ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticides synthetic ua alakaʻi i nā pilikia he nui, me ka puka ʻana mai o nā meaola kūʻē, ka hōʻino ʻana o ke kaiapuni a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ke olakino kanaka. No laila, nā microbial hounā mea pepehi lāʻau makepono koke nā mea palekana no ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e loiloi i ka ʻawahia i ka makika (Culex quinquefasciatus) a me nā larvae termite (Odontotermes obesus). Ua hōʻike nā hopena he nui ka make ma muli o ka lāʻau ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka waiwai LC50 (50% lethal concentration) ma 48 mau hola no nā biosurfactants termite a me nā larval mosquito me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike regression nonlinear. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ʻo nā waiwai LC50 48-hola (95% confidence interval) o ka hana larvicidal a me ka antitermite o ka biosurfactant he 26.49 mg/L (pae 25.40 a 27.57) a me 33.43 mg/L (pae 31.09 a 35.68). Wahi a ka hoʻokolokolo histopathological, ʻo ka mālama ʻana me nā biosurfactants i hōʻino nui i nā ʻiʻo organelle o nā larvae a me nā termites. Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi ʻo ka biosurfactant microbial i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 he mea hana maikaʻi loa a kūpono hoʻi no ka kaohi ʻana iā Cx. quinquefasciatus a me O. obesus.
ʻIke nā ʻāina wela i ka nui o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika1. He laha ka pilina o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika. Ma mua o 400,000 poʻe e make ana i ka malaria i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ke ʻike nei kekahi mau kūlanakauhale nui i nā maʻi ahulau o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi e like me ka dengue, ka fiva melemele, chikungunya a me Zika.2 Pili nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā vector me hoʻokahi o nā maʻi ʻeono ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me nā makika e hoʻoulu ai i nā hihia koʻikoʻi loa3,4. ʻO Culex, Anopheles lāua ʻo Aedes nā ʻano makika ʻekolu i pili pinepine ʻia me ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi5. ʻO ka laha ʻana o ka fiva dengue, kahi maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka makika Aedes aegypti, ua piʻi aʻe i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei a he hoʻoweliweli nui i ke olakino lehulehu4,7,8. Wahi a ka World Health Organization (WHO), ʻoi aku ma mua o 40% o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua i ka pilikia o ka fiva dengue, me 50-100 miliona mau hihia hou e kū nei i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o 100 mau ʻāina9,10,11. Ua lilo ka fiva dengue i pilikia olakino lehulehu nui i ka piʻi ʻana o kona nui ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa12,13,14. ʻO Anopheles gambiae, i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka makika Anopheles ʻApelika, ʻo ia ka mea lawe nui o ka malaria kanaka ma nā wahi tropical a me subtropical15. ʻO ka maʻi West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, a me nā maʻi viral o nā lio a me nā manu e hoʻolaha ʻia e nā makika Culex, i kapa pinepine ʻia he makika hale maʻamau. Eia kekahi, he mau mea lawe pū lākou i nā maʻi bacteria a me nā parasitic16. Aia ma mua o 3,000 mau ʻano termites ma ka honua, a ua noho lākou ma mua o 150 miliona mau makahiki17. Noho ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻino i ka lepo a hānai i ka lāʻau a me nā huahana lāʻau i loaʻa ka cellulose. ʻO ka termite India ʻo Odontotermes obesus kahi mea ʻino nui e hōʻino nui ai i nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi a me nā lāʻau kanu18. Ma nā wahi mahiʻai, hiki i nā infestations termite ma nā pae like ʻole ke hōʻino nui i ka hoʻokele waiwai i nā mea kanu like ʻole, nā ʻano lāʻau a me nā mea kūkulu hale. Hiki i nā termites ke hana i nā pilikia olakino kanaka19.
