ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticides synthetic ua alakaʻi i nā pilikia he nui, e like me ka puka ʻana o nā mea ola kūpaʻa, ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a me ka pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka. No laila, microbial houpesticidesmea palekana no ke ola kanaka a me ke kaiapuni e pono koke. I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻawaʻawa i ka makika (Culex quinquefasciatus) a me ka termite (Odontotermes obesus). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka nui o ka make ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka waiwai LC50 (50% lethal concentration) i nā hola 48 no nā lāʻau ʻānai a me nā namu larval biosurfactants me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pihi regression nonlinear. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he 48-hola LC50 waiwai (95% confidence interval) o ka larvicidal a me ka hana antitermite o ka biosurfactant he 26.49 mg/L (kahi 25.40 a 27.57) a me 33.43 mg/L (ma waena 31.09 a 35.68). Wahi a ka hoʻokolokolo histopathological, ʻo ka mālama ʻana me nā biosurfactants i hōʻeha nui i nā ʻiʻo organelle o nā larvae a me nā termite. Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia haʻawina ʻo ka microbial biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 he mea hana maikaʻi loa a hiki ke hoʻohana i ka mana Cx. quinquefasciatus a me O. obesus.
Loaʻa i nā ʻāina wela ka nui o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka makika1. Laha loa ka pili o na mai namu. ʻOi aku ma mua o 400,000 poʻe e make ana i ka maʻi malaria i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ke loaʻa nei kekahi mau kūlanakauhale nui i nā maʻi ahulau o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi e like me ka dengue, ka maʻi melemele, chikungunya a me Zika. hihia nui3 ,4. ʻO Culex, Anopheles a me Aedes nā moʻo namu ʻekolu i pili pinepine i ka lawe ʻana i ka maʻi5. ʻO ka maʻi maʻi dengue, kahi maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka namu Aedes aegypti, ua piʻi aʻe i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei a ua hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i ke olakino lehulehu4,7,8. Wahi a ka World Health Organization (WHO), ʻoi aku ma mua o 40% o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua i ka pilikia o ka maʻi dengue, me 50-100 miliona mau hihia hou e kū nei i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o 100 mau ʻāina9,10,11. Ua lilo ka ma'i ma'i Dengue i pilikia ko'iko'i o ka lehulehu no ka mea ua pi'i ka ma'i ma ka honua12,13,14. ʻO Anopheles gambiae, ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka namu Anopheles ʻApelika, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa o ka maʻi maʻi kanaka ma nā ʻāina wela a me nā ʻāina subtropical15. ʻO ka maʻi virus West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, a me nā maʻi viral o nā lio a me nā manu ke lawe ʻia e nā makika Culex, i kapa pinepine ʻia he namu hale maʻamau. Eia kekahi, he mau ma'i ma'i ma'i bacteria a me parasitic16. Aia ma mua o 3,000 mau ʻano nalo ma ka honua, a ua noho lākou ma mua o 150 miliona mau makahiki17. Noho ka hapa nui o nā pests i ka lepo a ʻai i ka lāʻau a me nā huahana lāʻau i loaʻa i ka cellulose. He pest ko'iko'i 'o Odontotermes obesus Indian termite e poino nui ai i na mea kanu nui a me na laau kanu18. Ma nā wahi mahiʻai, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino nui ʻia nā mea kanu, nā ʻano lāʻau a me nā mea kūkulu hale. Hiki i ka termite ke hoʻopilikia i ke olakino kanaka19.
He paʻakikī ka pilikia o ke kū'ē ʻana mai nā microorganisms a me nā pests i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mahiʻai i kēia lā20,21. No laila, pono nā hui ʻelua e ʻimi i nā antimicrobial hou a me nā biopesticides palekana. Loaʻa nā pesticides synthetic i kēia manawa a ua hōʻike ʻia he maʻi maʻi a pale aku i nā iniseti pono ʻole i paʻi ʻia22. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā biosurfactants ma muli o kā lākou noi i nā ʻoihana like ʻole. He mea pono a koʻikoʻi nā biosurfactants i ka mahiʻai, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lepo, ka ʻili ʻaila, ka bacteria a me ka wehe ʻana i nā pepeke, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka meaʻai23,24. ʻO nā biosurfactants a i ʻole microbial surfactants nā kemika biosurfactant i hana ʻia e nā microorganisms e like me ka bacteria, yeasts a me nā haʻiki ma nā wahi noho kahakai a me nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka aila25,26. ʻO nā surfactants i loaʻa i ke kemika a me nā biosurfactants ʻelua ʻano i loaʻa pololei mai ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe27. Loaʻa nā biosurfactant like ʻole mai nā wahi noho kai28,29. No laila, ke ʻimi nei nā ʻepekema i nā ʻenehana hou no ka hana ʻana i nā biosurfactants e pili ana i ka bacteria kūlohelohe30,31. ʻO nā holomua o ia noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau pūhui olaola no ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni32. ʻO Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium a me kēia mau genera bacteria he mau ʻelele i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia23,33.
