Ua loiloi kēia haʻawina i ka lethality, sublethality, a me ka toxicity o nā mea kalepa.cypermethrinnā ʻano hana i nā tadpoles anuran. I ka hoʻāʻo ʻoi, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano o 100-800 μg/L no 96 h. I ka hoʻāʻo mau, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano cypermethrin kūlohelohe (1, 3, 6, a me 20 μg/L) no ka make, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻāʻo micronucleus a me nā ʻano ʻino o ka nuklea koko ʻulaʻula no 7 mau lā. ʻO ka LC50 o ka ʻano hana cypermethrin kalepa i nā tadpoles he 273.41 μg L−1. I ka hoʻāʻo mau, ʻo ka ʻano kiʻekiʻe loa (20 μg L−1) i hopena i ka make ma mua o 50%, ʻoiai ua pepehi i ka hapalua o nā tadpoles i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻike ka hoʻāʻo micronucleus i nā hopena koʻikoʻi ma 6 a me 20 μg L−1 a ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻano ʻino o ka nuklea, e hōʻike ana he hiki ke genotoxic ka ʻano hana cypermethrin kalepa e kūʻē iā P. gracilis. He pilikia kiʻekiʻe ʻo Cypermethrin no kēia ʻano, e hōʻike ana hiki iā ia ke hana i nā pilikia he nui a hoʻopilikia i ka dynamics o kēia kaiaolaola i ka wā pōkole a me ka lōʻihi. No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia he hopena ʻawahia nā ʻano cypermethrin kalepa ma P. gracilis.
Ma muli o ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o nā hana mahiʻai a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana okaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻinoma nā ana, ua hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā holoholona wai i nā pesticides1,2. Hiki i ka haumia o nā kumuwaiwai wai kokoke i nā mahina ʻai mahiʻai ke hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana a me ke ola ʻana o nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā amphibians.
Ke lilo nei nā Amphibians i mea nui i ka loiloi ʻana i nā matrices kaiapuni. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Anurans he mau bioindicators maikaʻi o nā mea haumia o ke kaiapuni ma muli o ko lākou mau ʻano kūikawā e like me nā pōʻaiapuni ola paʻakikī, nā wikiwiki ulu larval, ke kūlana trophic, ka ʻili permeable10,11, ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka wai no ka hana hou ʻana12 a me nā hua i pale ʻole ʻia11,13,14. ʻO ka rana wai liʻiliʻi (Physalaemus gracilis), i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka rana uē, ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻano bioindicator o ka haumia pesticide4,5,6,7,15. Loaʻa ka ʻano ma nā wai kū, nā wahi i pale ʻia a i ʻole nā wahi me nā wahi noho like ʻole ma Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay a me Brazil1617 a ua manaʻo ʻia he paʻa e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o IUCN ma muli o kona hoʻolaha ākea a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i nā wahi noho like ʻole18.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena sublethal i nā amphibians ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana i ka cypermethrin, me nā loli ʻano, morphological a me biochemical i nā tadpoles23,24,25, ka make i hoʻololi ʻia a me ka manawa metamorphosis, nā loli enzymatic, ka emi ʻana o ka holomua o ka hatching24,25, hyperactivity26, ka pale ʻana i ka hana cholinesterase27 a me nā loli i ka hana ʻauʻau7,28. Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā hopena genotoxic o cypermethrin i nā amphibians. No laila, he mea nui e loiloi i ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia o nā ʻano anuran i ka cypermethrin.
Hoʻopilikia ka haumia o ke kaiapuni i ka ulu maʻamau a me ka ulu ʻana o nā amphibians, akā ʻo ka hopena ʻino loa ka hōʻino ʻana o ka genetic i ka DNA i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pesticide13. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o nā cell koko he bioindicator koʻikoʻi o ka haumia a me ka hiki ke ʻona o kahi mea i nā ʻano hihiu29. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo micronucleus kekahi o nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka genotoxicity o nā kemika i ke kaiapuni30. He ʻano wikiwiki, kūpono a ʻaʻole pipiʻi hoʻi ia he hōʻailona maikaʻi o ka haumia kemika o nā meaola e like me nā amphibians31,32 a hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia genotoxic33.
