ʻO ka Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), i ʻike ʻia ʻo kala-azar ma ka ʻāina ʻo India, he maʻi parasitic i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka protozoan Leishmania flagellated hiki ke make inā ʻaʻole mālama koke ʻia. ʻO ka nalo one ʻo Phlebotomus argentipes wale nō ka mea hoʻoili i hōʻoia ʻia o VL ma Asia Hikina Hema, kahi i kāohi ʻia ai e ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā koena o loko (IRS), kahi insecticide synthetic. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o DDT i nā papahana kaohi VL ua hopena i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā nalo one, no laila ua pani ʻia ʻo DDT e ka insecticide alpha-cypermethrin. Eia nō naʻe, hana like ka alpha-cypermethrin me DDT, no laila ke piʻi nei ka pilikia o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā nalo one ma lalo o ke kaumaha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hōʻike pinepine ʻana i kēia insecticide. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua loiloi mākou i ka hiki ʻole o nā makika hihiu a me kā lākou mau mamo F1 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bioassay ʻōmole CDC.
Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā makika mai 10 mau kauhale ma ka ʻāpana ʻo Muzaffarpur o Bihar, India. Ua hoʻomau nā kauhale ʻewalu i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.cypermethrinno ka pīpī ʻana i loko, ua hoʻōki kekahi kauhale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cypermethrin ikaika no ka pīpī ʻana i loko, a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻohana kekahi kauhale i ka cypermethrin ikaika no ka pīpī ʻana i loko. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā makika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kahi mahele lāʻau i hoʻākāka mua ʻia no kahi manawa i ho'ākāka ʻia (3 μg/ml no 40 min), a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka helu knockdown a me ka make 24 hola ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana.
ʻO ka nui o ka pepehi ʻana o nā makika hihiu mai 91.19% a i 99.47%, a ʻo ko lākou hanauna F1 mai 91.70% a i 98.89%. Iwakāluakūmāhā hola ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana, ʻo ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā makika hihiu mai 89.34% a i 98.93%, a ʻo ko lākou hanauna F1 mai 90.16% a i 98.33%.
Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi e hiki ke ulu aʻe ke kū'ē i loko o P. argentipes, e hōʻike ana i ka pono no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka nānā ʻana a me ka makaʻala e mālama i ka kaohi ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana.
ʻO ka Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), i ʻike ʻia ʻo kala-azar ma ka ʻāina ʻo India, he maʻi parasitic i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka protozoan Leishmania flagellated a laha ʻia ma o ka nahu ʻana o nā nalo one wahine i loaʻa i ka maʻi (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). ʻO nā nalo one wale nō ka mea lawe i hōʻoia ʻia o VL ma Asia Hikina Hema. Ua kokoke ʻo India e hoʻokō i ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻopau ʻana iā VL. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mālama ʻana i nā helu hanana haʻahaʻa ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana, he mea nui e hoʻemi i ka heluna kanaka vector e pale aku i ka laha hiki.
Hoʻokō ʻia ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika ma Asia Hikina Hema ma o ka pīpī ʻana i nā koena o loko (IRS) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides synthetic. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomaha malū o nā silverlegs e lilo ia i pahuhopu kūpono no ka kaohi ʻana i nā insecticide ma o ka pīpī ʻana i nā koena o loko [1]. ʻO ka pīpī ʻana i nā koena o loko o dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) ma lalo o ka National Malaria Control Program ma India ua loaʻa nā hopena spillover koʻikoʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā heluna makika a me ka hoʻemi nui ʻana i nā hihia VL [2]. ʻO kēia kaohi hoʻolālā ʻole o VL i hoʻoikaika i ka Indian VL Eradication Program e hoʻohana i ka pīpī ʻana i nā koena o loko ma ke ʻano he ʻano mua o ka kaohi ʻana i nā silverlegs. I ka makahiki 2005, ua kau inoa nā aupuni o India, Bangladesh, a me Nepal i kahi memorandum of understanding me ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻopau ʻana iā VL ma 2015 [3]. ʻO nā hana hoʻopau ʻana, e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka kaohi vector a me ka ʻike wikiwiki a me ka mālama ʻana i nā hihia kanaka, ua manaʻo ʻia e komo i ka pae hoʻohuihui ma 2015, kahi pahuhopu i hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i 2017 a laila 2020. [4] ʻO ke alanui honua hou e hoʻopau i nā maʻi tropical i haʻalele ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana iā VL ma 2030. [5]
I ke komo ʻana o India i ka pae ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o BCVD, he mea nui e hōʻoia i ka pale nui ʻana i ka beta-cypermethrin ʻaʻole e ulu. ʻO ke kumu o ke kūʻē ʻana, ʻo ia ka like o ke ʻano hana o DDT a me cypermethrin, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kuhikuhi nei lākou i ka protein VGSC [21]. No laila, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka pilikia o ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā nalo one e ke kaumaha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻike mau ʻana i ka cypermethrin ikaika loa. No laila, he mea nui e nānā a ʻike i nā heluna nalo one hiki ke kūʻē i kēia insecticide. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ke nānā i ke kūlana o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻopilikia ʻia o nā nalo one hihiu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau diagnostic a me nā lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ʻana i hoʻoholo ʻia e Chaubey et al. [20] ua aʻo ʻo P. argentipes mai nā kauhale like ʻole ma ka ʻāpana ʻo Muzaffarpur o Bihar, India, kahi i hoʻohana mau i nā ʻōnaehana pīpī i loko i mālama ʻia me cypermethrin (nā kauhale IPS hoʻomau). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kūlana nāwaliwali o nā P. argentipes hihiu mai nā kauhale i hoʻōki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana pīpī kūloko i mālama ʻia me cypermethrin (nā kauhale IPS mua) a me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻole i nā ʻōnaehana pīpī kūloko i mālama ʻia me cypermethrin (nā kauhale ʻaʻole IPS) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bioassay ʻōmole CDC.