Nui nā ʻano biosurfactant me ka laulā o nā noi34. ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi nui o kēia mau pūhui ʻo ia kekahi o lākou he hana antibacterial, larvicidal a me nā insecticidal. ʻO ia ke ʻano hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, kemika, lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana hoʻonaninani35,36,37,38. Ma muli o ka biosurfactants maʻamau hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a pono i ke kaiapuni, hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā papahana hoʻokele pest integrated e pale i nā mea kanu39. No laila, ua loaʻa ka ʻike kumu e pili ana i ka hana larvicidal a antitermite o nā microbial biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2. Ua nānā mākou i ka make a me nā loli histological i ka wā i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid. Eia hou, ua loiloi mākou i ka polokalamu kamepiula Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa no ka microalgae, daphnia, a me ka iʻa.
I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hana antitermite (toxicity) o nā biosurfactants i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole mai 30 a 50 mg / ml (ma 5 mg / ml mau manawa) i hoʻāʻo ʻia e kūʻē i nā termite India, O. obesus a me nā ʻano ʻehā ) E loiloi. ʻO nā ʻōpala o ka instar Cx. ʻO nā ʻōpala o nā makika quinquefasciatus. Biosurfactant LC50 hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma luna o 48 hola ku e O. obesus a me Cx. C. solanacearum. Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻuala namu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pihi hoʻihoʻi ʻole linear. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka piʻi ʻana o ka make me ka piʻi ʻana o ka biosurfactant. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i loaʻa i ka biosurfactant ka hana larvicidal (Figure 1) a me ka hana anti-termite (Figure 2), me nā waiwai LC50 48-hola (95% CI) o 26.49 mg/L (25.40 a 27.57) a me 33.43 mg/ l (Fig. 31.09 a 35.68), i kēlā me kēia (Papa 1). Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻawaʻawa nui (48 mau hola), ua helu ʻia ka biosurfactant ma ke ʻano he "pōʻino" i nā mea ola i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻike ka biosurfactant i hana ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina i ka hana larvicidal maikaʻi loa me ka 100% make i loko o 24-48 mau hola o ka ʻike.
E helu i ka waiwai LC50 no ka hana larvicidal. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pihi regression nonlinear (laina paʻa) a me 95% ka manawa hilinaʻi (wahi i uhi ʻia) no ka make pili (%).
E helu i ka waiwai LC50 no ka hana anti-termite. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pihi regression nonlinear (laina paʻa) a me 95% ka manawa hilinaʻi (wahi i uhi ʻia) no ka make pili (%).
I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua, ʻike ʻia nā loli morphological a me nā anomalies ma lalo o ka microscope. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻololi morphological i nā pūʻulu mana a mālama ʻia ma 40x hoʻonui. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3, ua loaʻa ka pōʻino o ka ulu ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā larvae i mālama ʻia me nā biosurfactants. Hōʻike ka helu 3a i kahi Cx maʻamau. quinquefasciatus, Hōʻike ka Helu 3b i kahi Cx anomali. ʻElima nematode larvae.
Ka hopena o ka sublethal (LC50) o nā biosurfactants i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā larvae Culex quinquefasciatus. Kiʻi microscopy māmā (a) o kahi Cx maʻamau ma ka hoʻonui 40x. quinquefasciatus (b) ʻAʻole Cx. ʻElima nematode larvae.
Ma ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka histological o nā larvae i mālama ʻia (Fig. 4) a me nā termites (Fig. 5) i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi mau mea ʻino, me ka emi ʻana o ka ʻōpū a me ka pōʻino i nā ʻiʻo, nā papa epithelial a me ka ʻili. midgut. Ua hōʻike ʻo Histology i ke ʻano o ka hana pale o ka biosurfactant i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia haʻawina.
