ʻO Acaricides kahi papa o nā pesticides i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka mahiʻai, ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no ka mālama ʻana i nā mite mahiʻai, a i ʻole nā kiʻi i nā holoholona a i ʻole nā holoholona. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, pilikia ka honua i nā pōʻino nui ma muli o nā pest mite. Wahi a ka Food and Agriculture Organization o nā Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa, he 80 pākēneka o nā bipi o ka honua i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā ʻoki, kahi i lilo ai ka honua i $7.3 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki i nā poho waiwai. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ua poino nā mea kanu soya e ka spider mite Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) ma kahi o 18.28% o ka hua cereal. Ma Kina, kokoke 40 miliona mau ʻeka citrus i hoʻopili ʻia e Panonychus citri (McGregor). No laila, ke piʻi nei ka noi o ka mākeke honua no nā acaricides i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā huahana ʻewalu kiʻekiʻe ma ka mākeke acaricide ma 2018: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, a propargite, hexythiazox, a me fenpyroximate, ʻo kā lākou kūʻai nui he US $ 572 miliona, helu no 69.1% o ka mākeke acaricide, a me ka mākeke acaricide. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki i ka US $ 2 biliona e 2025. ʻO ka ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mākeke o nā acaricides e like me ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāina mahiʻai honua, piʻi ka heluna kanaka, piʻi ka noi no nā huahana kūlohelohe, a piʻi ka noi no nā hana mahiʻai hoʻomau.
Hōʻike ka ʻikepili o ka mākeke acaricide honua i ka ʻulaʻula spider mite, Panclaw citrus a me Panonychus urmi ma kahi mamao loa o nā ʻano mea waiwai nui o nā pest mites, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o ka mākeke. ʻO nā mite ʻē aʻe e pili ana, ʻo ia ka pseudo spider mites (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā spider mites), nā mite ʻōpala a me nā mite a me nā liona lio. ʻO nā huaʻai a me nā huaʻai, me ka citrus, nā hua waina, ka soybeans, ka pulupulu, a me ke kulina, ʻo ia nā mea kanu nui e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā acaricides.
Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka pōkole o ke ola, parthenogenesis, nā mea hana metabolic kū hoʻokahi a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka nohona o nā mites herbivorous e like me ka spider mites a me ka panclaw mites, ua ulu wikiwiki ko lākou kū'ē i nā acaricides. ʻO nā mites ka 3 o nā arthropod kūpaʻa i hōʻike ʻia. I ka hoʻohana honua ʻana i nā acaricides, ʻo nā acaricides kemika maʻamau e like me organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, a me nā pyrethroids ke noho nei i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoiai ua puka mai nā acaricides kiʻekiʻe e like me ka bifenazate a me ka acetafenac, ke koʻikoʻi nei ka pilikia o ka homogenization o nā acaricides. Me ka hoʻohana lōʻihi a me ka ʻepekema ʻole o kēia mau acaricides, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mite herbivorous i hoʻomohala i nā pae like ʻole o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā acaricides kemika ma ka mākeke, a ua emi nui ko lākou hopena. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikia kaiapuni a me ka piʻi mālie o ka wahi o ka mahiʻai organik, ua piʻi nui ka noi no nā huahana kūlohelohe e pale i nā mea kanu i ka mākeke honua. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka palekana, maikaʻi, pili i ka kaiapuni, liʻiliʻi i ka pōʻino i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a me nā acaricides olaola palekana a me nā mea maʻalahi ʻole e hoʻomohala i ke kūʻē ʻana.
Ma muli o kēia, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana a me ka ʻoihana e hoʻohana piha i nā pono waiwai olaola o Kina e hāpai i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā acaricides biological.
1. Noiʻi hope o veratrotrol alkaloids
ʻO Hellebore, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka onion mauna, ʻeleʻele hellebore, he lāʻau lapaʻau mau. Ma ke ʻano he lāʻau insecticidal maoli ma Kina, ʻeli pinepine ka poʻe i kāna rhizomes i ka wā kanu a hoʻomoʻa iā ia i loko o kahi decoction maʻalahi no ka holoi anu ʻana i nā hipa, nā kao, nā pipi a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ilo hale a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. A laila ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi he hopena maikaʻi ka hellebore i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ethyl acetate extract o Veratrum rhizome he hana insecticidal maikaʻi ma ka lua a me ke kolu instar larvae o Plutella xylostella, aʻo ka Veratrol alkaloid extract he hopena make ma luna o ka makua a me ka ʻehā instar larvae o German cockroach. I ka manawa like, ua ʻike pū nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o Veratrum rhizome he hana acaricidal maikaʻi, ma waena o ka ethanol extract> chloroform extract> n-butanol extract.