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi, ʻo ia ke loiloi i ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano cypermethrin kalepa i nā ʻiole wai liʻiliʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻāʻo micronucleus a me ka loiloi pilikia kaiapuni.
Ka make huina (%) o nā ʻuala P. gracilis i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka cypermethrin kalepa i ka wā koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻāʻo.
Ka make huina (%) o nā ʻuala P. gracilis i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka cypermethrin kalepa i ka wā o kahi hoʻāʻo mau.
ʻO ka make kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia he hopena ia o nā hopena genotoxic i nā amphibians i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka cypermethrin (6 a me 20 μg/L), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka micronuclei (MN) a me nā ʻano nuklea i loko o nā erythrocytes. Hōʻike ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o MN i nā hewa i ka mitosis a pili pū me ka hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi ʻole ʻana o nā chromosomes i nā microtubules, nā hemahema i nā hui protein kuleana no ka lawe ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana o ka chromosome, nā hewa i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka chromosome a me nā hewa i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻino DNA38,39 a pili paha i ka pesticide-induced oxidative stress40,41. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ma nā ʻano āpau i loiloi ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻano cypermethrin i hoʻonui i nā ʻano nuklea i loko o nā erythrocytes ma 5% a me 20% ma nā dosis haʻahaʻa loa (1 μg/L) a me nā dosis kiʻekiʻe loa (20 μg/L), kēlā me kēia. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā loli i ka DNA o kahi ʻano ke loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi no ke ola pōkole a me ka lōʻihi, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke olakino hānau hou, ka inbreeding, ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻokoʻa genetic, a me nā helu neʻe i hoʻololi ʻia. Hiki i kēia mau mea āpau ke hoʻopilikia i ke ola ʻana o nā ʻano a me ka mālama ʻana42,43. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano ʻē o ka erythroid e hōʻike paha i kahi poloka i ka cytokinesis, e hopena ana i ka mahele ʻano ʻē o nā cell (binucleated erythrocytes)44,45; ʻo nā nuclei multilobed he mau protrusions o ka membrane nuclear me nā lobes he nui46, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka erythroid e pili ana paha me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka DNA, e like me nā puʻupaʻa nuclear/blebs47. ʻO ke alo o nā erythrocytes anucleated e hōʻike paha i ka hoʻopilikia ʻia o ka lawe ʻana o ka oxygen, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wai haumia48,49. Hōʻike ka Apoptosis i ka make ʻana o nā cell50.
Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i nā hopena genotoxic o ka cypermethrin. Ua hōʻike ʻo Kabaña et al.51 i ke alo o nā micronuclei a me nā loli nuklea e like me nā cell binucleated a me nā cell apoptotic i loko o nā cell Odontophrynus americanus ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka cypermethrin (5000 a me 10,000 μg L−1) no 96 h. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka apoptosis i hoʻokomo ʻia e Cypermethrin ma P. biligonigerus52 a me Rhinella arenarum53. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena he hopena genotoxic ko ka cypermethrin ma nā ʻano meaola wai a ʻo ka MN a me ka ENA assay paha he hōʻailona o nā hopena sublethal ma nā amphibians a hiki ke pili i nā ʻano maoli a me nā heluna hihiu i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻawahia12.
