ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticides synthetic ua alakaʻi i nā pilikia he nui, e like me ka puka ʻana o nā mea ola kūpaʻa, ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a me ka pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka.No laila, makemake nui ʻia nā pesticides microbial hou i palekana no ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni.I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 no ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻawaʻawa i ka makika (Culex quinquefasciatus) a me ka termite (Odontotermes obesus).Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka nui o ka make ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka waiwai LC50 (50% lethal concentration) i nā hola 48 no nā lāʻau ʻānai a me nā namu larval biosurfactants me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pihi regression nonlinear.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he 48-hola LC50 waiwai (95% confidence interval) o ka larvicidal a me ka hana antitermite o ka biosurfactant he 26.49 mg/L (kahi 25.40 a 27.57) a me 33.43 mg/L (ma waena 31.09 a 35.68).Wahi a ka hoʻokolokolo histopathological, ʻo ka mālama ʻana me nā biosurfactants i hōʻeha nui i nā ʻiʻo organelle o nā larvae a me nā termite.Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia haʻawina ʻo ka microbial biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 he mea hana maikaʻi loa a hiki ke hoʻohana i ka mana Cx.quinquefasciatus a me O. obesus.
Loaʻa i nā ʻāina wela ka nui o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka makika1.Laha loa ka pili o na mai namu.ʻOi aku ma mua o 400,000 poʻe e make ana i ka maʻi malaria i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ke loaʻa nei kekahi mau kūlanakauhale nui i nā maʻi ahulau o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi e like me ka dengue, ka maʻi melemele, chikungunya a me Zika. hihia nui3 ,4.ʻO Culex, Anopheles a me Aedes nā moʻo namu ʻekolu i pili pinepine i ka lawe ʻana i ka maʻi5.ʻO ka maʻi maʻi dengue, kahi maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka namu Aedes aegypti, ua piʻi aʻe i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei a ua hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i ke olakino lehulehu4,7,8.Wahi a ka World Health Organization (WHO), ʻoi aku ma mua o 40% o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua i ka pilikia o ka maʻi dengue, me 50-100 miliona mau hihia hou e kū nei i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o 100 mau ʻāina9,10,11.Ua lilo ka ma'i ma'i Dengue i pilikia ko'iko'i o ka lehulehu no ka mea ua pi'i ka ma'i ma ka honua12,13,14.ʻO Anopheles gambiae, ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ka namu Anopheles ʻApelika, ʻo ia ka mea nui loa o ka maʻi maʻi kanaka ma nā ʻāina wela a me nā ʻāina subtropical15.ʻO ka maʻi virus West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, a me nā maʻi viral o nā lio a me nā manu ke lawe ʻia e nā makika Culex, i kapa pinepine ʻia he namu hale maʻamau.Eia kekahi, he mau ma'i ma'i ma'i bacteria a me parasitic16.Aia ma mua o 3,000 mau ʻano nalo ma ka honua, a ua noho lākou ma mua o 150 miliona mau makahiki17.Noho ka hapa nui o nā pests i ka lepo a ʻai i ka lāʻau a me nā huahana lāʻau i loaʻa i ka cellulose.He pest ko'iko'i 'o Odontotermes obesus Indian termite e poino nui ai i na mea kanu nui a me na laau kanu18.Ma nā wahi mahiʻai, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino nui ʻia nā mea kanu, nā ʻano lāʻau a me nā mea kūkulu hale.Hiki i ka termite ke hoʻopilikia i ke olakino kanaka19.
He paʻakikī ka pilikia o ke kū'ē ʻana mai nā microorganisms a me nā pests i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka mahiʻai i kēia lā20,21.No laila, pono nā hui ʻelua e ʻimi i nā antimicrobial hou a me nā biopesticides palekana.Loaʻa nā pesticides synthetic i kēia manawa a ua hōʻike ʻia he maʻi maʻi a pale aku i nā iniseti pono ʻole i paʻi ʻia22.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā biosurfactants ma muli o kā lākou noi i nā ʻoihana like ʻole.He mea pono a koʻikoʻi nā biosurfactants i ka mahiʻai, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lepo, ka ʻili ʻaila, ka bacteria a me ka wehe ʻana i nā pepeke, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka meaʻai23,24.ʻO nā biosurfactants a i ʻole microbial surfactants nā kemika biosurfactant i hana ʻia e nā microorganisms e like me ka bacteria, yeasts a me nā haʻiki ma nā wahi noho kahakai a me nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka aila25,26.ʻO nā surfactants i loaʻa i ke kemika a me nā biosurfactants ʻelua ʻano i loaʻa pololei mai ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe27.Loaʻa nā biosurfactant like ʻole mai nā wahi noho kai28,29.No laila, ke ʻimi nei nā ʻepekema i nā ʻenehana hou no ka hana ʻana i nā biosurfactants e pili ana i ka bacteria kūlohelohe30,31.ʻO nā holomua o ia noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau pūhui olaola no ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni32.ʻO Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium a me kēia mau genera bacteria he mau ʻelele i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia23,33.
Nui nā ʻano biosurfactant me ka laulā o nā noi34.ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi nui o kēia mau pūhui ʻo ia kekahi o lākou he hana antibacterial, larvicidal a me nā insecticidal.ʻO ia ke ʻano hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, kemika, lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana hoʻonaninani35,36,37,38.Ma muli o ka biosurfactants maʻamau hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a pono i ke kaiapuni, hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā papahana hoʻokele pest integrated e pale i nā mea kanu39.No laila, ua loaʻa ka ʻike kumu e pili ana i ka hana larvicidal a antitermite o nā microbial biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2.Ua nānā mākou i ka make a me nā loli histological i ka wā i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid.Eia hou, ua loiloi mākou i ka polokalamu kamepiula Quantitative Structure-Activity (QSAR) i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Ecological Structure-Activity (ECOSAR) no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea ʻawaʻawa no ka microalgae, daphnia, a me ka iʻa.
I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hana antitermite (toxicity) o nā biosurfactants i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole mai 30 a 50 mg / ml (ma 5 mg / ml mau manawa) i hoʻāʻo ʻia e kūʻē i nā termite India, O. obesus a me nā ʻano ʻehā ) E loiloi.ʻO nā ʻōpala o ka instar Cx.ʻO nā ʻōpala o nā makika quinquefasciatus.Biosurfactant LC50 hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma luna o 48 hola ku e O. obesus a me Cx.C. solanacearum.Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻuala namu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pihi hoʻihoʻi ʻole linear.Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka piʻi ʻana o ka make me ka piʻi ʻana o ka biosurfactant.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i loaʻa i ka biosurfactant ka hana larvicidal (Figure 1) a me ka hana anti-termite (Figure 2), me nā waiwai LC50 48-hola (95% CI) o 26.49 mg/L (25.40 a 27.57) a me 33.43 mg/ l (Fig. 31.09 a 35.68), i kēlā me kēia (Papa 1).Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻawaʻawa nui (48 mau hola), ua helu ʻia ka biosurfactant ma ke ʻano he "pōʻino" i nā mea ola i hoʻāʻo ʻia.ʻO ka biosurfactant i hana ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina i hōʻike i ka hana larvicidal maikaʻi loa me 100% make i loko o 24-48 mau hola o ka ʻike.
E helu i ka waiwai LC50 no ka hana larvicidal.ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pihi regression nonlinear (laina paʻa) a me 95% ka manawa hilinaʻi (wahi i uhi ʻia) no ka make pili (%).
E helu i ka waiwai LC50 no ka hana anti-termite.ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pihi regression nonlinear (laina paʻa) a me 95% ka manawa hilinaʻi (wahi i uhi ʻia) no ka make pili (%).
I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua, ʻike ʻia nā loli morphological a me nā anomalies ma lalo o ka microscope.Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻololi morphological i nā pūʻulu mana a mālama ʻia ma 40x hoʻonui.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3, ua loaʻa ka pōʻino o ka ulu ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā larvae i mālama ʻia me nā biosurfactants.Hōʻike ka helu 3a i kahi Cx maʻamau.quinquefasciatus, Hōʻike ka Helu 3b i kahi Cx anomali.ʻElima nematode larvae.
Ka hopena o ka sublethal (LC50) o nā biosurfactants i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā larvae Culex quinquefasciatus.Kiʻi microscopy māmā (a) o kahi Cx maʻamau ma ka hoʻonui 40x.quinquefasciatus (b) ʻAʻole Cx.ʻElima nematode larvae.
Ma ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka histological o nā larvae i mālama ʻia (Fig. 4) a me nā termites (Fig. 5) i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi mau mea ʻino, me ka emi ʻana o ka ʻōpū a me ka pōʻino i nā ʻiʻo, nā papa epithelial a me ka ʻili.midgut.Ua hōʻike ʻo Histology i ke ʻano o ka hana pale o ka biosurfactant i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia haʻawina.
Histopathology o ka 4th instar Cx larvae maʻamau i mālama ʻole ʻia.quinquefasciatus larvae (mana: (a,b)) a mālama ʻia me ka biosurfactant (hana: (c,d)).Hōʻike nā pua i ka epithelium intestinal i mālama ʻia (epi), nuclei (n), a me ka ʻiʻo (mu).Bar = 50 µm.
ʻO ka histopathology o O. obesus maʻamau i mālamaʻoleʻia (ka mana: (a, b)) a me ka biosurfactant i mālamaʻia (hana: (c,d)).Hōʻike nā pua i ka epithelium intestinal (epi) a me ka ʻiʻo (mu), kēlā me kēia.Bar = 50 µm.
Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ECOSAR e wānana i ka ʻona nui o nā huahana biosurfactant rhamnolipid i nā mea hana mua ('ōmaʻomaʻo algae), nā mea kūʻai mua (wai fleas) a me nā mea kūʻai lua (iʻa).Ke hoʻohana nei kēia polokalamu i nā hiʻohiʻona hui pūhui quantitative quantitative-activity e loiloi i ka ʻona ma muli o ke ʻano molekala.Hoʻohana ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka polokalamu structure-activity (SAR) no ka helu ʻana i ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka lōʻihi o nā mea ʻona i nā ʻano wai.Ma ke ʻano kikoʻī, hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka Papa 2 i ka manaʻo make mean lethal concentration (LC50) a me mean effective concentrations (EC50) no kekahi mau ʻano.Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻawaʻawa i manaʻo ʻia i ʻehā mau pae me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (Table 3).
Ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka vector, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā namu a me nā makika Aedes.ʻO ʻAigupita, i kēia manawa ka hana paʻakikī 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.ʻOiai he mea maikaʻi kekahi mau lāʻau pesticides, e like me nā pyrethroids a me nā organophosphates, he pilikia nui lākou i ke olakino kanaka, e like me ka maʻi diabetes, nā maʻi hānau keiki, nā maʻi neurological, ka maʻi kanesa, a me nā maʻi hanu.Eia kekahi, ma ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, hiki i kēia mau ʻinikena ke kū kūʻē iā lākou13,43,48.No laila, e lilo ana nā hana hoʻomalu olaola maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi i ke kaiapuni i mea kaulana loa o ka namu49,50.Manaʻo ʻo Benelli51 e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā namu namu ma nā kūlanakauhale, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻōlelo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvicides ma nā kuaʻāina52.Ua manaʻo pū ʻo Tom et al 53 ʻo ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā makika i ko lākou wā ʻōpiopio he hoʻolālā palekana a maʻalahi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea hoʻomalu 54 .
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka biosurfactant e kahi kānana ikaika (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) i hōʻike i ka maikaʻi kūlike a hoʻohiki.Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou noiʻi mua ʻana ʻo Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana biosurfactant me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā parameter physicochemical26.Wahi a kā lākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻo nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hana biosurfactant e ka E. cloacae kaawale ka incubation no 36 mau hola, hoʻoulu ʻia ma 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 °C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose ma ke kumu kalapona, 1% hū. .ua hoʻohana ʻia ka extract ma ke ʻano he kumu nitrogen e loaʻa ai ka 2.61 g/L biosurfactant.Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā biosurfactants me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā TLC, FTIR a me MALDI-TOF-MS.Ua hōʻoia kēia i ka rhamnolipid he biosurfactant.ʻO nā biosurfactants Glycolipid ka papa i aʻo nui ʻia o nā ʻano biosurfactants ʻē aʻe55.Aia lākou i nā ʻāpana carbohydrate a me nā lipid, ka nui o nā kaulahao momona momona.Ma waena o nā glycolipids, ʻo nā ʻelele nui he rhamnolipid a me sophorolipid56.Loaʻa i nā Rhamnolipids ʻelua mau ʻāpana rhamnose i hoʻopili ʻia me ka mono- a i ʻole di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Ua hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā rhamnolipids i nā ʻoihana lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau 58, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kā lākou hoʻohana hou ʻana ma ke ʻano he pesticides 59.
ʻO ka launa pū ʻana o ka biosurfactant me ka ʻāina hydrophobic o ka siphon hanu e hiki ai i ka wai ke hele i loko o kona lua stomatal, ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka pili ʻana o nā larvae me ke kaiapuni wai.ʻO ka hele ʻana o nā biosurfactants e pili pū ana i ka trachea, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kahi kokoke i ka ʻili, kahi e maʻalahi ai i nā larvae ke kolo i ka ʻili a hanu.ʻO ka hopena, ua emi ka ʻili o ka wai.ʻAʻole hiki i nā larvae ke hoʻopili i ka ʻili o ka wai, hāʻule lākou i lalo o ka pahu, hoʻopilikia i ke kaomi hydrostatic, ka hopena i ka nui o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka make ʻana ma ka make ʻana38,60.Loaʻa nā hopena like e Ghribi61, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai kahi biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis i ka hana larvicidal kūʻē iā Ephestia kuehniella.Pela no ka hana larvicidal o Cx.Ua loiloi ʻo Das lāua ʻo Mukherjee23 i ka hopena o ka lipopeptides cyclic ma nā larvae quinquefasciatus.
ʻO nā hopena o kēia haʻawina e pili ana i ka hana larvicidal o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid e kūʻē iā Cx.ʻO ka pepehi ʻana i nā makika quinquefasciatus e kūlike me nā hopena i paʻi mua ʻia.No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā biosurfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka surfactin i hana ʻia e nā ʻano bacteria like ʻole o ka genus Bacillus.a me Pseudomonas spp.ʻO kekahi mau hōʻike mua 64,65,66 i hōʻike i ka hana pepehi larval o lipopeptide biosurfactants mai Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.Ua ʻike ʻo 63 i ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai Stenotropomonas maltophilia i loaʻa i ka hana larvicidal potent ma ke ʻano o 10 mg/L.Silva et al.Ua hōʻike ʻo 67 i ka hana larvicidal o rhamnolipid biosurfactant e kūʻē iā Ae ma ke ʻano o 1 g/L.Aedes aegypti.Kanakdande et al.Ua hōʻike ʻo 68 i ka lipopeptide biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis ke kumu o ka make holoʻokoʻa i nā larvae Culex a me nā termite me ka hapa lipophilic o Eucalyptus.Pēlā nō, ʻo Masendra et al.69 hōʻike i ka hana ant (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) make o 61.7% i loko o ka lipophilic n -hexane a me EtOAc hakina o E. crude extract.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Parthipan et al 70 i ka hoʻohana insecticidal o lipopeptide biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Bacillus subtilis A1 a me Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 e kūʻē iā Anopheles Stephensi, he vector o ka malaria parasite Plasmodium.Ua ʻike lākou he lōʻihi ke ola ʻana o nā larvae a me nā pupae, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o nā manawa oviposition, ʻaʻole i maʻemaʻe, a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ke ola ke mālama ʻia me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā biosurfactants.ʻO nā waiwai LC50 i ʻike ʻia o B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 he 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 a me 7.99 mg/L no nā mokuʻāina larval like ʻole (ʻo ia hoʻi nā larvae I, II, III, IV a me nā pupae pae).I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā biosurfactants no nā pae larval I-IV a me nā pae pupal o Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 he 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 a me 6.99 mg/L.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka phenology lohi o ke ola ʻana a me nā pupae ka hopena o nā pilikia kino kino a me ka metabolic i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lāʻau insecticide71.
Hoʻopuka ʻo Wickerhamomyces anomalus strain CCMA 0358 i kahi biosurfactant me 100% hana larvicidal e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes.aegypti 24-hola manawa 38 ua kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e Silva et al.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi biosurfactant i hana ʻia mai Pseudomonas aeruginosa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila sunflower ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona e pepehi i 100% o nā larvae i loko o 48 mau hola 67 .Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Abinaya et al.72 a me Pradhan et al.73 i ka hopena larvicidal a insecticidal paha o nā surfactants i hana ʻia e kekahi mau kaʻawale o ka genus Bacillus.ʻO kahi haʻawina i paʻi mua ʻia e Senthil-Nathan et al.ua ʻike ʻia he 100% o nā elo makika i hōʻike ʻia i nā kaona kanu e make paha.74.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka loiloi ʻana i nā hopena sublethal o nā lāʻau insecticides i ka biology insect no nā polokalamu hoʻokele pest integrated no ka mea, ʻaʻole pepehi ka sublethal / concentrations i nā iniseti akā hiki ke hōʻemi i ka heluna o nā pepeke i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana ma o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā ʻano olaola10.Ua nānā ʻo Siqueira et al 75 i ka hana larvicidal piha (100% make) o ka rhamnolipid biosurfactant (300 mg/ml) i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa mai 50 a 300 mg / ml.ʻO ka pae larva o nā ʻano Aedes aegypti.Ua kālailai lākou i ka hopena o ka manawa i ka make a me ka sublethal i ke ola larval a me ka ʻauʻau.Eia kekahi, ua ʻike lākou i ka emi ʻana o ka wikiwiki ʻauʻau ma hope o 24-48 mau hola o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano sublethal o ka biosurfactant (e laʻa, 50 mg/mL a me 100 mg/mL).Ua mana'o 'ia he 'oi aku ka maika'i o nā lā'au 'awa'awa no ka ho'opō'ino 'ana i nā mea pests76.
Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o kā mākou hopena i nā biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 e hoʻololi nui i nā ʻiʻo o ka makika (Cx. quinquefasciatus) a me ka termite (O. obesus).ʻO nā anomalies like i hana ʻia e ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka aila basil ma An.gambiaes.s a me An.Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Arabica e Ochola77.Ua wehewehe pū ʻo Kamaraj et al.78 i nā mea like ʻole morphological i An.Ua ʻike ʻia nā larvae o Stephanie i nā nanoparticles gula.Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 ua hōʻino nui ka ʻaila nui o ka ʻeke kahu hipa i ke keʻena a me nā papa epithelial o Aedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti.Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Raghavendran et al ua mālama ʻia nā ʻōpala namu me 500 mg / ml mycelial extract o kahi haʻiki Penicillium kūloko.Hōʻike ʻo Ae i ka pōʻino histological koʻikoʻi.aegypti a me Cx.ʻO ka helu make 80. Ma mua, ʻo Abinaya et al.Ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻōnohu instar ʻehā o An.Stephensi a me Ae.aegypti i loaʻa i nā loli histological he nui i Aedes aegypti i mālama ʻia me B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, me ka cecum ʻōpū, atrophy ʻiʻo, ka pōʻino a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kaula aʻalolo ganglia72.Wahi a Raghavendran et al., Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana me ka P. daleae mycelial extract, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana midgut o nā makika i hoʻāʻo ʻia (4th instar larvae) i ka pehu ʻana o ka lumen intestinal, ka emi ʻana o nā mea intercellular, a me ka degeneration nuklea81.Ua ʻike ʻia nā loli like ʻole o ka namu i mālama ʻia me ka echinacea lau extract, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ke hoʻomake ʻia o nā pūhui i mālama ʻia.
Ua loaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu ECOSAR ka ʻike honua82.Hōʻike ka noiʻi o kēia manawa ʻo ka ʻona nui o nā biosurfactants ECOSAR i nā microalgae (C. vulgaris), iʻa a me nā ʻauʻau wai (D. magna) e hāʻule i loko o ka māhele "toxicity" i wehewehe ʻia e United Nations83.Hoʻohana ka ECOSAR ecotoxicity model i ka SAR a me QSAR e wānana i ka ʻawaʻawa a me ka wā lōʻihi o nā mea ʻona a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e wānana i ka ʻona o nā mea haumia organik82,84.
Ua kūʻai ʻia mai ka Paraformaldehyde, ka sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe a pau i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina mai HiMedia Laboratories, India.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hana biosurfactant i loko o 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks i loaʻa he 200 mL o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Bushnell Haas i hoʻohui ʻia me 1% aila ʻaila ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona hoʻokahi.A preculture o Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) ua inoculated a moʻomeheu i ka orbital shaker ma 37 ° C, 200 rpm no 7 lā.Ma hope o ka manawa incubation, ua unuhi ʻia ka biosurfactant ma ka centrifuging i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu ma 3400 × g no 20 min ma 4 ° C a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka supernatant hopena no nā kumu screening.Ua lawe ʻia nā kaʻina hana loiloi a me ke ʻano o nā biosurfactants mai kā mākou noiʻi mua26.
Ua loaʻa mai nā larvae Culex quinquefasciatus mai ka Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (India).Hanai ʻia nā larva i loko o nā pahu plastik i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai deionized ma 27 ± 2°C a me kahi photoperiod o 12:12 (mālamalama: pōuliuli).Hānai ʻia nā ʻōpala namu i kahi solution glucose 10%.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala Culex quinquefasciatus i loko o nā pahu septic ākea a mālama ʻole ʻia.E hoʻohana i nā alakaʻi hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka moʻomeheu ʻana i nā larva i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua85.Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua Larvicidal e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka World Health Organization 86.SH.ʻO ka ʻehā instar larvae o quinquefasciatus i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā paipu paʻa i nā hui o 25 ml a me 50 ml me kahi ea ea o ʻelua hapakolu o ko lākou hiki.Hoʻohui ʻia ka biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) i kēlā me kēia paipu a mālama ʻia ma 25 °C.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe (50 ml) wale nō ka paipu hoʻomalu.Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻupena make i hōʻike ʻole i nā hōʻailona o ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ka wā incubation (12-48 hola) 87.E helu i ka pākēneka o ka make larval me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike.(1)88.
Aia ka ʻohana Odontotermitidae i ka termite Indian Odontotermes obesus, i loaʻa i loko o nā lāʻau popopo ma ka Agricultural Campus (Annamalai University, India).E ho'āʻo i kēia biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana maʻamau e hoʻoholo ai inā he pōʻino.Ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ka ea laminar no 30 min, ua uhi ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka pepa Whatman me ka biosurfactant ma ke ʻano o 30, 40, a i ʻole 50 mg/ml.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpana pepa i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia a i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i waenakonu o kahi pā Petri.Aia i loko o kēlā me kēia kīʻaha petri ma kahi o kanakolu mau termite ikaika O. obesus.Ua hā'awi 'ia i ka pepa pulu ma ke 'ano he kumu 'ai.Ua mālama ʻia nā papa a pau ma ka lumi wela i ka wā incubation.Ua make nā Termites ma hope o 12, 24, 36 a me 48 hola89,90.A laila hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike 1 no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pākēneka o ka make ʻana o ka termite ma nā ʻano biosurfactant like ʻole.(2).
Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma ka hau a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā microtubes i loaʻa ka 100 ml o 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) a hoʻouna ʻia i ka Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory (CAPL) o ka Rajiv Gandhi Center for Aquaculture (RGCA).Hale Hana Moolelo, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Apana, Tamil Nadu, India no ka nānā hou aku.Hoʻopaʻa koke ʻia nā laʻana i 4% paraformaldehyde ma 37 ° C no 48 mau hola.
Ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ua holoi ʻia ka mea i ʻekolu manawa me ka 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka ethanol a hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka resin LEICA no 7 mau lā.A laila hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea i loko o kahi ʻeleʻele i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka resin a me ka polymerizer, a laila waiho ʻia i loko o ka umu wela i 37 ° C a hiki i ka polymerized ka poloka i loko o ka mea.
Ma hope o ka polymerization, ua ʻoki ʻia nā poloka me ka LEICA RM2235 microtome (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, USA) i ka mānoanoa o 3 mm.Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana ma nā paheʻe, me nā ʻāpana ʻeono i kēlā me kēia paheʻe.Hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā paheʻe i ka lumi wela, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hematoxylin no 7 min a holoi ʻia me ka wai kahe no 4 min.Eia kekahi, e hoʻopili i ka solution eosin i ka ʻili no 5 mau minuke a holoi me ka wai holo no 5 mau minuke.
Ua wānana ʻia ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ola wai mai nā pae wela like ʻole: 96-hola iʻa LC50, 48-hola D. magna LC50, a me 96-hola ʻōmaʻomaʻo algae EC50.Ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻona o nā biosurfactants rhamnolipid i ka iʻa a me nā limu ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu polokalamu ECOSAR version 2.2 no Windows i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka US Environmental Protection Agency.(Loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele ma https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻāʻo a pau no ka hana larvicidal a me ka antitermite i ka ʻekolu.Ua hana ʻia ka regression nonlinear (log of dose response variables) o ka larval a me ka termite mortality data e helu i ka median lethal concentration (LC50) me 95% confidence interval, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā pihi pane ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., USA) 84, 91.
Hōʻike ka haʻawina i kēia manawa i ka hiki o nā microbial biosurfactants i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ma ke ʻano he larvicidal mosquito a me antitermite agents, a e kōkua kēia hana i ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā hana o ka hana larvicidal a me antitermite.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mōʻaukala o nā larvae i mālama ʻia me nā biosurfactants i ka pōʻino i ka digestive tract, midgut, cerebral cortex a me ka hyperplasia o nā pūpū epithelial intestinal.Nā hualoaʻa: Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi toxicological o ka antitermite a me ka hana larvicidal o rhamnolipid biosurfactant i hana ʻia e Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 i hōