no ka mālama ʻana i ka perimeter i loko a me nā hoʻolaha ma muli o kona hopena i ke olakino kanaka, ʻoi aku i nā keiki [56]. Hāʻawi ka Figure 1 i kahi hōʻuluʻulu o kēia mau palena [55, 57, 58].
Hōʻike ka Y-axis i nā pesticides i ʻike ʻia (ma luna aʻe o ka palena ʻike o ke ʻano, Table S6), a ʻo ka X-axis e hōʻike ana i ka laulā o nā pesticides i ka lewa ma ka māhele ʻāpana ma luna o ka palena ʻike. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kikoʻī o nā alapine ʻike a me nā koina kiʻekiʻe ma ka Papa S6.
ʻO kā mākou mau pahuhopu e ana i ka ea i loko o ka hale a me ka hōʻike ʻana (e laʻa, inhalation) o nā pesticides i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa a me ka hoʻoilina i nā hale kūlana socioeconomic haʻahaʻa e noho ana ma nā hale noho ma Toronto, Kanada, a e nānā i kekahi o nā mea pili i kēia mau hōʻike. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia pepa, ʻo ia ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka hakahaka o ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pesticides i kēia manawa a me ka hoʻoilina i loko o nā hale o nā poʻe nāwaliwali, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻikepili pesticide i loko o Kanada [6].
Ua nānā ka poʻe noiʻi i ka nui o nā pesticide i ʻehiku mau hale noho kaiaulu MURB i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki 1970 ma ʻekolu mau kahua ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Toronto. ʻO nā hale a pau ma kahi o 65 km mai kahi ʻāpana mahiʻai (ʻaʻole me nā ʻāpana o hope). He ʻelele kēia mau hale no ka hale noho kaiaulu o Toronto. ʻO kā mākou aʻo ʻana he hoʻonui ʻia o kahi noiʻi nui i nānā i nā pae particulate (PM) ma nā hale noho kaiaulu ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikehu [59,60,61]. No laila, ua kaupalena ʻia kā mākou hoʻolālā sampling i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka PM airborne.
No kēlā me kēia poloka, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā hoʻololi e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a me ka ikehu (e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana ventilation, boilers a me nā mea hoʻomehana wela) e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka ea i loko a hoʻonui i ka hōʻoluʻolu wela [62, 63]. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā keʻena e like me ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana: ʻelemakule, ʻohana a me ka poʻe hoʻokahi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā ʻano o nā hale i wehewehe ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe [24].
He kanahākūmāono mau ʻāpana kānana ea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai 46 MURB hale kaiapuni i ka hoʻoilo 2017 i kālailai ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻolālā haʻawina, hōʻiliʻili laʻana, a me nā kaʻina hana mālama i wehewehe ʻia e Wang et al. [60]. ʻO ka pōkole, ua hoʻolako ʻia kēlā me kēia hui me kahi mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea Amaircare XR-100 i hoʻopili ʻia me 127 mm kiʻekiʻe-efficiency particulate air filter media (ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kānana HEPA) no 1 pule. Ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea lawe lima me ka isopropyl holoi ʻia ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana e pale aku i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea uila ma ka paia o ka lumi noho 30 knm mai ke kaupaku a/ai ʻole e like me ke kuhikuhi ʻana e nā kamaʻāina e pale aku i ka pilikia i nā kamaʻāina a e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke komo ʻole ʻia (e ʻike i ka ʻIke Hoʻohui SI1, Kiʻi S1). I loko o ka manawa hoʻohālike o kēlā me kēia pule, he 39.2 m3 / lā ka kahe waena (e nānā i ka SI1 no nā kikoʻī o nā ʻano hana e hoʻoholo ai i ke kahe). Ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka laʻana ma Ianuali a me Pepeluali 2015, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi mākaʻikaʻi puka-i-puka a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano o ka home a me nā ʻano o ka noho ʻana (e laʻa me ka puhi paka). Ua mālama ʻia kahi noiʻi ma hope o kēlā me kēia kipa ʻana mai 2015 a 2017. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kikoʻī piha ma Touchie et al. [64] I ka pōkole, ʻo ka manaʻo o ka anamanaʻo ʻo ia ka loiloi i ka ʻano o ka poʻe noho a me nā loli i nā ʻano hale a me nā ʻano o ka mea noho e like me ka puhi paka, ka hana ʻana i ka puka a me ka puka makani, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu a i ʻole nā mea pā kīhini i ka wā e kuke ai. [59, 64] Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ua kālailai ʻia nā kānana no nā pesticides target 28 (endosulfan I a me II a me α- a me γ-chlordane i manaʻo ʻia he pūhui ʻokoʻa, a ʻo ka p,p′-DDE he metabolite o p,p′-DDT, ʻaʻole he pesticide), me nā pesticides kahiko a me nā mea hou (Table S1).
