ʻO Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), i kapa ʻia ʻo kala-azar ma ka ʻāina ʻĀina, he maʻi parasitic i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka Leishmania protozoan flagellated hiki ke make inā ʻaʻole mālama koke ʻia. ʻO ka sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes wale nō ka vector i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o VL ma Asia Hikina Hema, kahi e hoʻomalu ʻia ai e ka hoʻoulu ʻana i loko o ka hale (IRS), kahi insecticide synthetic. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DDT i nā papahana hoʻomalu VL ua hopena i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā manu lele, no laila ua pani ʻia ʻo DDT e ka insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Eia nō naʻe, hana like ka alpha-cypermethrin me DDT, no laila e piʻi aʻe ka pilikia o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā nalo ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi ma muli o ka ʻike pinepine ʻana i kēia insecticide. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua loiloi mākou i ka hiki ʻole o nā makika ʻāhiu a me kā lākou F1 progeny me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bioassay bottle CDC.
Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā makika mai nā kauhale 10 ma ka moku ʻo Muzaffarpur o Bihar, India. ʻEwalu mau kauhale i hoʻohana i ka mana kiʻekiʻecypermethrinno ka pulupulu i loko, ho'ōki kekahi kauhale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cypermethrin mana kiʻekiʻe no ka pulupulu ʻana i loko, a ʻaʻole hoʻohana kekahi kauhale i ka cypermethrin ikaika kiʻekiʻe no ka pulupulu i loko. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā makika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kahi maʻi diagnostic i wehewehe mua ʻia no kahi manawa i wehewehe ʻia (3 μg / ml no 40 min), a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka helu knockdown a me ka make ma 24 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana.
Mai ka 91.19% a i ka 99.47% ka nui o ka make o na makika hihiu, a mai ka 91.70% a hiki i ka 98.89%. He iwakāluakūmāhā mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ʻo ka make ʻana o nā makika hihiu mai ka 89.34% a i ka 98.93%, a ʻo ko lākou hanauna F1 mai 90.16% a 98.33%.
Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia haʻawina e ulu ana ke kū'ē i P. argentipes, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka nānā ʻana a me ka makaʻala e mālama i ka mana i ka wā i hoʻopau ʻia ai.
ʻO Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), i kapa ʻia ʻo kala-azar ma ka ʻāina ʻĀina, he maʻi parasitic i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka protozoan flagellated Leishmania a lawe ʻia ma o ka nahu ʻana o nā lele one wahine i maʻi ʻia (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). ʻO nā lele one wale nō ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o VL ma Asia Hikina Hema. Ua kokoke ʻo India i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻopau ʻana iā VL. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mālama ʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana, he mea koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi i ka heluna vector e pale ai i ka hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia.
Hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka namu ma Asia Hikina Hema ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i loko o ka hale (IRS) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides synthetic. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomaha huna o nā wāwae kālā he mea kūpono ia no ka mālama ʻana i nā pepeke ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o loko [1]. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o loko o ka dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) ma lalo o ka National Malaria Control Program ma India ua loaʻa i nā hopena spillover koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna namu a me ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i nā hihia VL [2]. ʻO kēia mana i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia o VL ua hoʻoikaika i ka India VL Eradication Program e hoʻohana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i loko o ka hale e like me ke ʻano kumu mua o ka mālama ʻana i nā silverlegs. Ma 2005, ua kau inoa nā aupuni o India, Bangladesh, a me Nepal i kahi memo o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana me ka pahuhopu e hoʻopau iā VL e 2015 [3]. ʻO nā hana hoʻopau, e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka mana vector a me ka maʻi wikiwiki a me ka mālama ʻana i nā hihia kanaka, ua manaʻo ʻia e komo i ka pae hoʻohui e 2015, kahi pahuhopu i hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i 2017 a laila 2020.[4] ʻO ka palapala alanui honua hou no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā maʻi tropical mālama ʻole ʻia me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka VL e 2030.[5]
Ke komo nei ʻo India i ka manawa ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o BCVD, pono e hōʻoia i ka ulu ʻole o ke kūʻē nui ʻana i ka beta-cypermethrin. ʻO ke kumu o ke kū'ē ʻana, ʻo ka DDT a me ka cypermethrin ka hana like o ka hana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kuhi nei lākou i ka protein VGSC [21]. No laila, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā manu lele e ke koʻikoʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻike mau ʻana i ka cypermethrin ikaika loa. No laila, pono e nānā a ʻike i ka nui o nā manu lele e kū ʻole i kēia insecticide. Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i ke kūlana susceptibility o nā sandflies hihiu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā doses diagnostic a me nā lōʻihi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i hoʻoholo ʻia e Chaubey et al. [20] ua aʻo i nā P. argentipes mai nā kauhale like ʻole ma ka moku ʻo Muzaffarpur o Bihar, India, nāna i hoʻohana mau i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe hale i mālama ʻia me ka cypermethrin (nā kauhale IPS mau). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kūlana susceptibility o nā P. argentipes hihiu mai nā kauhale i ho'ōki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka hale i mālama ʻia cypermethrin (nā kauhale IPS mua) a me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻole i ka cypermethrin-treated indoor spraying system (non-IPS villages) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bioassay bottle CDC.