He paʻakikī ke kumuhana o ke kū'ē'ē mai nā microorganisms a me nā mea ʻino i nā kahua lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mahiʻai o kēia wā20,21. No laila, pono nā ʻoihana ʻelua e ʻimi i nā antimicrobials hou a me nā biopesticides palekana. Loaʻa nā pesticides synthetic i kēia manawa a ua hōʻike ʻia he maʻi a pale aku i nā pepeke pono ʻole22. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā biosurfactants ma muli o kā lākou noi ʻana i nā ʻoihana like ʻole. He mea pono loa nā biosurfactants a he mea nui i ka mahiʻai, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lepo, ka unuhi ʻana i ka petroleum, ka wehe ʻana i ka bacteria a me nā pepeke, a me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai23,24. ʻO nā biosurfactants a i ʻole nā surfactants microbial he mau kemika biosurfactant i hana ʻia e nā microorganisms e like me ka bacteria, nā yeasts a me nā fungi ma nā wahi noho kahakai a me nā wahi i haumia i ka ʻaila25,26. ʻO nā surfactants i loaʻa mai nā kemika a me nā biosurfactants ʻelua ʻano i loaʻa pololei mai ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe27. Loaʻa nā biosurfactants like ʻole mai nā wahi noho kai28,29. No laila, ke ʻimi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā ʻenehana hou no ka hana ʻana i nā biosurfactants e pili ana i ka bacteria kūlohelohe30,31. Hōʻike nā holomua i ia ʻano noiʻi i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau hui olaola no ka palekana o ke kaiapuni32. ʻO Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium a me kēia mau ʻano bacteria he mau ʻelele i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia23,33.
Nui nā ʻano biosurfactants me nā ʻano noi like ʻole34. ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi o kēia mau hui, ʻo ia kekahi o lākou he hana antibacterial, larvicidal a me insecticidal. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana mahiʻai, kemika, lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻonaninani35,36,37,38. No ka mea, he biodegradable a he pono ke kaiapuni nā biosurfactants, hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā papahana hoʻokele pest i hoʻohui ʻia e pale i nā mea kanu39. No laila, ua loaʻa ka ʻike kumu e pili ana i ka hana larvicidal a me ka antitermite o nā biosurfactants microbial i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Ua nānā mākou i ka make a me nā loli histological i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid. Eia kekahi, ua loiloi mākou i ka polokalamu kamepiula Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻawaʻawa koʻikoʻi no microalgae, daphnia, a me ka iʻa.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hana antitermite (ʻawahia) o nā biosurfactants i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole mai 30 a 50 mg/ml (ma nā manawa 5 mg/ml) e kūʻē i nā termites India, O. obesus a me nā ʻano ʻehā) Evaluate. Larvae o instar Cx. Larvae o nā makika quinquefasciatus. Nā ʻano LC50 Biosurfactant ma luna o 48 mau hola e kūʻē iā O. obesus a me Cx. C. solanacearum. Ua ʻike ʻia nā larvae makika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike regression nonlinear. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua piʻi ka make o nā termite me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka biosurfactant. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he hana larvicidal ka biosurfactant (Kiʻi 1) a me ka hana anti-termite (Kiʻi 2), me nā waiwai LC50 48-hola (95% CI) o 26.49 mg/L (25.40 a 27.57) a me 33.43 mg/l (Kiʻi 31.09 a 35.68), kēlā me kēia (Papa 1). Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻawahia koke (48 hola), ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka biosurfactant he "ʻino" i nā meaola i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻike ka biosurfactant i hana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina i ka hana larvicidal maikaʻi loa me ka make 100% i loko o 24-48 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana.
E helu i ka waiwai LC50 no ka hana larvicidal. ʻO ke kūpono o ka piʻo regression nonlinear (laina paʻa) a me ka wā hilinaʻi 95% (wahi i aka ʻia) no ka make pili (%).
E helu i ka waiwai LC50 no ka hana anti-termite. Ke kūpono ʻana o ka piʻo regression nonlinear (laina paʻa) a me ka wā hilinaʻi 95% (wahi i aka ʻia) no ka make pili (%).
I ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike ʻia nā loli morphological a me nā anomalies ma lalo o ka microscope. Ua ʻike ʻia nā loli morphological i nā hui kaohi a me nā hui i mālama ʻia ma ka hoʻonui 40x. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3, ua loaʻa ka hemahema o ka ulu ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā larvae i mālama ʻia me nā biosurfactants. Hōʻike ke Kiʻi 3a i kahi Cx maʻamau. quinquefasciatus, hōʻike ke Kiʻi 3b i kahi Cx anomalous. Hoʻokumu i ʻelima mau larvae nematode.
Ka hopena o nā mahele sublethal (LC50) o nā biosurfactants i ka ulu ʻana o nā larvae Culex quinquefasciatus. Kiʻi microscopy māmā (a) o kahi Cx maʻamau ma ka hoʻonui ʻana o 40 ×. quinquefasciatus (b) Cx maʻamau ʻole. Hoʻoulu i ʻelima mau larvae nematode.
Ma ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ka hoʻokolokolo histological o nā larvae i mālama ʻia (Kiʻi 4) a me nā termites (Kiʻi 5) i kekahi mau ʻano ʻē, me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻāpana ʻōpū a me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā ʻiʻo, nā papa epithelial a me ka ʻili. midgut. Ua hōʻike ka Histology i ke ʻano o ka hana inhibitory o ka biosurfactant i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina.
ʻO ka histopathology o nā larvae Cx instar 4 maʻamau i mālama ʻole ʻia. nā larvae quinquefasciatus (mana: (a,b)) a mālama ʻia me ka biosurfactant (lāʻau: (c,d)). Hōʻike nā pua i ka epithelium ʻōpū i mālama ʻia (epi), nuclei (n), a me nā ʻiʻo (mu). Bar = 50 µm.
ʻO ka histopathology o ka O. obesus i mālama ʻole ʻia (mana: (a,b)) a me ka biosurfactant i mālama ʻia (lāʻau: (c,d)). Hōʻike nā pua i ka epithelium ʻōpū (epi) a me ka ʻiʻo (mu), kēlā me kēia. Bar = 50 µm.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ECOSAR e wānana i ka ʻawaʻawa koke o nā huahana biosurfactant rhamnolipid i nā mea hana mua (algae ʻōmaʻomaʻo), nā mea kūʻai mua (nā ʻuku wai) a me nā mea kūʻai lua (iʻa). Hoʻohana kēia papahana i nā hiʻohiʻona hui hana-hana quantitative e loiloi i ka ʻawaʻawa ma muli o ke ʻano molekala. Hoʻohana ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka polokalamu hana-hana (SAR) e helu i ka ʻawaʻawa koke a me ka lōʻihi o nā mea i nā ʻano wai. Ma ke ʻano kikoʻī, hōʻuluʻulu ka Papa 2 i nā awelika make i manaʻo ʻia (LC50) a me nā awelika kūpono (EC50) no kekahi mau ʻano. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa i manaʻo ʻia i ʻehā mau pae me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Papa 3).
ʻO ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā vector, ʻoiai nā ʻano makika a me nā makika Aedes. ʻO ka poʻe ʻAigupita, i kēia manawa he hana paʻakikī 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. ʻOiai kekahi mau pesticides i loaʻa i nā kemika, e like me nā pyrethroids a me nā organophosphates, he mea maikaʻi iki ia, ke hoʻopilikia nei lākou i ke olakino kanaka, me ka maʻi diabetes, nā maʻi hānau, nā maʻi neurological, ka maʻi kanesa, a me nā maʻi hanu. Eia kekahi, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hiki i kēia mau pepeke ke kūʻē iā lākou13,43,48. No laila, ʻo nā hana kaohi olaola kūpono a pili i ke kaiapuni e lilo i ala kaulana loa no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika49,50. Ua manaʻo ʻo Benelli51 e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kaohi mua ʻana i nā vectors makika ma nā wahi kūlanakauhale, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻōlelo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvicides ma nā wahi kuaʻāina52. Ua manaʻo pū ʻo Tom et al 53 ʻo ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika i ko lākou mau wā ʻōpiopio he hoʻolālā palekana a maʻalahi hoʻi no ka mea ʻoi aku ko lākou ʻike i nā mea kaohi 54.