ʻO Wang et al. [60] wehewehe kikoʻī i ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Ua māhele ʻia kēlā me kēia kānana i ka hapalua a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hapalua no ka nānā ʻana i nā pesticides 28 (Papa S1). ʻO nā kānana kānana a me nā pani hakahaka o ke keʻena he mau kānana fiber aniani, hoʻokahi no kēlā me kēia ʻelima mau laʻana no ka huina o ʻeiwa, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ʻeono mau lepili pesticide surrogates (Table S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) e hoʻomalu no ka hoʻōla. Ua ana pū ʻia nā manaʻo pesticide i loko o ʻelima kīhāpai kahua. Kēlā me kēia kānana hāpana ua sonicated ekolu manawa no 20 min kēlā me kēia me 10 mL o hexane: acetone: dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific). Hoʻohui ʻia nā supernatants mai nā unuhi ʻekolu a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka 1 mL i kahi evaporator Zymark Turbovap ma lalo o kahi kahe mau o ka nitrogen. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka extract me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kolamu Florisil® SPE (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE tubes, Supelco) a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i 0.5 mL me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Zymark Turbovap a hoʻololi ʻia i kahi hue amber GC. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Table S2) ma ke ʻano he maʻamau kūloko. Ua hana ʻia nā loiloi e ke kinoea chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC a me Agilent 5977A MSD) i ka hopena electron a me nā ʻano ionization kemika. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻāpana mea hana ma SI4 a hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻike ion quantitative ma nā Papa S3 a me S4.
Ma mua o ka unuhi ʻia ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea pani pesticide i nā laʻana a me nā blanks (Papa S2) e nānā i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana. Loaʻa ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūhui marker i nā laʻana mai 62% a 83%; ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā hopena a pau no nā kemika pākahi no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mean laboratory a me nā helu blank field no kēlā me kēia pesticide (helu ʻia nā waiwai ma ka Papa S5) e like me nā pae hoʻohālike i wehewehe ʻia e Saini et al. [65]: i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻike paʻa ʻole ma mua o 5% o ka hāpana hāpana, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻole no nā kemika pākahi; inā he 5-35% ka nui o ka hakahaka, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻikepili; inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike hakahaka ma mua o 35% o ka waiwai, ua hoʻolei ʻia ka ʻikepili. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka palena ʻike ʻano (MDL, Papa S6) ma ke ʻano he mean concentration o ka blank laboratory (n = 9) me ʻekolu mau manawa o ka deviation maʻamau. Inā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi pūhui i ka hakahaka, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ratio hōʻailona-a-noise o ka hui i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (~ 10: 1) no ka helu ʻana i ka palena ʻike mea kani. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me nā laʻana kahua
Hoʻololi ʻia ka nui kemika ma ka kānana ea i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ea ea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i ka gravimetric, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ke kahe kahe o ka kānana a me ka pono kānana i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka ea e like me ka hoohalike 1:
kahi M (g) ka huina nui o ka PM i hopu ʻia e ka kānana, f (pg/g) ka pollutant concentration ma ka PM i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, η ka pono kānana (manaʻo ʻia ʻo 100% ma muli o ka kānana mea a me ka nui o nā ʻāpana [67]), Q (m3/h) ʻo ia ka volumetric ea kahe ma o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea lawe lima, a ʻo ka manawa hoʻolālā ʻo ia ka manawa. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka paona kānana ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kikoʻī piha o nā ana a me nā kahe o ka ea e Wang et al. [60].
