Ua nānā kēia haʻawina i ka lethality, sublethality, a me ka ʻona o ka ʻoihanacypermethrinnā mea hana i ka anuran tadpoles. I ka ho'āʻo koʻikoʻi, ua ho'āʻoʻia nā manaʻo o 100-800 μg / L no 96 mau hola. I ka ho'āʻo maʻamau, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano cypermethrin kūlohelohe (1, 3, 6, a me 20 μg/L) no ka make ʻana, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻāʻo micronucleus a me nā mea ʻino ʻole o ke koko ʻulaʻula no nā lā 7. ʻO ka LC50 o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka cypermethrin pāʻoihana i nā tadpoles he 273.41 μg L−1. I ka ho'āʻo maʻamau, ʻo ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa (20 μg L−1) ka hopena i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make ma mua o 50%, ʻoiai ua pepehi i ka hapalua o nā tadpoles i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike micronucleus i nā hopena koʻikoʻi ma 6 a me 20 μg L−1 a ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau meaʻino nuklea, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka cypermethrin pāʻoihana he hiki genotoxic kūʻē iā P. gracilis. He pilikia nui ʻo Cypermethrin no kēia ʻano, e hōʻike ana he hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia he nui a pili i ka dynamics o kēia kaiaola i ka wā pōkole a lōʻihi. No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia he mau hopena ʻawaʻawa nā hana ʻoihana cypermethrin ma P. gracilis.
Ma muli o ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o nā hana mahiʻai a me ka noi ikaika ohoʻopaʻa pestnā ana, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā holoholona wai i nā pesticides1,2. Hiki i ka haumia o nā kumuwaiwai wai kokoke i nā māla mahiʻai ke hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke ola ʻana o nā mea ola ʻole e like me nā amphibians.
Ke ulu nui nei nā Amphibians i ka loiloi ʻana i nā matrices kaiapuni. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Anurans he bioindicators maikaʻi o nā mea haumia kaiapuni ma muli o ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa e like me nā pōʻai ola paʻakikī, ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o ka larval, ke kūlana trophic, ka ʻili permeable10,11, ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka wai no ka hana hou12 a me nā hua manu ʻole11,13,14. ʻO ka rana wai liʻiliʻi (Physalaemus gracilis), i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka rana uē, ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻano bioindicator o nā pesticide pollution4,5,6,7,15. Loaʻa ka ʻano i loko o nā wai kū, nā wahi i hoʻomalu ʻia a i ʻole nā wahi me nā ʻano noho like ʻole ma Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay a me Brazil1617 a ua manaʻo ʻia he paʻa e ka IUCN classification ma muli o kona ākea ākea a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i nā wahi noho like ʻole18.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena sublethal i loko o nā amphibians ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka cypermethrin, me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano, morphological a me ka biochemical i nā tadpoles23,24,25, hoʻololi i ka make a me ka manawa metamorphosis, nā hoʻololi enzymatic, hoʻemi i ka hatching success24,25, hyperactivity26, inhibition of cholinesterase inhibition activity27, hoʻololi i ka hana ʻauʻau cholinesterase27 a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana ʻauʻau cholinesterase. Eia naʻe, ua kaupalena nā haʻawina o nā hopena genotoxic o cypermethrin i nā amphibians. No laila, he mea nui e loiloi i ka hiki ʻole o nā ʻano anuran i cypermethrin.
Hoʻopilikia ka pollution kaiapuni i ka ulu maʻamau a me ka ulu ʻana o nā amphibians, akā ʻo ka hopena koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ʻo ia ka pōʻino genetic i ka DNA ma muli o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pesticide13. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka morpology cell cell he bioindicator koʻikoʻi o ka haumia a me ka hiki ke ʻona o kekahi mea i nā ʻano hihiu29. ʻO ka hōʻike micronucleus kekahi o nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka genotoxicity o nā kemika i loko o ke kaiapuni30. He ala wikiwiki, maikaʻi a maʻalahi hoʻi he hōʻailona maikaʻi o ka haumia kemika o nā meaola e like me amphibians31,32 a hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia genotoxic33.