Ua hōʻike ka hana ʻana o ka biosurfactant e kahi ʻano ikaika (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) i ka hopena kūlike a me ka hoʻohiki. Ua hōʻike kā mākou noiʻi mua e hoʻomaikaʻi ana ʻo Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 i ka hana ʻana o ka biosurfactant me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano physicochemical26. Wahi a kā lākou noiʻi, ʻo nā kūlana kūpono no ka hana ʻana o ka biosurfactant e kahi isolate E. cloacae hiki ke hoʻomoʻa ʻia no 36 mau hola, ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, ka paʻakai 1 ppt, 2% glucose ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona, 1% hū. ua hoʻohana ʻia ka extract ma ke ʻano he kumu nitrogen e loaʻa ai ka 2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Eia kekahi, ua wehewehe ʻia nā biosurfactants me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā TLC, FTIR a me MALDI-TOF-MS. Ua hōʻoia kēia he biosurfactant ka rhamnolipid. ʻO nā biosurfactants Glycolipid ka papa i aʻo nui ʻia o nā ʻano biosurfactants ʻē aʻe55. Loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻāpana carbohydrate a me lipid, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kaulahao waikawa momona. Ma waena o nā glycolipids, ʻo nā ʻelele nui ʻo rhamnolipid a me sophorolipid56. Loaʻa i nā Rhamnolipids ʻelua mau ʻāpana rhamnose i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mono- a i ʻole di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57. Ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā rhamnolipids i nā ʻoihana lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau 58, me kā lākou hoʻohana hou ʻana ma ke ʻano he pesticides 59.
ʻO ka launa pū ʻana o ka biosurfactant me ka ʻāpana hydrophobic o ka siphon hanu e hiki ai i ka wai ke hele ma o kona lua stomatal, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka pilina o nā larvae me ke kaiapuni wai. Hoʻopilikia pū ka loaʻa ʻana o nā biosurfactants i ka trachea, nona ka lōʻihi kokoke i ka ʻili, kahi e maʻalahi ai i nā larvae ke kolo i ka ʻili a hanu. ʻO ka hopena, emi ka ʻili o ka wai. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā larvae ke hoʻopili i ka ʻili o ka wai, hāʻule lākou i lalo o ka pahu, e hoʻopilikia ana i ke kaomi hydrostatic, e hopena ana i ka hoʻolilo nui ʻana o ka ikehu a me ka make ʻana ma ke kahe ʻana38,60. Ua loaʻa nā hopena like e Ghribi61, kahi i hōʻike ai kahi biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē iā Ephestia kuehniella. Pēlā nō, ua loiloi pū ka hana larvicidal o Cx. Ua loiloi ʻo Das lāua ʻo Mukherjee23 i ka hopena o nā lipopeptides cyclic ma nā larvae quinquefasciatus.
Pili nā hopena o kēia noiʻi i ka hana larvicidal o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid e kūʻē iā Cx. ʻO ka pepehi ʻana i nā makika quinquefasciatus e kūlike me nā hopena i paʻi mua ʻia. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā biosurfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka surfactin i hana ʻia e nā bacteria like ʻole o ka genus Bacillus. a me Pseudomonas spp. Ua hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike mua64,65,66 i ka hana pepehi larval o nā biosurfactants lipopeptide mai Bacillus subtilis23. Ua ʻike ʻo Deepali et al. 63 he hana larvicidal ikaika ko ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai Stenotropomonas maltophilia ma kahi ʻano o 10 mg/L. Ua hōʻike ʻo Silva et al. 67 i ka hana larvicidal o ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant e kūʻē iā Ae ma kahi ʻano o 1 g/L. ʻO Aedes aegypti. Kanakdande et al. Ua hōʻike ʻo 68 ua hoʻoulu nā biosurfactants lipopeptide i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis i ka make holoʻokoʻa i loko o nā larvae Culex a me nā termites me ka hapa lipophilic o Eucalyptus. Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike ʻo Masendra et al. 69 i ka make ʻana o ka ʻanuʻu hana (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) o 61.7% i loko o nā hapa lipophilic n-hexane a me EtOAc o ka E. crude extract.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Parthipan et al 70 i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biosurfactants lipopeptide i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis A1 lāua ʻo Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 e kūʻē iā Anopheles Stephensi, kahi mea lawe o ka parasite malaria Plasmodium. Ua ʻike lākou ua ola lōʻihi nā larvae a me nā pupae, he pōkole nā manawa oviposition, sterile, a he pōkole ke ola i ka wā i mālama ʻia me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā biosurfactants. ʻO nā waiwai LC50 i ʻike ʻia o B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 he 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 a me 7.99 mg/L no nā kūlana larval like ʻole (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo larvae I, II, III, IV a me nā pupae kahua). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā biosurfactants no nā pae larval I-IV a me nā pae pupal o Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 he 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 a me 6.99 mg/L, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka phenology lohi o nā larvae a me nā pupae i ola ʻia ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hopena o nā haunaele physiological a me metabolic koʻikoʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lāʻau lapaʻau insecticide71.