ʻO ke ʻano hana laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia pepa i ana wale ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana o ka māhele particulate. Ua manaʻo mākou i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā pesticides i loko o ke kinoea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike Harner-Biedelman (Equation 2), me ka manaʻo ʻana i ka equilibrium kemika ma waena o nā pae [68]. Ua kiʻi ʻia ka Equation 2 no nā mea ʻokoʻa ma waho, akā ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana i ka ea a me nā kaiapuni i loko [69, 70].
ʻo ka logarithmic ka hoʻololi logarithmic o ka pākuʻi ʻāpana-kinoea i loko o ka lewa, ʻo ka log Koa ka hoʻololi logarithmic o ka octanol/air partition coefficient, ʻo Koa (dimensionless), a ʻo \({fom}\) ka hakina o nā mea ola i loko o nā mea ʻāpana (dimensionless). Lawe ʻia ka waiwai fom he 0.4 [71, 72]. Ua lawe ʻia ka waiwai Koa mai ka OPERA 2.6 i loaʻa me ka CompTox chemical monitoring dashboard (US EPA, 2023) (Figure S2), no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano koho ʻē aʻe [73]. Loaʻa iā mākou nā waiwai hoʻokolohua o Koa a me Kowwin / HENRYWIN e hoʻohana ana i ka EPISuite [74].
No ka mea ʻo DF no nā pesticides āpau i ʻike ʻia he ≤50%, nā waiwai
Hōʻike ka Kiʻi S3 a me nā Papa S6 a me S8 i nā waiwai Koa ma muli o ka OPERA, ka ʻāpana ʻāpana (filter) o kēlā me kēia pūʻulu pesticide, a me ka māhele kinoea i helu ʻia a me ka nui o ka ʻike. Hāʻawi ʻia nā koina hoʻokolohua a me ka helu ʻana o nā pesticides no kēlā me kēia pūʻulu kemika (ʻo ia hoʻi, Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, a me Σ3STR) i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā koina Koa hoʻokolohua a helu ʻia mai EPISuite ma nā Papa S7 a me S8. Hōʻike mākou i ke ana ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana a hoʻohālikelike i ka huina o ka ea i helu ʻia ma ʻaneʻi (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manaʻo o OPERA) me nā ʻike ea mai ka helu palena ʻole o nā hōʻike mahiʻai ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pesticide ea a mai kekahi mau haʻawina o nā hale haʻahaʻa-SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Table S9). He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo he pili kēia hoʻohālikelike ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hana laʻana a me nā makahiki aʻo. I ko mākou ʻike, ʻo ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ka mea mua e ana i nā pesticides ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā organochlorine kuʻuna i loko o ka ea i loko o Kanada.
Ma ka māhele ʻāpana, ʻo 4400 pg/m3 ka nui loa i ʻike ʻia o ka Σ8OCP (Papa S8). ʻO ka OCP me ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe loa he heptachlor (kaohi ʻia i ka makahiki 1985) me ka nui o ka 2600 pg/m3, a ukali ʻia e p,p′-DDT (kaohi ʻia ma 1985) me ka nui o ka 1400 pg/m3 [57]. ʻO Chlorothalonil me ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa o 1200 pg / m3 he mea antibacterial a me antifungal pesticide i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pena. ʻOiai ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kona hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko i ka makahiki 2011, e mau ana kāna DF ma 50% [55]. Hōʻike nā koina DF kiʻekiʻe a me nā manaʻo o nā OCP kuʻuna ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā OCP i ka wā ma mua a ke hoʻomau nei lākou i nā kaiapuni o loko [6].