Ua koho ʻia he ʻumi mau kauhale no ke aʻo ʻana (Kiʻi 1; Papa 1), ʻewalu o ia mau kauhale i loaʻa ka mōʻaukala o ka pīpī mau ʻana i loko o nā pyrethroids synthetic (hypermethrin; i kapa ʻia he mau kauhale hypermethrin mau) a loaʻa nā hihia VL (ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi hihia) i nā makahiki 3 i hala. No nā kauhale ʻelua i koe i ke aʻo ʻana, hoʻokahi kauhale i hoʻokō ʻole i ka pīpī ʻana i loko o ka beta-cypermethrin (kauhale pīpī ʻole i loko) i koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he kauhale hoʻomalu a ʻo kekahi kauhale i loaʻa ka pīpī ʻana i loko o ka beta-cypermethrin (kauhale pīpī i loko o ka manawa pōkole/kauhale pīpī mua i loko) i koho ʻia ma ke ʻano he kauhale hoʻomalu. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke koho ʻana o kēia mau kauhale ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana me ke Keʻena Ola a me ka Hui Pīpī i loko a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka Hoʻolālā Hana Micro Pīpī i loko ma ka Apana ʻo Muzaffarpur.
Palapala ʻāina honua o ka ʻāpana ʻo Muzaffarpur e hōʻike ana i nā wahi o nā kauhale i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke aʻo ʻana (1–10). Nā wahi aʻo: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka palapala ʻāina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu QGIS (mana 3.30.3) a me Open Assessment Shapefile.
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻōmole no nā hoʻokolohua hōʻike e like me nā ʻano hana a Chaubey et al. [20] a me Denlinger et al. [22]. I ka pōkole, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻōmole aniani 500 mL i hoʻokahi lā ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua a ua uhi ʻia ka paia o loko o nā ʻōmole me ka insecticide i hōʻike ʻia (ʻo ka nui o ka lāʻau diagnostic o α-cypermethrin he 3 μg/mL) ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi hopena acetone o ka insecticide (2.0 mL) i lalo, nā paia a me ke poʻi o nā ʻōmole. A laila ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻōmole ma kahi wili mechanical no 30 min. I loko o kēia manawa, e wehe mālie i ke poʻi e ʻae i ka acetone e mahu. Ma hope o 30 min o ka maloʻo ʻana, e wehe i ke poʻi a hoʻohuli i ka ʻōmole a hiki i ka mahu ʻana o ka acetone āpau. A laila ua waiho ʻia nā ʻōmole e maloʻo i ka pō. No kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo replicate, ua uhi ʻia kekahi ʻōmole, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kaohi, me 2.0 mL o ka acetone. Ua hoʻohana hou ʻia nā ʻōmole a pau ma o nā hoʻokolohua ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūpono e like me ke kaʻina hana i wehewehe ʻia e Denlinger et al. a me ka World Health Organization [22, 23].