Hoʻopuka ka Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 i kahi biosurfactant me ka hana larvicidal 100% e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka aegypti 24-hola interval 38 ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana a Silva et al. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi biosurfactant i hana ʻia mai Pseudomonas aeruginosa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila pua nānālā ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona e pepehi i ka 100% o nā larvae i loko o 48 mau hola 67. Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Abinaya et al.72 lāua ʻo Pradhan et al.73 i nā hopena larvicidal a i ʻole insecticidal o nā surfactants i hana ʻia e kekahi mau isolates o ka genus Bacillus. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi i paʻi mua ʻia e Senthil-Nathan et al. he 100% o nā larvae makika i hōʻike ʻia i nā loko mea kanu e make paha. 74.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka loiloi ʻana i nā hopena sublethal o nā insecticides ma ka biology pepeke no nā papahana hoʻokele pest i hoʻohui ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole pepehi nā doses/concentrations sublethal i nā pepeke akā hiki ke hōʻemi i ka heluna pepeke i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana ma ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā ʻano olaola10. Ua ʻike ʻo Siqueira et al 75 i ka hana larvicidal piha (100% make) o ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ʻia ai ma nā ʻano like ʻole mai 50 a 300 mg/ml. Ka pae larval o nā ʻano Aedes aegypti. Ua kālailai lākou i nā hopena o ka manawa a hiki i ka make a me nā ʻano sublethal ma ke ola larval a me ka hana ʻauʻau. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike lākou i ka emi ʻana o ka wikiwiki o ka ʻauʻau ma hope o 24-48 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano sublethal o ka biosurfactant (e laʻa, 50 mg/mL a me 100 mg/mL). Manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea make i loaʻa nā kuleana sublethal hoʻohiki i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pōʻino he nui i nā mea ʻino i hōʻike ʻia76.
Hōʻike nā nānā ʻana o ka histological o kā mākou mau hopena e hoʻololi nui nā biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 i nā ʻiʻo o ka makika (Cx. quinquefasciatus) a me nā larvae termite (O. obesus). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole e nā hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka ʻaila basil ma An. gambiaes.s a me An. arabica i wehewehe ʻia e Ochola77. Ua wehewehe pū ʻo Kamaraj et al.78 i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka morphological ma An. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā larvae o Stephanie i nā nanoparticles gula. Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 ua hōʻino nui ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi o ka ʻeke kahu hipa i nā papa keʻena a me nā papa epithelial o Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti. Ua hōʻike ʻo Raghavendran et al ua mālama ʻia nā larvae makika me 500 mg/ml mycelial extract o kahi fungus Penicillium kūloko. Hōʻike ʻo Ae i ka hōʻino histological koʻikoʻi. aegypti a me Cx. Ka helu make 80. Ma mua, ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Abinaya et al. ʻO ka larvae instar ʻehā o An. Stephensi lāua ʻo Ae. Ua loaʻa iā aegypti nā loli histological he nui i loko o Aedes aegypti i mālama ʻia me B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, me ka gastric cecum, ka atrophy muscle, ka hōʻino a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻole ʻana o nā ganglia nerve cord72. Wahi a Raghavendran et al., ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me ka P. daleae mycelial extract, ua hōʻike nā cell midgut o nā makika i hoʻāʻo ʻia (4th instar larvae) i ka pehu ʻana o ka lumen intestinal, ka emi ʻana o nā mea intercellular, a me ka degeneration nucleus81. Ua ʻike ʻia nā loli histological like i loko o nā larva makika i mālama ʻia me ka echinacea leaf extract, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke insecticidal o nā hui i mālama ʻia50.