ʻO nā ʻano hana kālepa o ka cypermethrin e hōʻike ana i kahi pōʻino kiʻekiʻe o ke kaiapuni (ʻoi aʻe a me ka maʻi), me nā HQ e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o ka pae US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)54 hiki ke hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i nā ʻano inā loaʻa i ke kaiapuni. I ka loiloi pilikia mau, ʻo ka NOEC no ka make ʻana he 3 μg L−1, e hōʻoia ana he hiki i nā ʻano i loaʻa i ka wai ke hoʻoweliweli i nā ʻano55. ʻO ka NOEC make no nā larvae R. arenarum i hōʻike ʻia i ka hui ʻana o ka endosulfan a me ka cypermethrin he 500 μg L−1 ma hope o 168 h; ua emi kēia waiwai i 0.0005 μg L−1 ma hope o 336 h. Hōʻike nā mea kākau ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā ʻano i hōʻino i nā ʻano. He mea nui hoʻi e hōʻike i ka ʻoi aku o nā waiwai NOEC ma mua o ko P. gracilis i ka manawa hōʻike like, e hōʻike ana he ʻano kikoʻī ka pane ʻana o nā ʻano i ka cypermethrin. Eia kekahi, ma ke ʻano o ka make ʻana, ua hiki aku ka waiwai CHQ o P. gracilis ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka cypermethrin i ka 64.67, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka waiwai kuhikuhi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka US Environmental Protection Agency54, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ka waiwai CHQ o nā larvae R. arenarum ma mua o kēia waiwai (CHQ > 388.00 ma hope o 336 h), e hōʻike ana he pilikia nui nā insecticides i aʻo ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano amphibian. Ke noʻonoʻo nei he 30 mau lā ka pono o P. gracilis e hoʻopau i ka metamorphosis56, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e hiki i nā ʻano i aʻo ʻia o ka cypermethrin ke kōkua i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ma ka pale ʻana i nā poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi mai ke komo ʻana i ke kahua makua a hānau paha i ka wā ʻōpiopio.
I ka loiloi pilikia i helu ʻia o ka micronuclei a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka nuklea erythrocyte, ua like nā waiwai CHQ mai 14.92 a 97.00, e hōʻike ana he pilikia genotoxic ko ka cypermethrin iā P. gracilis ma kona wahi noho maoli. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka make, ʻo ka nui o nā hui xenobiotic i hiki ke ʻae ʻia iā P. gracilis he 4.24 μg L−1. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻano haʻahaʻa e like me 1 μg/L i hōʻike pū i nā hopena genotoxic. Hiki i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā kānaka maʻamau57 a hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻano i ko lākou mau wahi noho, e alakaʻi ana i ka emi ʻana o nā heluna amphibian.
Ua hōʻike nā ʻano hana kālepa o ka cypermethrin insecticide i ka ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻi mau loa iā P. gracilis. Ua ʻike ʻia nā helu make kiʻekiʻe, ma muli paha o nā hopena ʻawaʻawa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ke alo o nā micronuclei a me nā ʻano ʻino o ka nucleus erythrocyte, ʻoiai nā nuclei serrated, nā nuclei lobed, a me nā nuclei vesicular. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā ʻano i aʻo ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā pilikia kaiapuni, ʻo ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka maʻi mau loa. Ua hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili, i hui pū ʻia me nā haʻawina mua e kā mākou hui noiʻi, ʻoiai nā ʻano hana kālepa like ʻole o cypermethrin i hoʻemi i ka hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a me ka butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) a me ke kaumaha oxidative58, a ua hopena i nā loli i ka hana ʻauʻau a me nā malformations waha59 ma P. gracilis, e hōʻike ana he kiʻekiʻe ka make a me ka sublethal o nā ʻano hana kālepa o cypermethrin i kēia ʻano. Ua ʻike ʻo Hartmann et al. 60 ʻo nā ʻano hana kālepa o cypermethrin ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa iā P. gracilis a me kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka genus like (P. cuvieri) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ʻeiwa mau pesticides ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike kēia e hiki i nā nui o ka cypermethrin i ʻāpono ʻia e ke kānāwai no ka palekana o ke kaiapuni ke hopena i ka make nui a me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i ka wā lōʻihi.
Pono nā haʻawina hou aʻe e loiloi i ka ʻawahia o ka pesticide i nā amphibians, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ka pesticides i loaʻa i ke kaiapuni e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka make a hoʻoweliweli i ka P. gracilis. Pono e paipai ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano amphibian, ʻoiai he kakaikahi ka ʻikepili ma luna o kēia mau meaola, ʻoiai ma nā ʻano Brazil.