Histopathology o ka 4th instar Cx larvae maʻamau i mālama ʻole ʻia. quinquefasciatus larvae (mana: (a,b)) a mālama ʻia me ka biosurfactant (hana: (c,d)). Hōʻike nā pua i ka epithelium intestinal i mālama ʻia (epi), nuclei (n), a me ka ʻiʻo (mu). Bar = 50 µm.
ʻO ka histopathology o O. obesus maʻamau i mālamaʻoleʻia (ka mana: (a, b)) a me ka biosurfactant i mālamaʻia (hana: (c,d)). Hōʻike nā pua i ka epithelium intestinal (epi) a me ka ʻiʻo (mu), kēlā me kēia. Bar = 50 µm.
Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ECOSAR e wānana i ka ʻona nui o nā huahana biosurfactant rhamnolipid i nā mea hana mua ('ōmaʻomaʻo algae), nā mea kūʻai mua (wai fleas) a me nā mea kūʻai lua (iʻa). Ke hoʻohana nei kēia polokalamu i nā hiʻohiʻona hui pūhui quantitative quantitative-activity e loiloi i ka ʻona ma muli o ke ʻano molekala. Hoʻohana ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka polokalamu structure-activity (SAR) no ka helu ʻana i ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka lōʻihi o nā mea ʻona i nā ʻano wai. Ma ke ʻano kikoʻī, hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka Papa 2 i ka manaʻo make mean lethal concentration (LC50) a me mean effective concentrations (EC50) no kekahi mau ʻano. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻawaʻawa i manaʻo ʻia i ʻehā mau pae me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Table 3).
Ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi e lawe ʻia e ka vector, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā namu a me nā makika Aedes. ʻO ʻAigupita, i kēia manawa ka hana paʻakikī 40,41,42,43,44,45,46. ʻOiai he mea maikaʻi kekahi mau lāʻau pesticides, e like me nā pyrethroids a me nā organophosphates, he pilikia nui lākou i ke olakino kanaka, e like me ka maʻi diabetes, nā maʻi hānau keiki, nā maʻi neurological, ka maʻi kanesa, a me nā maʻi hanu. Eia kekahi, ma ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, hiki i kēia mau ʻinikena ke kū kūʻē iā lākou13,43,48. No laila, e lilo ana nā hana hoʻomalu olaola maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi i ke kaiapuni i mea kaulana loa o ka namu49,50. Manaʻo ʻo Benelli51 e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā namu namu ma nā kūlanakauhale, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻōlelo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvicides ma nā kuaʻāina52. Ua manaʻo pū ʻo Tom et al 53 ʻo ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā makika i ko lākou wā ʻōpiopio he hoʻolālā palekana a maʻalahi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea hoʻomalu 54 .
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka biosurfactant e kahi kānana ikaika (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) i hōʻike i ka maikaʻi kūlike a hoʻohiki. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou noiʻi mua ʻana ʻo Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana biosurfactant me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā parameter physicochemical26. Wahi a kā lākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻo nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hana biosurfactant e ka E. cloacae kaawale ka incubation no 36 mau hola, hoʻoulu ʻia ma 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose ma ke kumu kalapona, 1% hū. . ua hoʻohana ʻia ka extract ma ke ʻano he kumu nitrogen e loaʻa ai ka 2.61 g/L biosurfactant. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā biosurfactants me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā TLC, FTIR a me MALDI-TOF-MS. Ua hōʻoia kēia i ka rhamnolipid he biosurfactant. ʻO nā biosurfactants Glycolipid ka papa i aʻo nui ʻia o nā ʻano biosurfactants ʻē aʻe55. Aia lākou i nā ʻāpana carbohydrate a me nā lipid, ka nui o nā kaulahao momona momona. Ma waena o nā glycolipids, ʻo nā ʻelele nui he rhamnolipid a me sophorolipid56. Loaʻa i nā Rhamnolipids ʻelua mau ʻāpana rhamnose i hoʻopili ʻia me ka mono- a i ʻole di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57. Ua hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā rhamnolipids i nā ʻoihana lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau 58, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou hoʻohana hou ʻana ma ke ʻano he pesticides 59.