Ua loaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu ECOSAR ka ʻike honua82. Hōʻike nā noiʻi o kēia manawa e hāʻule ana ka ʻawaʻawa koʻikoʻi o nā biosurfactants ECOSAR i nā microalgae (C. vulgaris), nā iʻa a me nā ʻuku wai (D. magna) i loko o ka māhele "ʻawaʻawa" i wehewehe ʻia e ka United Nations83. Hoʻohana ke kumu hoʻohālike ecotoxicity ECOSAR iā SAR a me QSAR e wānana i ka ʻawaʻawa koʻikoʻi a me ka lōʻihi o nā mea a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e wānana i ka ʻawaʻawa o nā mea haumia organik82,84.
Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina mai HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka biosurfactant i loko o nā ʻōmole Erlenmeyer 500 mL e loaʻa ana he 200 mL o ka sterile Bushnell Haas medium i hoʻohui ʻia me ka 1% ʻaila maka ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona wale nō. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi preculture o Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) a ua hoʻoulu ʻia ma kahi shaker orbital ma 37°C, 200 rpm no 7 mau lā. Ma hope o ka manawa incubation, ua unuhi ʻia ka biosurfactant ma ka centrifuging ʻana i ka culture medium ma 3400×g no 20 min ma 4°C a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka supernatant hopena no nā kumu screening. Ua lawe ʻia nā kaʻina hana optimization a me ke ʻano o nā biosurfactants mai kā mākou noiʻi mua26.
Ua loaʻa nā ʻenuhe Culex quinquefasciatus mai ke Kikowaena no ka Hoʻopaʻa Haʻawina Kiʻekiʻe ma ke Biology Moana (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India). Ua hānai ʻia nā ʻenuhe i loko o nā pahu plastik i piha i ka wai deionized ma 27 ± 2°C a me kahi photoperiod o 12:12 (mālamalama:pouli). Ua hānai ʻia nā ʻenuhe makika i kahi hopena glucose 10%.
Ua loaʻa nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa Culex quinquefasciatus i loko o nā pahu septic hāmama a pale ʻole ʻia. E hoʻohana i nā alakaʻi hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau e ʻike a hoʻoulu i nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa i loko o ka hale hana85. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Larvicidal e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka World Health Organization 86. SH. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa instar ʻehā o quinquefasciatus i loko o nā ʻōmole pani ʻia i nā hui o 25 ml a me 50 ml me kahi hakahaka ea o ʻelua hapakolu o ko lākou hiki. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka Biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) i kēlā me kēia ʻōmole a mālama ʻia ma 25 °C. Ua hoʻohana wale ka ʻōmole hoʻomalu i ka wai distilled (50 ml). Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa make ʻo ia ka poʻe i hōʻike ʻole i nā hōʻailona o ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ka wā incubation (12-48 hola) 87. E helu i ka pakeneka o ka make ʻana o ka larval me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike. (1)88.