Eia naʻe, he pilikia paʻakikī pehea e unuhi ai i nā mea hana. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka poʻe noiʻi Kina i ka ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic extraction, ka ʻili wai, ka ethanol percolation extraction, a me ka supercritical CO2 extraction no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ikaika mai nā rhizomes veratrum. Ma waena o lākou, ke hoʻohana nei ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe kani ultrasonic alkalized chloroform i ka nui o ka chloroform solvent toxic ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka unuhi ʻana; ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe wai he nui nā manawa hoʻoheheʻe, nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai, a me ka helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; haʻahaʻa ka uku. ʻO ke ʻano o ka extraction CO2 supercritical e unuhi i nā alkaloids veratroline ʻaʻole wale ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole i luku ʻia nā mea hana, akā hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea hana o nā huahana i loaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka CO2 non-toxic a me ka solvent-free koena ʻaʻole ia e pōʻino i ke kino o ke kanaka a me ke kaiapuni, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka haumia o ke kaiapuni i hana ʻia e nā ʻano hana kuʻuna kuʻuna, a ua helu ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻenehana unuhi maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. mea kanu lāʻau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kaʻina hana hana pilikia a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ke keʻakeʻa nei i kāna noi ʻoihana nui.
2. Ka holomua o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā alkaloids veratrotrol
E aʻo i ka ʻenehana unuhi o Veratrum. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka ʻenehana co-extraction ma luna o ka veratrorum lāʻau lapaʻau Kina maʻamau, i hoʻohui ʻia e nā lāʻau lapaʻau maoli. , Hoʻomākaukau pū ʻia ʻo Veratrotoin a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe he nui, a i ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia nā solvents ʻē aʻe e hoʻomau i ka unuhi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau botanical, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka ua o nā mea hana pono i nā mea lāʻau lāʻau botanical i nā pae. Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana pūʻulu o nā pūhui me nā hana ʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā hana like mai ka pūʻulu like o nā mea maka. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka helu hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea waiwai botanical, hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana, a hoʻonui nui i ka hoʻokūkū mākeke.
E aʻo i ke ʻano o ka hana o nā mea ikaika Veratrum. He ʻano hui ʻia ʻo Veratrol rhizome extract, aia ma mua o ʻumi mau mea ikaika e like me veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, a me resveratrol oxide. ʻO ke kino o nā pests.
Wahi a nā hōʻike noiʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona ʻona ma ka wehe ʻana o nā kahawai Na + e pili ana i ka volta, ka mea e wehe ai i nā kahawai Ca2+ i hoʻāla ʻia, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka neurotransmitter. He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā kaila sodium ion i ka voltaged o ka hōʻailona neuronal a me ka ʻiʻo. Hiki i nā mea ikaika o Veratrum extract ke hoʻoulu i nā haunaele i kēia manawa i nā kahawai sodium ion, e hopena i nā loli i ka membrane permeability, e hoʻoulu ai i ka haʻalulu a me ka make.
I ka manawa like, ua hōʻike kekahi poʻe loea Farani e hiki nō hoʻi i ka veratroline alkaloids ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole i ka acetylcholinesterase (AChE) o nā pepeke. Ma muli o ke ʻano hana hou o ka veratrotrol alkaloids, hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia nā kahua he nui, a he paʻakikī i nā mites ke hoʻololi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kā lākou hana ponoʻī, no laila ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau kūʻē.
0.1% CE hellebore rhizome extract ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau. Kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻenehana hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohui ʻia e ka ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi loa, he liʻiliʻi ka ʻili o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa koke i ke kino o nā pepeke, hoʻoikaika i ke komo ʻana a me ka absorption o ka hopena lāʻau, a hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā mea hana. Loaʻa iā ia ka dispersibility maikaʻi i loko o ka wai, a ʻo ka hoʻonā ʻana he aniani a homogeneous ma hope o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana. ʻO 1000 manawa dilution, ʻo ka manawa e hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa i ka pepa canvas he 44 kekona, a hiki iā ia ke pulu a komo koke. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili kūpaʻa hoʻopuehu māmā he 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a ua hoʻokō piha i nā wahi noiʻi āpau.