Ua hōʻike mua nā haʻawina i ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana o ka makahiki kūkulu hale me nā manaʻo o nā OCP kahiko [6, 79]. ʻO ka maʻamau, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā OCP no ka mālama ʻana i nā pest i loko, ʻoi aku ka lindane no ka mālama ʻana i nā lice poʻo, kahi maʻi maʻamau i nā hale me ke kūlana socioeconomic haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā hale me ke kūlana socioeconomic kiʻekiʻe [80, 81]. ʻO ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe loa o lindane he 990 pg/m3.
No ka nui o nā mea ʻāpana a me ke kinoea, ʻo ka heptachlor ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, me ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o 443,000 pg/m3. ʻO ka nui loa o ka nui o ka ea Σ8OCP i manaʻo ʻia mai nā waiwai Koa ma nā pae ʻē aʻe i helu ʻia ma ka Papa S8. ʻO ka nui o ka heptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, a me endosulfan I he 2 (chlorothalonil) a hiki i ka 11 (endosulfan I) mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe o nā wahi noho kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma United States a me Farani i ana ʻia i nā makahiki 30 i hala [77, 82,83,84].
ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o nā OPs ʻekolu (Σ3OPPs)—malathion, trichlorfon, a me diazinon—he 3,600 pg/m3. ʻO kēia mau mea, ʻo ka malathion wale nō i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka noho ma Kanada.[55] Ua loaʻa iā Trichlorfon ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāpana particulate ma ka māhele OPP, me ka nui o 3,600 pg/m3. Ma Kanada, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka trichlorfon ma ke ʻano he lāʻau pesticide ʻenehana i nā huahana hoʻomalu pest ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā nalo kū ʻole a me nā moho.[55] Hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Malathion ma ke ʻano he rodenticide no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hale, me ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o 2,800 pg/m3.
ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o nā Σ3OPPs (gas + particles) i ka lewa he 77,000 pg / m3 (60,000-200,000 pg / m3 ma muli o ka waiwai EPISuite Koa). ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka OPP Airborne (DF 11-24%) ma mua o ka nui o ka OCP (DF 0-50%), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻomau ʻana o OCP [85].
ʻO ka diazinon a me ka malathion concentrations i hōʻikeʻia maʻaneʻi uaʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea i anaʻia ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma nāʻohana kūlana socioeconomic haʻahaʻa ma South Texas a me Boston (kahi i hōʻikeʻia ai ka diazinon wale nō) [26, 78]. ʻO nā haʻahaʻa diazinon a mākou i ana ua haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina o nā hale kūlana haʻahaʻa a me waena o ka nohona socioeconomic ma New York a me Northern California (ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi i nā hōʻike hou aku i ka palapala) [76, 77].
ʻO nā PYR nā lāʻau pesticides i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka moena moe ma nā ʻāina he nui, akā liʻiliʻi nā haʻawina i ana i ko lākou ʻike ʻana i ka ea o loko [86, 87]. ʻO kēia ka manawa mua i hōʻike ʻia ai ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi PYR i loko o Kanada.
Ma ka māhele ʻāpana, ʻo ka nui o ka waiwai \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) he 36,000 pg/m3. ʻO Pyrethrin I ka mea i ʻike pinepine ʻia (DF% = 48), me ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe o 32,000 pg/m3 ma waena o nā pesticides āpau. Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Pyrethroid I ma Kanada no ka mālama ʻana i nā moena moe, nā ʻōpala, nā inike lele, a me nā mea ʻai meaʻai [55, 88]. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo pyrethrin I he lāʻau lapaʻau mua no ka pediculosis ma Kanada [89]. Ma muli o ka maʻalahi o ka poʻe e noho ana i loko o ka hale noho i ka moena moe a me nā lice [80, 81], ua manaʻo mākou he kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pyrethrin I. I ko mākou ʻike, hoʻokahi wale nō haʻawina i hōʻike i ka nui o ka pyrethrin I i loko o ka ea o loko o nā hale noho, a ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻike i ka pyrethrin I i loko o nā hale pili. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā manaʻo i ʻike ʻia ma mua o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala [90].