Ua koho ʻia nā kauhale he ʻumi no ke aʻo ʻana (Fig. 1; Papa 1), ʻewalu i loaʻa ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomau ʻana i loko o ka hale o nā pyrethroids synthetic (hypermethrin; i koho ʻia he mau kauhale hypermethrin mau) a loaʻa nā hihia VL (ma kahi o hoʻokahi hihia) i nā makahiki 3 i hala. ʻO nā kauhale ʻelua i koe i loko o ke aʻo ʻana, ua koho ʻia kekahi kauhale i hoʻokō ʻole i ka pulu ʻana i loko o ka beta-cypermethrin (kauhale hoʻoheheʻe ʻole i loko o loko) i kauhale hoʻomalu a ʻo kekahi kauhale ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka pulu ʻana i loko o ka beta-cypermethrin (kauhale hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka hale / kauhale hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka hale kahiko) ua koho ʻia i kauhale hoʻomalu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke koho ʻana o kēia mau kauhale ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana me ke Keʻena ʻOihana Ola a me ka Hui Hoʻopuʻi Kūloko a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka Indoor Spraying Micro Action Plan ma Muzaffarpur District.
ʻO ka palapala honua o ka moku ʻo Muzaffarpur e hōʻike ana i nā wahi o nā kauhale i komo i loko o ka haʻawina (1–10). Wahi aʻo: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka palapala ʻāina me ka polokalamu QGIS (version 3.30.3) a me Open Assessment Shapefile.
Ua hoʻomākaukauʻia nā'ōmole no nā hoʻokolohua hōʻike e like me nāʻano o Chaubey et al. [20] a me Denlinger et al. [22]. ʻO ka pōkole, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻōmole aniani 500 mL i hoʻokahi lā ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua a ua uhi ʻia ka paia o loko o nā ʻōmole me ka insecticide i hōʻike ʻia (ʻo ka maʻi diagnostic o α-cypermethrin he 3 μg/mL) ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi solution acetone o ka insecticide (2.0 mL) i lalo, nā paia a me ka pāpale o nā hue. Hoʻomaloʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻōmole ma luna o kahi ʻōwili mechanical no 30 min. I kēia manawa, e wehe mālie i ka pāpale e ʻae i ka acetone e mahu. Ma hope o 30 min o ka maloʻo ʻana, e wehe i ka pāpale a hoʻohuli i ka hue a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka acetone. Waiho ʻia nā ʻōmole a maloʻo i ka pō. No kēlā me kēia ho'āʻo hou ʻana, hoʻokahi ʻōmole, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mana, ua uhi ʻia me 2.0 mL o ka acetone. Hoʻohana hou ʻia nā ʻōmole āpau i nā hoʻokolohua ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūpono e like me ke kaʻina hana i wehewehe ʻia e Denlinger et al. a me ka World Health Organization [22, 23].