I ka lā ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka, ua lawe ʻia he 30-40 mau makika hihiu (wahine pōloli) mai loko mai o nā hale paʻa i loko o nā vial a puhi mālie ʻia i loko o kēlā me kēia vial. Ma kahi o ka nui like o nā nalo i hoʻohana ʻia no kēlā me kēia ʻōmole i uhi ʻia i ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka, me ka mana. E hana hou i kēia ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelima a ʻeono manawa ma kēlā me kēia kauhale. Ma hope o 40 mau minuke o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nui o nā nalo i hahau ʻia. Ua hopu ʻia nā nalo a pau me kahi mea ʻūlū mīkini, i waiho ʻia i loko o nā pahu pepa pint i uhi ʻia me ka ʻupena maikaʻi, a waiho ʻia i loko o kahi incubator ʻokoʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa a me ka mahana like me ke kumu meaʻai like (nā pōpō pulupulu i hoʻoluʻu ʻia i loko o ka hopena kō 30%) e like me nā kolone i mālama ʻole ʻia. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ma hope o 24 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lāʻau pepehi kanaka. Ua ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā makika a pau a nānā ʻia e hōʻoia i ka ʻike ʻano. Ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana like me nā nalo hua F1. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā helu knockdown a me ka make ma hope o 24 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana. Inā he <5% ka make ma nā ʻōmole mana, ʻaʻohe hoʻoponopono make i hana ʻia ma nā replicates. Inā ʻo ka make ma ka ʻōmole hoʻomalu he ≥ 5% a me ≤ 20%, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka make ma nā ʻōmole hoʻāʻo o kēlā replicate me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana a Abbott. Inā ʻoi aku ka make ma ka hui hoʻomalu ma mua o 20%, ua hoʻolei ʻia ka hui hoʻāʻo holoʻokoʻa [24, 25, 26].
ʻO ka make maʻamau o nā makika P. argentipes i hopu ʻia i ka hihiu. Hōʻike nā kaha hewa i nā hewa maʻamau o ka awelika. ʻO ke kihi o nā laina ʻulaʻula ʻelua me ka pakuhi (90% a me 98% make, kēlā me kēia) e hōʻike ana i ka puka makani make kahi e ulu ai ke kū'ē.[25]
ʻO ka make maʻamau o nā mamo F1 o P. argentipes i hopu ʻia i ka hihiu. Hōʻike nā kaha hewa i nā hewa maʻamau o ka awelika. Hōʻike nā piʻo i ʻoki ʻia e nā laina ʻulaʻula ʻelua (90% a me 98% make, kēlā me kēia) i ka laulā o ka make e hiki ai ke ulu ke kū'ē [25].
Ua ʻike ʻia nā makika ma ke kauhale kaohi/ʻaʻole IRS (Manifulkaha) he koʻikoʻi loa i nā insecticides. ʻO ka make awelika (±SE) o nā makika i hopu ʻia i ka hihiu 24 hola ma hope o ka hahau ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana he 99.47 ± 0.52% a me 98.93 ± 0.65%, kēlā me kēia, a ʻo ka make awelika o nā keiki F1 he 98.89 ± 1.11% a me 98.33 ± 1.11%, kēlā me kēia (Papa 2, 3).
Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi e hiki i nā nalo one wāwae kālā ke kū'ē i ka pyrethroid synthetic (SP) α-cypermethrin ma nā kauhale kahi i hoʻohana mau ʻia ai ka pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia he maʻalahi loa nā nalo one wāwae kālā i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā kauhale i uhi ʻole ʻia e ka papahana IRS/mana. He mea nui ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻalahi o nā heluna nalo one hihiu no ka nānā ʻana i ka pono o nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia, no ka mea, hiki i kēia ʻike ke kōkua i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ke kū'ē ʻana i ka insecticide. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ke kū'ē ʻana o DDT i nā nalo one mai nā wahi endemic o Bihar ma muli o ke kaomi koho mōʻaukala mai ka IRS e hoʻohana ana i kēia insecticide [1].
Ua ʻike mākou he ʻano koʻikoʻi loa ʻo P. argentipes i nā pyrethroids, a ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua kahua ma India, Bangladesh a me Nepal he kiʻekiʻe ka pono o ka IRS i ka entomological i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai me ka cypermethrin a i ʻole deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻo Roy et al. [18] ua hoʻomohala ʻo P. argentipes i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pyrethroids ma Nepal. Ua hōʻike kā mākou noiʻi susceptibility kahua he ʻano maʻalahi loa nā nalo one silverlegged i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā kauhale i hōʻike ʻole ʻia e IRS, akā ʻo nā nalo i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā kauhale IRS intermittent/former a me nā kauhale IRS hoʻomau (ʻo ka make mai 90% a 97% koe wale nō nā nalo one mai Anandpur-Haruni nona ka make he 89.34% ma 24 hola ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana) ua kūʻē paha i ka cypermethrin ikaika loa [25]. ʻO kekahi kumu kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia kūʻē ʻana, ʻo ia ke kaomi i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka pīpī maʻamau i loko (IRS) a me nā papahana pīpī kūloko i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hihia, ʻo ia nā kaʻina hana maʻamau no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā maʻi kala-azar ma nā wahi/poloka/kauhale endemic (Standard Operating Procedure for Outbreak Investigation and Management [30]. Hāʻawi nā hopena o kēia haʻawina i nā hōʻailona mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaomi koho e kūʻē i ka cypermethrin ikaika loa. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻikepili susceptibility mōʻaukala no kēia ʻāina, i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bioassay ʻōmole CDC, no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana; ua nānā nā haʻawina mua a pau i ka susceptibility o P. argentipes me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa impregnated insecticide WHO. ʻO nā dosis diagnostic o nā insecticides i loko o nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo WHO ʻo ia nā ʻano ʻike i manaʻo ʻia o nā insecticides no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā vectors malaria (Anopheles gambiae), a ʻaʻole maopopo ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mau ʻano i nā oneflies no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lele ʻana o nā oneflies ma mua o nā makika, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa e pili ana me ka substrate i loko o ka bioassay [23].