Ua ʻano kiʻekiʻe nō hoʻi nā koina Allethrin, a ʻo ka lua o ka neʻe kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o ka ʻāpana particulate ma 16,000 pg/m3, a ukali ʻia e ka permethrin (kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe 14,000 pg/m3). Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Allethrin a me permethrin i ke kūkulu hale. E like me ka pyrethrin I, hoʻohana ʻia ka permethrin ma Kanada e mālama i nā maki poʻo.[89] ʻO ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe loa o L-cyhalothrin i ʻike ʻia he 6,000 pg / m3. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo L-cyhalothrin no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home ma Kanada, ua ʻae ʻia ia no ka hoʻohana pāʻoihana e pale aku i ka lāʻau mai nā ʻanuʻu kamanā.[55, 91]
ʻO ka huina nui loa o \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) i ka ea he 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 ma muli o ka waiwai EPISuite Koa). ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o Allethrin a me permethrin ma ʻaneʻi (ka kiʻekiʻe 406,000 pg / m3 a me 14,500 pg / m3, kēlā me kēia) ma mua o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina ea i loko o ka SES haʻahaʻa [26, 77, 78]. Eia naʻe, ʻo Wyatt et al. ua hōʻike i nā pae permethrin kiʻekiʻe ma ka ea i loko o nā hale haʻahaʻa-SES ma New York City ma mua o kā mākou hopena (12 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe) [76]. ʻO nā haʻahaʻa permethrin a mākou i ana mai ka palena haʻahaʻa a hiki i ka 5300 pg/m3 kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā biocides STR no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka home ma Kanada, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau mea kūkulu hale e like me ka mold-resistant siding [75, 93]. Ua ana mākou i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka nui o ka \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) o 1200 pg/m3 a me ka nui o ka ea \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) a hiki i 1300 pg/m3. ʻAʻole i ana mua ʻia nā manaʻo STR i loko o ka ea i loko.
ʻO ka imidacloprid kahi lāʻau lāʻau neonicotinoid i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma Kanada no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pests o nā holoholona home.[55] He 930 pg/m3 ka nui o ka imidacloprid, a he 34,000 pg/m3 ka nui loa o ka ea.
Hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka propiconazole fungicide ma Kanada no ka hoʻohana ʻana i mea mālama lāʻau i nā mea kūkulu hale.[55] ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa a mākou i ana ma ka māhele particulate ʻo 1100 pg/m3, a ʻo ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana i ka ea maʻamau i manaʻo ʻia he 2200 pg/m3.
ʻO Pendimethalin kahi pesticide dinitroaniline me ka nui o ka nui o ka ʻāpana particulate o 4400 pg/m3 a me ka nui o ka nui o ka ea nui o 9100 pg/m3. ʻAʻole hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka Pendimethalin no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hale noho ma Kanada, akā hoʻokahi kumu o ka hoʻolaha ʻana ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paka, e like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma lalo nei.
Nui nā lāʻau pesticides i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi me kekahi (Papa S10). E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, p,p′-DDT a me p,p′-DDE he mau pilina koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no ka mea ʻo p,p′-DDE he metabolite o p,p′-DDT. Pēlā nō, he pilina koʻikoʻi ka endosulfan I a me ka endosulfan II no ka mea ʻelua mau diastereoisomers i hui pū ʻia i ka endosulfan ʻenehana. ʻO ka ratio o nā diastereoisomers ʻelua (endosulfan I: endosulfan II) ʻokoʻa mai ka 2: 1 a i ka 7: 3 ma muli o ka hui ʻenehana [94]. Ma kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ka ratio mai 1:1 a i 2:1.