ʻO ka launa pū ʻana o ka biosurfactant me ka ʻāina hydrophobic o ka siphon hanu e hiki ai i ka wai ke hele i loko o kona lua stomatal, ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka pili ʻana o nā larvae me ke kaiapuni wai. ʻO ka hele ʻana o nā biosurfactants e pili pū ana i ka trachea, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kahi kokoke i ka ʻili, kahi e maʻalahi ai i nā larvae ke kolo i ka ʻili a hanu. ʻO ka hopena, ua emi ka ʻili o ka wai. ʻAʻole hiki i nā larvae ke hoʻopili i ka ʻili o ka wai, hāʻule lākou i lalo o ka pahu, hoʻopilikia i ke kaomi hydrostatic, ka hopena i ka nui o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka make ʻana ma ka make ʻana38,60. Loaʻa nā hopena like e Ghribi61, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai kahi biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis i ka hana larvicidal kūʻē iā Ephestia kuehniella. Pela no ka hana larvicidal o Cx. Ua loiloi ʻo Das lāua ʻo Mukherjee23 i ka hopena o ka lipopeptides cyclic ma nā larvae quinquefasciatus.
ʻO nā hopena o kēia haʻawina e pili ana i ka hana larvicidal o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid e kūʻē iā Cx. ʻO ka pepehi ʻana i nā makika quinquefasciatus e kūlike me nā hopena i paʻi mua ʻia. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā biosurfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka surfactin i hana ʻia e nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole o ka genus Bacillus. a me Pseudomonas spp. ʻO kekahi mau hōʻike mua 64,65,66 i hōʻike i ka hana pepehi larval o lipopeptide biosurfactants mai Bacillus subtilis23. Deepali et al. Ua ʻike ʻo 63 i ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai Stenotropomonas maltophilia i loaʻa i ka hana larvicidal potent ma ke ʻano o 10 mg/L. Silva et al. Ua hōʻike ʻo 67 i ka hana larvicidal o rhamnolipid biosurfactant e kūʻē iā Ae ma ke ʻano o 1 g/L. Aedes aegypti. Kanakdande et al. Ua hōʻike ʻo 68 i ka lipopeptide biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis ke kumu o ka make holoʻokoʻa i nā larvae Culex a me nā termite me ka hapa lipophilic o Eucalyptus. Pēlā nō, ʻo Masendra et al. 69 hōʻike i ka hana ant (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) make o 61.7% i loko o ka lipophilic n -hexane a me EtOAc hakina o E. crude extract.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Parthipan et al 70 i ka hoʻohana insecticidal o lipopeptide biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis A1 a me Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 e kūʻē iā Anopheles Stephensi, he vector o ka malaria parasite Plasmodium. Ua ʻike lākou he lōʻihi ke ola ʻana o nā larvae a me nā pupae, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o nā manawa oviposition, ʻaʻole i maʻemaʻe, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ke ola ke mālama ʻia me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā biosurfactants. ʻO nā waiwai LC50 i ʻike ʻia o B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 he 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 a me 7.99 mg/L no nā mokuʻāina larval like ʻole (ʻo ia hoʻi nā larvae I, II, III, IV a me nā pupae pae). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā biosurfactants no nā pae larval I-IV a me nā pae pupal o Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 he 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 a me 6.99 mg/L. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka phenology lohi o ke ola ʻana a me nā pupae ka hopena o nā pilikia kino kino a me ka metabolic i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lāʻau insecticide71.
Hoʻopuka ʻo Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 i kahi biosurfactant me 100% hana larvicidal e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. aegypti 24-hola manawa 38 ua kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e Silva et al. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi biosurfactant i hana ʻia mai Pseudomonas aeruginosa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila sunflower ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona e pepehi i 100% o nā larvae i loko o 48 mau hola 67 . Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Abinaya et al.72 a me Pradhan et al.73 i ka hopena larvicidal a insecticidal paha o nā surfactants i hana ʻia e kekahi mau kaʻawale o ka genus Bacillus. ʻO kahi haʻawina i paʻi mua ʻia e Senthil-Nathan et al. ua ʻike ʻia he 100% o nā elo makika i hōʻike ʻia i nā kaona kanu e make paha. 74.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka loiloi ʻana i nā hopena sublethal o nā lāʻau insecticides i ka biology insect no nā polokalamu hoʻokele pest integrated no ka mea, ʻaʻole pepehi ka sublethal / concentrations i nā iniseti akā hiki ke hōʻemi i ka heluna o nā pepeke i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana ma o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā ʻano olaola10. Ua nānā ʻo Siqueira et al 75 i ka hana larvicidal piha (100% make) o ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa mai 50 a 300 mg / ml. ʻO ka pae larva o nā ʻano Aedes aegypti. Ua kālailai lākou i ka hopena o ka manawa i ka make a me ka sublethal i ke ola larval a me ka ʻauʻau. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike lākou i ka emi ʻana o ka wikiwiki ʻauʻau ma hope o 24-48 mau hola o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano sublethal o ka biosurfactant (e laʻa, 50 mg/mL a me 100 mg/mL). Ua mana'o 'ia he 'oi aku ka maika'i o nā lā'au 'awa'awa no ka ho'opō'ino 'ana i nā mea pests76.
Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o kā mākou hopena i nā biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e hoʻololi nui i nā ʻiʻo o ka makika (Cx. quinquefasciatus) a me ka termite (O. obesus). ʻO nā anomalies like i hana ʻia e ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka aila basil ma An. gambiaes.s a me An. Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Arabica e Ochola77. Ua wehewehe pū ʻo Kamaraj et al.78 i nā mea like ʻole morphological i An. Ua ʻike ʻia nā larvae o Stephanie i nā nanoparticles gula. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 ua hōʻino nui ka ʻaila nui o ka ʻeke kahu hipa i ke keʻena a me nā papa epithelial o Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Raghavendran et al ua mālama ʻia nā ʻōpala namu me 500 mg / ml mycelial extract o kahi haʻiki Penicillium kūloko. Hōʻike ʻo Ae i ka pōʻino histological koʻikoʻi. aegypti a me Cx. ʻO ka helu make 80. Ma mua, ʻo Abinaya et al. Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻōnohu instar ʻehā o An. Stephensi a me Ae. aegypti i loaʻa i nā loli histological he nui i Aedes aegypti i mālama ʻia me B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, me ka cecum ʻōpū, atrophy ʻiʻo, ka pōʻino a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kaula aʻalolo ganglia72. Wahi a Raghavendran et al., Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me ka P. daleae mycelial extract, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana midgut o nā makika i hoʻāʻo ʻia (4th instar larvae) i ka pehu ʻana o ka lumen intestinal, ka emi ʻana o nā mea intercellular, a me ka degeneration nuklea81. Ua ʻike ʻia nā loli like ʻole o ka namu i mālama ʻia me ka echinacea lau extract, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke hoʻomake ʻia o nā pūhui i mālama ʻia.
Ua loaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu ECOSAR ka ʻike honua82. Hōʻike ka noiʻi o kēia manawa ʻo ka ʻona nui o nā biosurfactants ECOSAR i nā microalgae (C. vulgaris), iʻa a me nā ʻauʻau wai (D. magna) e hāʻule i loko o ka māhele "toxicity" i wehewehe ʻia e United Nations83. Hoʻohana ka ECOSAR ecotoxicity model i ka SAR a me QSAR e wānana i ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka wā lōʻihi o nā mea ʻona a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e wānana i ka ʻona o nā mea haumia organik82,84.
Ua kūʻai ʻia mai ka Paraformaldehyde, ka sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina mai HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hana biosurfactant i loko o 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks i loaʻa he 200 mL o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Bushnell Haas i hoʻohui ʻia me 1% aila ʻaila ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona hoʻokahi. A preculture o Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) ua inoculated a moʻomeheu i ka orbital shaker ma 37 ° C, 200 rpm no 7 lā. Ma hope o ka manawa incubation, ua unuhi ʻia ka biosurfactant ma ka centrifuging i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu ma 3400 × g no 20 min ma 4 ° C a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka supernatant hopena no nā kumu screening. Ua lawe ʻia nā kaʻina hana loiloi a me ke ʻano o nā biosurfactants mai kā mākou noiʻi mua26.
Ua loaʻa mai nā larvae Culex quinquefasciatus mai ka Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India). Hanai ʻia nā larva i loko o nā pahu plastik i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai deionized ma 27 ± 2°C a me kahi photoperiod o 12:12 (mālamalama: pōuliuli). Hānai ʻia nā ʻōpala namu i kahi solution glucose 10%.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala Culex quinquefasciatus i loko o nā pahu septic ākea a mālama ʻole ʻia. E hoʻohana i nā alakaʻi hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka moʻomeheu ʻana i nā larva i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua85. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Larvicidal e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka World Health Organization 86. SH. ʻO ka ʻehā instar larvae o quinquefasciatus i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā paipu paʻa i nā hui o 25 ml a me 50 ml me kahi ea ea o ʻelua hapakolu o ko lākou hiki. Hoʻohui ʻia ka biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) i kēlā me kēia paipu a mālama ʻia ma 25 °C. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe (50 ml) wale nō ka paipu hoʻomalu. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā ʻōpala make i hōʻike ʻole i nā hōʻailona o ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ka wā incubation (12-48 hola) 87. E helu i ka pākēneka o ka make larval me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike. (1)88.