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pyrethroids synthetic ma nā wahi endemic VL o Nepal mai ka makahiki 1992, e hoʻololi ana me nā SPs alpha-cypermethrin a me lambda-cyhalothrin no ka kaohi ʻana i ka onefly [31], a ua hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ka deltamethrin ma Bangladesh mai ka makahiki 2012 [32]. Ua ʻike ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana o ka phenotypic i nā heluna hihiu o nā onefly silverlegged ma nā wahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā pyrethroids synthetic no ka manawa lōʻihi [18, 33, 34]. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi mutation non-synonymous (L1014F) i nā heluna hihiu o ka onefly India a ua pili pū me ke kūʻē ʻana iā DDT, e hōʻike ana e kū mai ke kūʻē ʻana o ka pyrethroid ma ka pae molekala, ʻoiai ʻo DDT a me ka pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) e kuhikuhi ana i ka gene like i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nerve pepeke [17, 34]. No laila, he mea nui ka loiloi ʻōnaehana o ka susceptibility cypermethrin a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā namu i ka wā o ka hoʻopau ʻana a me nā wā ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana.
ʻO kahi palena kūpono o kēia haʻawina, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka CDC vial bioassay e ana i ka susceptibility, akā ua hoʻohana nā hoʻohālikelike āpau i nā hopena mai nā haʻawina mua e hoʻohana ana i ka WHO bioassay kit. ʻAʻole paha e hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻia nā hopena mai nā bioassay ʻelua no ka mea ke ana nei ka CDC vial bioassay i ka knockdown i ka hopena o ka wā diagnostic, ʻoiai ke ana nei ka WHO kit bioassay i ka make ma 24 a i ʻole 72 mau hola ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana (ʻo ka mea hope no nā hui hana lohi) [35]. ʻO kekahi palena kūpono ʻo ia ka helu o nā kauhale IRS ma kēia haʻawina i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me hoʻokahi non-IRS a me hoʻokahi non-IRS/mua IRS kauhale. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo he ʻano kūlike ka pae o ka susceptibility vector mosquito i ʻike ʻia ma nā kauhale pākahi ma kekahi ʻāpana i ka pae o ka susceptibility ma nā kauhale a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe ma Bihar. I ka wā e komo ai ʻo India i ka pae ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka maʻi leukemia, he mea nui e pale i ka ulu nui ʻana o ke kūʻē. Pono ka nānā wikiwiki ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā heluna onefly mai nā ʻāpana like ʻole, nā poloka a me nā wahi ʻāina. He ʻikepili mua nā ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina a pono e hōʻoia ʻia ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā ʻike i paʻi ʻia e ka World Health Organization [35] e loaʻa ai kahi manaʻo kikoʻī o ke kūlana susceptibility o P. argentipes ma kēia mau wahi ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā papahana kaohi vector e mālama i nā heluna one one haʻahaʻa a kākoʻo i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka maʻi leukemia.
ʻO ka makika P. argentipes, ka mea lawe o ka maʻi leukosis, e hoʻomaka paha e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona mua o ke kū'ē ʻana i ka cypermethrin ikaika loa. Pono ka nānā mau ʻana i ke kū'ē ʻana i ka insecticide i nā heluna hihiu o P. argentipes e mālama i ka hopena epidemiological o nā hana hoʻomalu vector. Pono ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā insecticides me nā ʻano hana like ʻole a/a i ʻole ka loiloi a me ke kau inoa ʻana o nā insecticides hou a ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻokele i ke kū'ē ʻana i ka insecticide a kākoʻo i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka maʻi leukosis ma India.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Pepeluali-17-2025