Ka holomua noiʻi ma ka ʻenehana noiʻi o 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome extract
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ka ʻenehana hou i nā waiwai wikiwiki o ka lāʻau. Ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia me kaʻenehana mua, ua ho'ēmi ka huahana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i hoʻokahi mea. Ma o ke kaʻina hana kūʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i loko o ka huahana, a ʻike ʻia ka hopena synergistic.
I ka manawa like, ke hoʻohana pū ʻia me nā pesticides kemika i loaʻa, ʻo ka mea mua, hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi nui i ka waihona o ka poʻe ʻulaʻula spider mites, hoʻemi i ka nui o nā pesticides kemika a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena mana. No ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, i ka manawa kiʻekiʻe o ka citrus Panonychus mite ma Hezhou, Guangxi, Kina, e hoʻopuʻi ana i ka 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% etexazole ua pono i loko o 20 mau minuke, ʻaʻohe ola i ʻike ʻia i nā lā 3 ma hope o ka noi, a me ka ʻO ka hopena mana he 11 mau lā ma hope o ka noi. hiki ke mālama ʻia ma luna o 95%. I ka wā mua o Jiangxi Ruijin piko ʻalani citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate make a pau i ka lā 1 ma hope o ka noi ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā pepeke ola 3 mau lā ma hope o ka noi. , kokoke i ka 99% ka hopena mana ma hope o 16 mau lā.
Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa bioassay kahua i ka wā i haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha ka helu kumu o nā mite spider ʻulaʻula, hoʻohana hoʻokahi a me ka hoʻohana pū ʻana me nā mea kemika, hiki i ka rhizome extract o Veratella vulgaris ke hoʻemi i ka helu kumu o nā ilo spider ʻulaʻula a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mana. hopena o nā lāʻau pesticides. Ua hōʻike i ka hopena hoʻomalu maikaʻi loa. I ka manawa like, loaʻa ka rhizome extract o hellebore mai nā mea kanu. Ma ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia, palekana ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōpuʻu, ka pua, a me nā ʻāpana hua ʻōpio o ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu, a ʻaʻohe hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pua, nā pua a me nā hua. He palekana a pili kaiapuni i nā mea ola ʻole e like me nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā mite, a ʻaʻohe kūʻē kūʻē me nā insecticides a me nā acaricides. He kūpono loa ia no ka mālama ʻana i nā mites (IPM). A me ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides kemika, hiki i nā koena o nā pesticides kemika e like me etoxazole, spirodiclofen, a me bifenazate i loko o ka citrus hiki ke hoʻokō piha i ka "China National Food Safety Standard for the Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Foods", "European Union. Meaʻai”. Hāʻawi ka Pesticide Residue Limit Standard a me ka US Pesticide Residue Limit Standard ma Foods i kahi hōʻoia paʻa no ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o nā huahana mahiʻai.
Hoʻolaha ka ʻenehana hoʻoponopono Gene i ka hana ʻana o ka hellebore
He lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau ʻo Hellebore a he lāʻau mau loa ia o ka ʻohana Liliaceae. Ulu ia ma na mauna, na ululaau a nahelehele paha. Hāʻawi ʻia ia ma Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma Kina. He waiwai ia i nā waiwai hihiu. Wahi a ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana, kokoke i 300-500 tons ka hoʻopuka makahiki o ka hellebore lāʻau, a ʻo nā ʻano like ʻole he nui nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka hellebore, Xingʻan hellebore, maosu hellebore, a me Guling hellebore, a ʻo nā mea hana o kēlā me kēia ʻano. ʻaʻole like.
Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki o ka biotechnology a me ka noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i nā mea lapaʻau hellebore, ua holomua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻoponopono gene no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau o ka hellebore a me ka home artificial o nā ʻano hellebore hihiu. ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻano hellebore e hōʻemi nui i ka pōʻino o ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hellebore i nā kumuwaiwai germplasm hihiu, a e hoʻoikaika hou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hellebore ma ke kula mahiʻai a me ka ʻoihana lapaʻau.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, manaʻo ʻia nā mea kanu hellebore rhizome e hoʻemi mālie i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā acaricides kūlohelohe, a hana hou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana mahiʻai, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o nā huahana mahiʻai. a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea olaola. hāʻawi nui.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-08-2022