ʻO nā Acaricides kahi papa o nā pesticides i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka mahiʻai, ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e kāohi i nā mites mahiʻai, a i ʻole nā kuki ma nā holoholona a i ʻole nā holoholona. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ua nui ka pohō o ka honua ma muli o nā mea ʻino mite. Wahi a ka Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 80 pakeneka o nā bipi pipi o ka honua i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kuki, kahi i lilo ai ke ao holoʻokoʻa he $7.3 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki i nā pohō waiwai. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ua nalowale nā mea kanu soybean i hōʻino ʻia e ka spider mite Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) ma kahi o 18.28% i ka hua cereal. Ma Kina, kokoke i 40 miliona ʻeka o citrus i hoʻopilikia ʻia e Panonychus citri (McGregor). No laila, ke piʻi nei ke koi o ka mākeke honua no nā acaricides i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā huahana ʻewalu kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka mākeke acaricide i ka makahiki 2018: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, a me propargite, hexythiazox, a me fenpyroximate, ʻo kā lākou kūʻai aku he US$572 miliona, e helu ana i 69.1% o ka mākeke acaricide, a ke manaʻo ʻia nei ka nui o ka mākeke e hiki i ka US$2 biliona ma ka makahiki 2025. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mākeke o nā acaricides i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai honua, ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no nā huahana kūlohelohe, a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no nā hana mahiʻai hoʻomau.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi o ka mākeke acaricide honua ʻo ka ʻuku kolo ʻulaʻula, ka citrus Panclaw a me ka Panonychus urmi nā ʻano ʻuku kolo koʻikoʻi loa o ka hoʻokele waiwai, e helu ana ma mua o 80% o ka mākeke. ʻO nā ʻuku kolo pili ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia nā ʻuku kolo pseudo (ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻuku kolo pōkole), nā ʻuku kolo rust a me nā ʻuku kolo gall a me horsefly. ʻO nā mea kanu a me nā huaʻai, me nā citrus, nā waina waina, nā soybeans, ka pulupulu, a me ka kulina, nā mea kanu nui i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā acaricides.
Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke ola pōkole, ka parthenogenesis, nā mea hana metabolic kū hoʻokahi a me ka hoʻololi ikaika ʻana i ke kaiapuni o nā mites herbivorous e like me nā mites spider a me nā mites panclaw, ua ulu wikiwiki ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i nā acaricides. ʻO nā mites ka 3 o nā arthropods kūʻē 12 i hōʻike ʻia. I ka hoʻohana honua o nā acaricides, ke noho nei nā acaricides kemika maʻamau e like me nā organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, a me nā pyrethroids i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoiai ua puka mai nā acaricides kiʻekiʻe e like me ka bifenazate a me ka acetafenac, he koʻikoʻi nō ka pilikia o ka homogenization o nā acaricides. Me ka hoʻohana lōʻihi a me ka ʻepekema ʻole o kēia mau acaricides, ua hoʻomohala ka hapa nui o nā mites herbivorous i nā ʻano kūʻē like ʻole i nā acaricides kemika ma ka mākeke, a ua emi nui ko lākou hopena. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikia kaiapuni a me ka piʻi mālie ʻana o ka ʻāpana o ka mahiʻai organik, ua piʻi nui ka noi no nā huahana kūlohelohe e pale i nā mea kanu ma ka mākeke honua. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā acaricides olaola palekana, kūpono, pili i ke kaiapuni, ʻaʻole i hōʻino nui i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a me nā acaricides olaola hou e pale aku ai i ka maʻalahi e hana i ke kūʻē e kokoke mai ana.
Ma muli o kēia, he mea wikiwiki ia no ka ʻoihana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana e hoʻohana pono i nā pono o nā kumuwaiwai olaola o Kina e hoʻolaha i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā acaricides olaola.
1. Ka ʻikepili noiʻi o nā alkaloids veratrotrol
ʻO Hellebore, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻaka mauna, he hellebore ʻeleʻele, he mea lapaʻau mau loa ia. Ma ke ʻano he mea kanu insecticidal maoli ma Kina, ʻeli pinepine ka poʻe i kona rhizomes i ka wā kanu a palai iā ia i loko o kahi decoction mālie e holoi anu i nā hipa, nā kao, nā bipi a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, a e hana me nā ilo nalo hale a me nā parasites ʻē aʻe. A laila ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi he hopena maikaʻi ko ka hellebore i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ethyl acetate extract o Veratrum rhizome he hana insecticidal maikaʻi ma ka lua a me ke kolu o ka instar larvae o Plutella xylostella, ʻoiai ʻo ka Veratrol alkaloid extract he hopena make i ka makua a me ka hā o ka instar larvae o ka cockroach Kelemania. I ka manawa like, ua ʻike pū nā mea noiʻi he hana acaricidal maikaʻi nā ʻano like ʻole o Veratrum rhizome, ma waena o ia ka ethanol extract>chloroform extract>n-butanol extract.