I ka lā ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lāʻau insecticide, 30-40 mau makika i hopu ʻia (nā wahine pōloli) i wehe ʻia mai nā hīnaʻi i loko o nā hue a puhi mālie ʻia i loko o kēlā me kēia hue. Ua like ka nui o nā nalo i hoʻohana ʻia no kēlā me kēia omole i uhi ʻia i ka insecticide, me ka hoʻomalu. E hana hou i kēia ma lalo o ʻelima a ʻeono manawa ma kēlā me kēia kauhale. Ma hope o 40 mau minuke o ka ʻike ʻana i ka lāʻau insecticide, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nui o nā nalo i kīkē ʻia. Ua hopu ʻia nā nalo a pau me ka mechanical aspirator, hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā pahu pahu pahu pint i uhi ʻia me ka mesh maikaʻi, a waiho ʻia i loko o kahi incubator ʻokoʻa ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa like a me nā kūlana mahana me kahi kumu meaʻai like (nā pōlele pulu i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka hopena kōpaʻa 30%) e like me nā kolone i mālama ʻole ʻia. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ma 24 mau hola ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka insecticide. Ua ʻoki ʻia a nānā ʻia nā makika a pau e hōʻoia i ke ʻano o nā ʻano. Ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana like me nā manu lele F1. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā helu make a me ka make ma 24 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. Inā he <5% ka make i loko o nā ʻōmole hoʻomalu, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono make ma nā kope. Inā ʻo ≥ 5% a me ≤ 20% ka make i loko o ka ʻōmole hoʻomalu, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka make i loko o nā hue hoʻāʻo o kēlā hoʻohālikelike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o Abbott. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make ma ka pūʻulu mana ma mua o 20%, ua hoʻolei ʻia ka hui hoʻāʻo holoʻokoʻa [24, 25, 26].
ʻO ka make nui o nā makika P. argentipes i hopu ʻia. Hōʻike nā pahu hewa i nā hewa maʻamau o ka mean. ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā laina ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻelua me ka pakuhi (90% a me 98% make, kēlā me kēia) e hōʻike ana i ka pukaaniani make kahi e ulu ai ke kū'ē.[25]
ʻO ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā hua F1 o nā P. argentipes i hopu ʻia. Hōʻike nā pahu hewa i nā hewa maʻamau o ka mean. ʻO nā ʻōkuhi i hoʻopili ʻia e nā laina ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻelua (90% a me 98% make, kēlā me kēia) e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka make ma luna o ke kū'ē ʻana [25].
Ua ʻike ʻia nā makika ma ke kauhale control/non-IRS (Manifulkaha). ʻO ka nui o ka make (± SE) o nā makika i hopu ʻia i ka nahele he 24 mau hola ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana he 99.47 ± 0.52% a me 98.93 ± 0.65%, a me ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā hua F1 he 98.89 ± 1.11% a me 98.3% (Tables ± 1.11% a me 98.3% kēlā me kēia. 3).
Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia haʻawina e hiki i nā lele one wāwae kālā ke hoʻoikaika i ke kū'ē i ka pyrethroid synthetic (SP) α-cypermethrin ma nā kauhale kahi i hoʻohana mau ʻia ai ka pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ua ʻike ʻia nā lele one wāwae kālā i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā kauhale ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia e ka IRS/papa hoʻomalu. He mea koʻikoʻi ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻalahi o ka lehulehu o nā nalo one hihiu no ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia, no ka mea hiki ke kōkua kēia ʻike i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka pale ʻana o DDT i nā lele one mai nā wahi endemic o Bihar ma muli o ke kaomi koho mōʻaukala mai ka IRS me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia insecticide [1].
Ua ʻike mākou i nā P. argentipes e pili nui ana i nā pyrethroids, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua kahua ma India, Bangladesh a me Nepal he kiʻekiʻe ka maikaʻi o ka entomological IRS ke hoʻohana ʻia me ka cypermethrin a i ʻole deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. I kēia mau lā, ʻo Roy et al. [18] Ua hōʻike ʻo P. argentipes i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pyrethroids ma Nepal. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou haʻawina e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i nā nalo one one i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā kauhale non-IRS i hōʻike ʻia, akā ʻo nā nalo i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka IRS intermittent/mua a me nā kauhale IRS mau (mai ka 90% a hiki i ka 97% koe wale no nā lele one mai Anandpur-Haruni nona ka 89.34% o ka make ma 24 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana). ʻO kekahi kumu kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia kūʻē ʻana, ʻo ia ke kaomi i hana ʻia e ka hoʻoulu ʻana i loko o ka hale (IRS) a me nā papahana hoʻoheheʻe kūloko e pili ana i ka hihia, ʻo ia nā kaʻina hana maʻamau no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi kala-azar ma nā wahi endemic / blocks / villages (Standard Operating Procedure for Outbreak Investigation and Management [30]. ʻAʻole i loaʻa no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā noiʻi mua a pau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa insecticide-impregnated WHO. ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa ma mua o ka makika, a e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa e launa pū me ka substrate i ka bioassay [23].