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka cypermethrin pāʻoihana i nā tadpoles wai liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻokolohua micronucleus a me ka loiloi pilikia kaiaola.
ʻO ka make kumulative (%) o P. gracilis tadpoles i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka cypermethrin pāʻoihana i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo.
ʻO ka make kumulative (%) o P. gracilis tadpoles i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka cypermethrin pāʻoihana i ka wā o kahi hoʻokolohua mau.
ʻO ka make kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia ma muli o nā hopena genotoxic i nā amphibians i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o cypermethrin (6 a me 20 μg / L), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka hiki ʻana o micronuclei (MN) a me nā mea ʻino nuklea i nā erythrocytes. Hōʻike ka hoʻokumu ʻana o MN i nā hewa i ka mitosis a pili pū me ka paʻa maikaʻi ʻole o nā chromosomes i nā microtubules, nā hemahema i loko o nā pūmua protein kuleana no ka lawe ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana o ka chromosome, nā hewa i ka hoʻokaʻawale chromosome a me nā hewa i ka hoʻoponopono ʻino DNA38,39 a pili paha i ka pesticide-induced oxidative stress40,41. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe ma nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike a pau i loiloi ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka cypermethrin i hoʻonui ʻia i nā mea ʻino i loko o nā erythrocytes e 5% a me 20% ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (1 μg / L) a me ke kiʻekiʻe loa (20 μg / L), kēlā me kēia. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā hoʻololi i ka DNA o kahi ʻano ke loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi no ke ola pōkole a me ka wā lōʻihi, ka hopena o ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, hoʻololi i ka pono hānau hānau, inbreeding, nalowale o nā ʻano like ʻole, a me nā helu neʻe. Hiki i kēia mau mea āpau ke hoʻopili i ke ola a me ka mālama ʻana o nā ʻano mea42,43. ʻO ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o nā meaʻino erythroid hiki ke hōʻike i kahi poloka i loko o ka cytokinesis, ka hopena o ka mahele pūnaewele maʻamau (binucleated erythrocytes)44,45; ʻO ka nuclei multilobed he ʻano o ka membrane nuklea me nā lobes46, aʻo nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe erythroid e pili pū me ka hoʻonui DNA, e like me nā puʻupaʻa nuklea/blebs47. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā erythrocytes anucleated hiki ke hōʻike i ka lawe ʻana o ka oxygen impaired, ʻoi aku hoʻi i loko o ka wai haumia48,49. Hōʻike ka apoptosis i ka make ʻana o ka cell50.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i ka hopena genotoxic o cypermethrin. Ua hōʻike ʻo Kabaña et al.51 i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā micronuclei a me nā hoʻololi nukle e like me nā cell binucleated a me nā apoptotic cell ma Odontophrynus americanus cell ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o cypermethrin (5000 a me 10,000 μg L−1) no 96 h. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Cypermethrin-induced apoptosis ma P. biligonigerus52 a me Rhinella arenarum53. Hōʻike kēia mau hualoaʻa he hopena genotoxic ka cypermethrin ma nā ʻano mea ola wai a he hōʻailona paha ka hōʻike MN a me ENA i nā hopena sublethal ma luna o nā amphibians a pili paha i nā ʻano maoli a me nā heluna hihiu i ʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻona12.
ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka cypermethrin ʻoihana i kahi pōʻino kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ka maʻi a me ka maʻi maʻi), me nā HQ i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) level54 e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻano inā aia i loko o ke kaiapuni. I loko o ka loiloi pilikia maʻamau, ʻo ka NOEC no ka make ʻana he 3 μg L−1, e hōʻoia ana i nā ʻike i loaʻa i loko o ka wai hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻano55. ʻO ka NOEC make no R. arenarum larvae i hōʻike ʻia i ka hui ʻana o ka endosulfan a me ka cypermethrin he 500 μg L−1 ma hope o 168 h; ua emi kēia waiwai i 0.0005 μg L−1 ma hope o 336 h. Hōʻike nā mea kākau i ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā ʻike e hōʻino i ka ʻano. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi e hōʻike ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā koina NOEC ma mua o ko P. gracilis i ka manawa hoʻokahi, e hōʻike ana i ka pane ʻana o nā ʻano i ka cypermethrin he ʻano-specific. Eia kekahi, ma ke ʻano o ka make, ʻo ka waiwai CHQ o P. gracilis ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka cypermethrin ua hiki i ka 64.67, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka waiwai kuhikuhi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka US Environmental Protection Agency54, a ʻo ka waiwai CHQ o R. arenarum larvae i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o kēia waiwai (CHQ > 388.00 ma hope o 336 mau hola). ʻano ʻano. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻo P. gracilis e koi ana ma kahi o 30 mau lā e hoʻopau ai i ka metamorphosis56, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e hiki ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana o ka cypermethrin i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ma o ka pale ʻana i ka poʻe maʻi mai ke komo ʻana i ka pae makua a i ʻole ka hānau keiki ʻana i ka wā ʻōpiopio.
I ka helu ʻana i ka pilikia o ka micronuclei a me nā mea ʻino erythrocyte nuklea ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā helu CHQ mai ka 14.92 a i ka 97.00, e hōʻike ana i ka cypermethrin i loaʻa i kahi pilikia genotoxic i P. gracilis a i kona wahi kūlohelohe. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka make, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o nā pūhui xenobiotic hiki ke ʻae iā P. gracilis he 4.24 μg L−1. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā manaʻo haʻahaʻa e like me ka 1 μg/L i nā hopena genotoxic. Hiki i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ke alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ʻino57 a pili i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻano i loko o ko lākou mau wahi noho, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o nā heluna amphibian.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana pāʻoihana o ka cypermethrin insecticide i ka ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻi mau loa iā P. gracilis. Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka make ma muli o nā hopena ʻawaʻawa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka micronuclei a me ka erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, ʻoi aku ka serrated nuclei, lobed nuclei, a me vesicular nuclei. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā ʻano mea i aʻo ʻia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni, ʻelua a me ka maʻi. ʻO kēia mau ʻikepili, i hui pū ʻia me nā haʻawina mua e kā mākou hui noiʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo nā ʻano hana pāʻoihana like ʻole o ka cypermethrin ua hoʻemi ʻia nā hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a me butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) a me ka stress oxidative58, a ua hoʻololi i nā hana ʻauʻau a me nā malformations waha59 i P. gracilis, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano ʻano leʻaleʻa a me nā subtoxicity kiʻekiʻe. Hartmann et al. Ua ʻike ʻo 60 ʻo nā hana pāʻoihana o cypermethrin ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa i ka P. gracilis a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka genus like (P. cuvieri) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ʻeiwa mau pesticides ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike kēia i ka hopena o ka nui o ka cypermethrin i ʻae ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni i ka nui o ka make a me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka.
Pono nā haʻawina hou aʻe no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻona o ka pesticide i nā amphibians, no ka mea, ʻo ka ʻike ʻia ʻana i loko o ke kaiapuni hiki ke hoʻonui i ka make a hiki i ka P. gracilis. Pono e paipai ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i nā ʻano amphibian, no ka mea ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi nā ʻikepili e pili ana i kēia mau meaola, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā ʻano Brazilian.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻawaʻawa maʻamau ka lōʻihi no 168 h (7 mau lā) ma lalo o nā kūlana static a ʻo nā ʻāpana sublethal: 1, 3, 6 a me 20 μg ai L−1. Ma nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua, ua loiloi ʻia he 10 tadpoles no kēlā me kēia hui lapaʻau me ʻeono hoʻopiʻi, no ka huina o 60 tadpoles i kēlā me kēia ʻano. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka wai wale nō i lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mana maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua he kīʻaha aniani sterile me ka mana o 500 ml a me ka density o 1 tadpole no 50 ml o ka hopena. Ua uhi ʻia ka ipu i ka polyethylene film i mea e pale ai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻomau mau ʻia.