Ua mau ka hoʻāʻo ʻawahia mau no 168 hola (7 lā) ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻa a ʻo nā ʻano sublethal: 1, 3, 6 a me 20 μg ai L−1. Ma nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua, ua loiloi ʻia he 10 mau tadpoles no kēlā me kēia hui lapaʻau me ʻeono mau replicates, no ka huina o 60 mau tadpoles no kēlā me kēia ʻano. I kēia manawa, ua lawelawe ka mālama wai wale nō ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua he kīʻaha aniani sterile me ka mana o 500 ml a me ka nui o 1 tadpole no 50 ml o ka hopena. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻōmole me ka ʻili polyethylene e pale ai i ka mahu a ua hoʻomehana mau ʻia.
Ua kālailai ʻia ka wai me ke kemika e hoʻoholo ai i nā ʻano pesticide ma 0, 96, a me 168 h. Wahi a Sabin et al. 68 a me Martins et al. 69, ua hana ʻia nā kālailai ma ka Pesticide Analysis Laboratory (LARP) o ke Kulanui Pekelala o Santa Maria me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kinoea chromatography i hoʻopili ʻia me ka triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (Varian model 1200, Palo Alto, Kaleponi, USA). Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻoholo quantitative o nā pesticides i loko o ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui (Papa SM1).
No ka hoʻāʻo micronucleus (MNT) a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻē o ke kinoea ʻulaʻula (RNA), ua kālailai ʻia he 15 mau ʻūhini mai kēlā me kēia hui lapaʻau. Ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā ʻūhini me 5% lidocaine (50 mg g-170) a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā hāpana koko ma o ka puncture cardiac me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā syringes heparinized hoʻolei ʻia. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā smears koko ma nā slide microscope sterile, i hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i ka ea, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me 100% methanol (4 °C) no 2 min, a laila ua hoʻoluʻu ʻia me 10% Giemsa solution no 15 min i ka pouli. I ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana, ua holoi ʻia nā slide me ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e wehe i ka ʻōpala keu a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i ka mahana o ka lumi.
Ua kālailai ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 1000 mau RBC mai kēlā me kēia tadpole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope 100 × me kahi pahuhopu 71 e hoʻoholo ai i ke alo o MN a me ENA. Ua loiloi ʻia he 75,796 mau RBC mai nā tadpoles me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano cypermethrin a me nā kaohi. Ua kālailai ʻia ka Genotoxicity e like me ke ʻano o Carrasco et al. a me Fenech et al.38,72 ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke alapine o nā ʻeha nuklea penei: (1) nā cell anucleate: nā cell me ka ʻole o nā nuclei; (2) nā cell apoptotic: ka ʻāpana nuklea, ka make ʻana o nā cell i hoʻonohonoho ʻia; (3) nā cell binucleate: nā cell me ʻelua nuclei; (4) nā ʻōpuʻu nuklea a i ʻole nā cell bleb: nā cell me nā nuclei me nā protrusions liʻiliʻi o ka membrane nuklea, nā blebs like ka nui me ka micronuclei; (5) nā cell karyolyzed: nā cell me ka outline wale nō o ka nucleus me ka ʻole o nā mea kūloko; (6) nā cell notched: nā cell me nā nuclei me nā māwae a i ʻole nā notches i ko lākou ʻano, i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā nuclei ʻano kidney; (7) nā pūnaewele lobulated: nā pūnaewele me nā protrusions nucleus i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā vesicles i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna; a me (8) microcells: nā pūnaewele me nā nuclei condensed a me ka cytoplasm i hoʻemi ʻia. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā loli me nā hopena kaohi maikaʻi ʻole.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā hopena hoʻāʻo ʻawahia koke (LC50) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu GBasic a me ke ʻano TSK-Trimmed Spearman-Karber74. Ua hoʻāʻo mua ʻia nā ʻikepili hoʻāʻo mau no ka normality hewa (Shapiro-Wilks) a me ka homogeneity of variance (Bartlett). Ua kālailai ʻia nā hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi hoʻokahi ala o ka variance (ANOVA). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo a Tukey e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻikepili ma waena o lākou iho, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo a Dunnett e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻikepili ma waena o ka hui mālama a me ka hui kaohi maikaʻi ʻole.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili LOEC a me NOEC me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo a Dunnett. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft) me kahi pae koʻikoʻi o 95% (p < 0.05).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Malaki-13-2025