Eia nō naʻe, he pilikia paʻakikī ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana i nā mea hana. Hoʻohana pinepine nā kānaka noiʻi Kina i ka unuhi ʻana o ka chloroform ultrasonic ammonia-alkalized, ka unuhi ʻana i ka wai, ka unuhi ʻana i ka ethanol percolation, a me ka unuhi ʻana o ka CO2 supercritical e loaʻa ai nā mea hana mai nā rhizomes veratrum. I waena o lākou, hoʻohana ke ʻano unuhi ʻana o ka chloroform ultrasonic ammonia alkalized i ka nui o ka chloroform solvent ʻawahia ʻoiai he kiʻekiʻe ka wikiwiki o ka unuhi ʻana; he nui nā manawa unuhi o ke ʻano unuhi wai, nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai, a haʻahaʻa ka wikiwiki unuhi; haʻahaʻa ka wikiwiki. ʻO ke ʻano unuhi ʻana o ka CO2 supercritical e unuhi i nā alkaloids veratroline ʻaʻole wale ka wikiwiki unuhi kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i luku ʻia nā mea hana, akā ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea hana o nā huahana i loaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea ʻino o ke koena CO2 ʻaʻohe mea ʻawahia a me ka solvent-free i ke kino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni, hiki ke hoʻolohi i ka haumia o ke kaiapuni i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻano unuhi kuʻuna, a ua helu ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻenehana unuhi a hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi loa no nā hopena lāʻau lapaʻau o nā mea kanu. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kaʻina hana pilikia a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe e pale aku i kāna noi ʻoihana nui.
2. Ka holomua o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā alkaloids veratrotrol
Ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻenehana unuhi o Veratrum. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka ʻenehana unuhi like ʻana ma luna o ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau Kina kuʻuna veratrorum, i hoʻohui ʻia e nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau kūlohelohe. , Hoʻomākaukau pū ʻia ʻo Veratrotoin a me nā mea hana he nui, a i ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe like ʻole e unuhi mau i nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau botanical, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea hana ikaika i nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau botanical i nā pae. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana hui o nā hui me nā hana like ʻole a i ʻole nā hana like mai ka pūʻulu like o nā mea maka. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka helu hoʻohana o nā mea maka botanical, hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana, a hoʻonui nui i ka hoʻokūkū mākeke.
Ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano hana o nā mea hana Veratrum. ʻO ka Veratrol rhizome extract kahi ʻano hui, aia ma mua o ʻumi mau mea hana e like me veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, a me resveratrol oxide. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana nerve o nā mea ʻino.
Wahi a nā hōʻike noiʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona ʻawahia ma ka wehe ʻana o nā kahawai Na+ e hilinaʻi ana i ka voltage, kahi e wehe ai i nā kahawai Ca2+ i hoʻāla ʻia e ka voltage, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā neurotransmitter. ʻO nā kahawai ion sodium i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka voltage he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hōʻailona neuronal a me nā ʻiʻo. Hiki i nā mea hana i loko o ka Veratrum extract ke hana i nā haunaele o ke au i nā kahawai ion sodium, e hopena ana i nā loli i ka permeability membrane, e hoʻoulu ai i ka haʻalulu a me ka make hope loa.
I ka manawa like, ua hōʻike kekahi poʻe loea Farani hiki i nā alkaloids veratroline ke kāohi i ka acetylcholinesterase (AChE) o nā pepeke me ka hoʻokūkū ʻole. Ma muli o ke ʻano hana hou o nā alkaloids veratrotrol, hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia nā wahi he nui, a he paʻakikī i nā mites ke hoʻololi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau wahi he nui ma o kā lākou mau loli kūkulu ponoʻī, no laila ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau.
ʻO ka ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka ʻōpala rhizome hellebore 0.1% CE. Kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻenehana unuhi holomua a hoʻohui ʻia e ka ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi loa, he liʻiliʻi ka ʻili o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki ke kāʻei koke i ke kino pepeke, paipai i ke komo ʻana a me ka omo ʻana o ka hopena lāʻau lapaʻau, a hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā mea hana. Loaʻa iā ia ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wai, a he moakāka a like ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. 1000 mau manawa dilution, ʻo ka manawa e hoʻomaʻū piha ai i ka pepa canvas he 44 kekona, a hiki ke hoʻomaʻū koke a komo. Ua hōʻike ka ʻikepili kūpaʻa hoʻopuehu māmā he nui ua loaʻa i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a ua hoʻokō piha i nā ʻano noi like ʻole.