Ua kālailai ʻia ka wai no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka pesticide ma 0, 96, a me 168 hola. Wahi a Sabin et al. 68 a me Martins et al. 69, ua hana ʻia nā loiloi ma ka Pesticide Analysis Laboratory (LARP) o ke Kulanui Federal o Santa Maria me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chromatography kinoea i hui pū ʻia me triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (Varian model 1200, Palo Alto, Kaleponi, USA). Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻoholo nui o nā pesticides i loko o ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui (Paula SM1).
No ka ho'āʻo micronucleus (MNT) a me ka ʻulaʻula nuklear abnormality test (RNA), 15 tadpoles mai kēlā me kēia hui lapaʻau i kālailai ʻia. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā tadpoles me 5% lidocaine (50 mg g-170) a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā laʻana koko e ka puʻuwai puʻuwai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā syringes heparinized disposable. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā hamo koko ma nā paheʻe microscope sterile, maloʻo ka ea, hoʻopaʻa ʻia me 100% methanol (4 °C) no 2 min, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka solution 10% Giemsa no 15 min i ka pōʻeleʻele. I ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana, holoi ʻia nā paheʻe me ka wai i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e wehe i ka ʻeleʻele a maloʻo i ka mahana wela.
Ma kahi o 1000 RBCs mai kēlā me kēia tadpole i kālailai ʻia me ka microscope 100x me kahi pahuhopu 71 e hoʻoholo ai i ka noho ʻana o MN a me ENA. ʻO ka huina o 75,796 RBC mai nā tadpoles i loiloi ʻia me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā manaʻo cypermethrin a me nā mana. Ua kālailai ʻia ka genotoxicity e like me ke ʻano o Carrasco et al. a me Fenech et al.38,72 ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke alapine o nā ʻeha nuklea penei: (1) anucleate cell: cell without nuclei; (2) apoptotic cell: nuclear fragmentation, programmed cell death; (3) nā pūnaewele binucleate: nā pūnaewele me nā nuclei ʻelua; (4) nā ʻōpuʻu nuklea a i ʻole nā pūnaewele bleb: nā pūnaewele me ka nuclei me nā puka liʻiliʻi o ka membrane nuklea, nā blebs like ka nui me ka micronuclei; (5) nā pūnaewele karyolyzed: nā pūnaewele me ka outline o ka nucleus me ka ʻole o nā mea i loko; (6) nā pūnaewele notched: nā pūnana me nā nuclei me nā māwae a i ʻole nā notches i ko lākou ʻano, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻano ʻano ʻano kīkī; (7) nā pūnaewele lobulated: nā pūnaewele me nā ʻōhua nuklea ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā vesicle i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna; a me (8) microcells: nā pūnaewele me ka nuclei condensed a me ka cytoplasm emi. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hoʻololi me nā hopena hoʻomalu maikaʻi ʻole.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻāʻo ʻawaʻawa (LC50) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu GBasic a me ka TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber method74. Ua ho'āʻo muaʻia kaʻikepili ho'āʻo maʻamau no ka hewa maʻamau (Shapiro-Wilks) a me ka homogeneity o kaʻokoʻa (Bartlett). Ua kālailai ʻia nā hualoaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻokoʻa (ANOVA). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo a Tukey e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻikepili i waena o lākou iho, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻo Dunnett e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻikepili ma waena o ka hui lapaʻau a me ka pūʻulu mana ʻino.
Ua kālailai ʻia ka ʻikepili LOEC a me NOEC me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Dunnett. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft) me kahi pae koʻikoʻi o 95% (p <0.05).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-13-2025