Ua ʻimi hou mākou i nā hanana like ʻole e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o nā pesticides a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides he nui i loko o kahi huahana pesticide hoʻokahi (e nānā i ka ʻāpana haʻihaʻi ma ke Kiʻi S4). No ka laʻana, hiki ke hui pū ʻia no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hana me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe me nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e like me ka hui ʻana o pyriproxyfen a me tetramethrin. Maʻaneʻi, uaʻike mākou i ka pilina (p <0.01) a me ka hui pūʻana (6 mau'āpana) o kēia mau pesticides (Figure S4 a me Table S10), e like me kā lākou hui pūʻana [75]. Ua ʻike ʻia nā pilina koʻikoʻi (p <0.01) a me nā hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā OCP e like me p, p′-DDT me ka lindane (5 mau ʻāpana) a me ka heptachlor (6 mau ʻāpana), e hōʻike ana ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou i kahi manawa a i hoʻopili pū ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā palena. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o nā OFP, koe naʻe ka diazinon a me ka malathion, i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāpana 2.
Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka co-occurrence rate (8 units) i ʻike ʻia ma waena o pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid a me permethrin ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau pesticides ikaika ʻekolu i nā huahana insecticidal no ka mālama ʻana i nā ticks, lice a me nā ʻīlio ma nā ʻīlio [95]. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike pū ʻia nā helu co-occurrence o imidacloprid a me L-cypermethrin (4 mau ʻāpana), propargyltrine (4 mau ʻāpana) a me pyrethrin I (9 mau ʻāpana). I ko mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe hōʻike i paʻi ʻia o ka hui pū ʻana o imidacloprid me L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine a me pyrethrin I ma Kanada. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā pesticides i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he hui pū ʻana o imidacloprid me L-cypermethrin a me propargyltrine [96, 97]. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole mākou ʻike i nā huahana i loaʻa kahi hui o pyrethrin I a me imidacloprid. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides ʻelua e wehewehe i ka hui pū ʻana i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻelua no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā moena moe, ka mea maʻamau i ka hale noho [86, 98]. Ua ʻike mākou ua pili nui ʻia ka permethrin a me ka pyrethrin I (16 units) (p <0.01) a loaʻa ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hui pū ʻana, e manaʻo ana ua hoʻohana pū ʻia lākou; He ʻoiaʻiʻo nō kēia no pyrethrin I a me allethrin (7 ʻāpana, p <0.05), aʻo ka permethrin a me ka allethrin he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (5 units, p <0.05) [75]. ʻO ka Pendimethalin, ka permethrin a me ka thiophanate-methyl, i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā mea kanu paka, ua hōʻike pū kekahi i ka pilina a me ka hui pū ʻana ma ʻeiwa mau ʻāpana. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻoponopono hou a me nā hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā pesticides i hōʻike ʻole ʻia nā co-formulations, e like me ka permethrin me STRs (ie, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, a me trifloxystrobin).
ʻO ka mahi ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka paka e hilinaʻi nui i nā pesticides. Hoʻemi ʻia nā pae pesticide i ka paka i ka wā o ka ʻohi, hoʻōla ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i nā huahana hope loa. Eia naʻe, ke waiho mau nei nā koena pesticide i loko o nā lau paka.[99] Eia hou, hiki ke mālama ʻia nā lau paka me nā pesticides ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana.[100] ʻO ka hopena, ua ʻike ʻia nā pesticides ma nā lau paka a me ka uahi.
Ma Ontario, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā hale noho kaiaulu nui loa he 12 i loaʻa ʻole kahi kulekele puhi ʻole, e waiho ana i nā poʻe noho i ka pilikia o ka ʻike ʻana i ka uahi lua.[101] ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā hale noho kaiapuni MURB i kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i kahi kulekele ʻole uahi. Ua noiʻi mākou i nā kamaʻāina no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike e pili ana i kā lākou hana ʻana i ka puhi paka a mālama ʻia nā ʻāpana i ka wā e kipa aku ai i ka home e ʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka puhi paka.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-06-2025