ʻO ka ʻohana Odontotermitidae e komo pū ana me ka ʻōhelo India ʻo Odontotermes obesus, i loaʻa i loko o nā lāʻau pala ma ke kahua mahiʻai (Ke Kulanui ʻo Annamalai, India). E hoʻāʻo i kēia biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana maʻamau e hoʻoholo ai inā he mea ʻino. Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana i ke kahe ea laminar no 30 min, ua uhi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana pepa Whatman me ka biosurfactant ma kahi nui o 30, 40, a i ʻole 50 mg/ml. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpana pepa i uhi mua ʻia a me nā ʻāpana pepa i uhi ʻole ʻia ma waenakonu o kahi kīʻaha Petri. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kīʻaha petri ma kahi o kanakolu mau ʻōhelo hana ʻo O. obesus. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻōhelo hoʻomalu a hoʻāʻo i ka pepa pulu ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai. Ua mālama ʻia nā pā āpau ma ka mahana o ka lumi i ka wā hoʻoulu. Ua make nā ʻōhelo ma hope o 12, 24, 36 a me 48 mau hola 89,90. A laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Equation 1 e kuhi i ka pakeneka o ka make ʻana o nā ʻōhelo ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ka biosurfactant. (2).
Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma luna o ka hau a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā microtubes e loaʻa ana he 100 ml o 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) a ua hoʻouna ʻia i ka Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) o ke Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Histology Laboratory, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. Apana, Tamil Nadu, India no ka nānā hou aku. Ua hoʻopaʻa koke ʻia nā laʻana i loko o 4% paraformaldehyde ma 37°C no 48 mau hola.
Ma hope o ke kahua hoʻopaʻa, ua holoi ʻia ka mea i ʻekolu manawa me ka 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu i loko o ka ethanol a hoʻomoʻa ʻia i loko o ka resin LEICA no 7 mau lā. A laila, hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea i loko o kahi ʻōmole plastik i piha i ka resin a me ka polymerizer, a laila hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka umu i hoʻomehana ʻia i 37°C a hiki i ka polymerization piha ʻana o ka poloka i loaʻa ka mea.
Ma hope o ka polymerization, ua ʻoki ʻia nā poloka me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microtome LEICA RM2235 (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) i ka mānoanoa o 3 mm. Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana ma nā slide, me ʻeono mau ʻāpana no kēlā me kēia slide. Ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā slide ma ka mahana o ka lumi, a laila ua hoʻoluʻu ʻia me ka hematoxylin no 7 min a holoi ʻia me ka wai e kahe ana no 4 min. Eia kekahi, e hoʻopili i ka hopena eosin i ka ʻili no 5 mau minuke a holoi me ka wai e kahe ana no 5 mau minuke.
Ua wānana ʻia ka ʻawahia koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaola wai mai nā pae wela like ʻole: iʻa 96-hola LC50, 48-hola D. magna LC50, a me 96-hola limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo EC50. Ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻawahia o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid i ka iʻa a me ka limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu ECOSAR mana 2.2 no Windows i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka US Environmental Protection Agency. (Loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele ma https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻāʻo āpau no ka hana larvicidal a me ka antitermite ma ke ʻano ʻekolu. Ua hana ʻia ka regression nonlinear (log of dose response variables) o ka ʻikepili make larval a me termite e helu i ka median lethal concentration (LC50) me ka 95% confidence interval, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā piʻo pane concentration me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Prism® (mana 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Hōʻike ka haʻawina o kēia manawa i ka hiki o nā biosurfactants microbial i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ma ke ʻano he mau mea larvicidal makika a me nā mea antitermite, a e kōkua kēia hana i kahi ʻike maikaʻi o nā ʻano hana o ka hana larvicidal a me ka antitermite. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina histological o nā larvae i mālama ʻia me nā biosurfactants i ka hōʻino ʻana i ke ala ʻai, midgut, cerebral cortex a me ka hyperplasia o nā cell epithelial intestinal. Nā hopena: Ua hōʻike ka loiloi toxicological o ka hana antitermite a me ka larvicidal o ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 he biopesticide hiki kēia isolate no ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi vector-borne o nā makika (Cx quinquefasciatus) a me nā termites (O. obesus). Aia kahi pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻona kūlohelohe o nā biosurfactants a me ko lākou hopena kūlohelohe. Hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kahi kumu ʻepekema no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pilikia kaiapuni o nā biosurfactants.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-09-2024