Ka holomua o ka noiʻi ma ka ʻenehana noi o 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ka ʻenehana hou i nā waiwai hana wikiwiki o ka lāʻau. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻenehana ma mua, ua hōʻemi ka huahana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi mea hoʻohui. Ma o ke kaʻina hana kūikawā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ka huahana, a ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka hopena synergistic.
I ka manawa like, i ka wā e hoʻohana pū ʻia ai me nā pesticides kemika e kū nei, ʻo ka mea mua, hiki iā ia ke hoʻemi nui i ka heluna kanaka o nā ʻuku kolo ʻulaʻula, hoʻemi i ka nui o nā pesticides kemika a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena kaohi. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, i ka wā kiʻekiʻe o ka citrus Panonychus mite ma Hezhou, Guangxi, Kina, ua kūpono ka pīpī ʻana i ka 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etoxazole i loko o 20 mau minuke, ʻaʻohe pepeke ola i ʻike ʻia i 3 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana, a ʻo ka hopena kaohi he 11 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana. hiki ke mālama ʻia ma luna o 95%. I ke kahua mua o Jiangxi Ruijin navel orange citrus panclaw mites, ua make nā mea āpau he 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate i 1 lā ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana, a ʻaʻohe pepeke ola i ʻike ʻia i 3 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana. , kokoke ka hopena kaohi i 99% ma hope o 16 mau lā.
Hōʻike nā hopena bioassay kahua ma luna nei i ka wā e haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha ka helu kumu o nā mites spider ʻulaʻula, hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hoʻokahi a me ka hoʻohana hui pū ʻana me nā mea kemika, hiki i ka rhizome extract o Veratella vulgaris ke hōʻemi i ka helu kumu o nā ilo spider ʻulaʻula a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena kaohi o nā pesticides kemika. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena kaohi maikaʻi loa. I ka manawa like, ua loaʻa ka rhizome extract o hellebore mai nā mea kanu. Ma ka nui i ʻōlelo ʻia, palekana ia e hoʻohana i nā ʻōpuʻu, pua, a me nā hua ʻōpio o ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu, a ʻaʻohe hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā wana, nā pua a me nā hua. He palekana a pili i ke kaiapuni i nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā mites, a ʻaʻohe ona kū'ē ʻana me nā insecticides a me nā acaricides e kū nei. He kūpono loa ia no ka hoʻokele hoʻohui ʻia o nā mites (IPM). A me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides kemika, hiki i nā koena o nā pesticides kemika e like me etoxazole, spirodiclofen, a me bifenazate i loko o ka citrus ke hoʻokō piha i ka "China National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Foods", "European Union Foods". Hāʻawi ka Pesticide Residue Limit Standard a me ka US Pesticide Residue Limit Standard ma Foods i kahi hōʻoia paʻa no ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o nā huahana mahiʻai.
Hoʻolaha ka ʻenehana hoʻoponopono gene i ka ʻoihana ʻana o ka hellebore
He lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau ka Hellebore a he lau nahele mau loa ia no ka ʻohana Liliaceae. Ulu ia ma nā mauna, nā ululāʻau a i ʻole nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi. Hoʻolaha ʻia ma Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma Kina. He waiwai nui ia i nā kumuwaiwai hihiu. Wahi a ka noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ka hua makahiki o ka hellebore lāʻau lapaʻau he kokoke i 300-500 tons, a he nui nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, a me Guling hellebore, a ʻaʻole like nā mea hana o kēlā me kēia ʻano.
Me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka biotechnology a me ka noiʻi hohonu ʻana i nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau hellebore, ua holomua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻoponopono gene e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau o ka hellebore a me ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā ʻano hellebore hihiu i nā pae. ʻO ka mahi ʻana i nā ʻano hellebore e hōʻemi nui i ka pōʻino o ka ʻeli ʻana o ka hellebore i nā kumuwaiwai germplasm hihiu, a e hoʻolaha hou aku i ka ʻoihana ʻana o ka hellebore ma ke kahua mahiʻai a me ke kahua lapaʻau.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi mālie nā ʻāpana rhizome hellebore kūlohelohe i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā acaricides kemika kuʻuna, a e hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana mahiʻai, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o nā huahana mahiʻai, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaiapuni mahiʻai a me ka mālama ʻana i ka biodiversity. He makana nui kēia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-08-2022