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pyrethroids synthetic ma nā wahi endemic VL o Nepal mai ka makahiki 1992, e hoʻololi ana me ka SPs alpha-cypermethrin a me lambda-cyhalothrin no ka hoʻomalu sandfly [31], a ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka deltamethrin ma Bangladesh mai 2012 [32]. Uaʻikeʻia ke kū'ēʻana o ka Phenotypic i nā lāhui hihiu o nā sandflies silverlegged i nā wahi i hoʻohanaʻia ai nā pyrethroids synthetic no ka manawa lōʻihi [18, 33, 34]. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi mutation non-synonymous (L1014F) i loko o nā heluna hihiu o ka sandfly India a ua pili pū me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka DDT, e hōʻike ana e kū mai ke kūʻē pyrethroid i ka pae mole, ʻoiai ʻo DDT a me ka pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) e hoʻopaʻa i ka gene hoʻokahi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nīnū pepeke [17, 34]. No laila, he mea nui ka loiloi ʻōnaehana o ka maʻalahi o ka cypermethrin a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kū ʻana o ka makika i ka wā o ka hoʻopau ʻana a me ka wā ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana.
ʻO kahi palena kūpono o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka CDC vial bioassay e ana i ka susceptibility, akā ua hoʻohana nā hoʻohālikelike āpau i nā hopena mai nā noiʻi mua e hoʻohana ana i ka kit bioassay WHO. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena mai nā bioassays ʻelua no ka mea ʻo ka CDC vial bioassay e ana i ka knockdown i ka hopena o ka manawa diagnostic, akā ʻo ka WHO kit bioassay e ana i ka make ma 24 a i ʻole 72 mau hola ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana (ʻo ka mea hope no nā pūhui hana lohi) [35]. ʻO kekahi palena ʻē aʻe ʻo ka helu o nā kauhale IRS ma kēia haʻawina e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me hoʻokahi kauhale non-IRS a me hoʻokahi kauhale IRS ʻole/ma mua. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻalahi o ka namu i ʻike ʻia ma nā kauhale pākahi o ka moku hoʻokahi he hōʻailona ia o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hiki i nā kauhale a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe ma Bihar. Ke komo nei ʻo India i ka pae hope o ka maʻi leukemia, pono ia e pale i ka ulu nui ʻana o ke kū'ē. Pono ka mākaʻikaʻi wikiwiki ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā heluna sandfly mai nā ʻāpana like ʻole, nā poloka a me nā wahi ʻāina. ʻO ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kēia noiʻi he mea mua ia a pono e hōʻoia ʻia e ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā ʻike ʻike i paʻi ʻia e ka World Health Organization [35] e kiʻi i kahi manaʻo kikoʻī o ke kūlana susceptibility o P. argentipes i kēia mau wahi ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā polokalamu hoʻokele vector e mālama i nā heluna sandfly haʻahaʻa a kākoʻo i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi leukemia.
ʻO ka makika P. argentipes, ka mea hoʻokele o ka maʻi leukosis, hiki ke hoʻomaka e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona mua o ke kū'ē i ka cypermethrin ikaika loa. Pono ka nānā mau ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticide i nā heluna hihiu o P. argentipes e mālama i ka hopena epidemiological o nā hana hoʻomalu vector. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me nā ʻano hana like ʻole a/a i ʻole ka loiloi a me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana i nā insecticides hou he pono a ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻokele i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke a kākoʻo i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka maʻi leukosis ma India.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-17-2025