Aia ka ʻohana Odontotermitidae i ka termite Indian Odontotermes obesus, i loaʻa i loko o nā lāʻau popopo ma ka Agricultural Campus (Annamalai University, India). E ho'āʻo i kēia biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana maʻamau e hoʻoholo ai inā he pōʻino. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka ea laminar no 30 min, ua uhi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka pepa Whatman me ka biosurfactant ma ke ʻano o 30, 40, a i ʻole 50 mg/ml. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpana pepa i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia a i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i waenakonu o kahi pā Petri. Aia i loko o kēlā me kēia kīʻaha petri ma kahi o kanakolu mau termite ikaika O. obesus. Ua hā'awi 'ia i ka pepa pulu ma ke 'ano he kumu 'ai. Ua mālama ʻia nā papa a pau ma ka lumi wela i ka wā incubation. Ua make nā Termites ma hope o 12, 24, 36 a me 48 hola89,90. A laila hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike 1 no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pākēneka o ka make ʻana o ka termite ma nā ʻano biosurfactant like ʻole. (2).
Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma ka hau a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā microtubes i loaʻa ka 100 ml o 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) a hoʻouna ʻia i ka Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) o ka Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA). Hale Hana Moolelo, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai. Apana, Tamil Nadu, India no ka nānā hou aku. Hoʻopaʻa koke ʻia nā laʻana i 4% paraformaldehyde ma 37 ° C no 48 mau hola.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ua holoi ʻia ka mea i ʻekolu manawa me ka 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka ethanol a hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka resin LEICA no 7 mau lā. A laila hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea i loko o kahi ʻeleʻele i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka resin a me ka polymerizer, a laila waiho ʻia i loko o ka umu wela i 37 ° C a hiki i ka polymerized ka poloka i loko o ka mea.
Ma hope o ka polymerization, ua ʻoki ʻia nā poloka me ka LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) i ka mānoanoa o 3 mm. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana ma nā paheʻe, me nā ʻāpana ʻeono i kēlā me kēia paheʻe. Hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā paheʻe i ka lumi wela, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hematoxylin no 7 min a holoi ʻia me ka wai kahe no 4 min. Eia kekahi, e hoʻopili i ka solution eosin i ka ʻili no 5 mau minuke a holoi me ka wai holo no 5 mau minuke.
Ua wānana ʻia ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ola wai mai nā pae wela like ʻole: 96-hola iʻa LC50, 48-hola D. magna LC50, a me 96-hola ʻōmaʻomaʻo algae EC50. Ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻona o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid i ka iʻa a me nā limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu polokalamu ECOSAR version 2.2 no Windows i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka US Environmental Protection Agency. (Loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele ma https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo a pau no ka hana larvicidal a me ka antitermite i ka ʻekolu. Ua hana ʻia ka regression nonlinear (log of dose response variables) o ka larval a me ka termite mortality data e helu i ka median lethal concentration (LC50) me 95% confidence interval, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pihi pane ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Hōʻike ka haʻawina i kēia manawa i ka hiki o nā microbial biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ma ke ʻano he larvicidal mosquito a me antitermite agents, a e kōkua kēia hana i ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā hana o ka hana larvicidal a me antitermite. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mōʻaukala o nā larvae i mālama ʻia me nā biosurfactants i ka pōʻino i ka digestive tract, midgut, cerebral cortex a me ka hyperplasia o nā pūpū epithelial intestinal. Nā hualoaʻa: Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi toxicological o ka antitermite a me ka hana larvicidal o rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 i hōʻike ʻia he biopesticide hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika (Cx quinquefasciatus) a me nā nalo (O. obesus). Pono e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu o ka ʻona o ke kaiapuni o nā biosurfactants a me ko lākou hopena kaiapuni. Hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kumu ʻepekema no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pilikia o ke kaiapuni o nā biosurfactants.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-09-2024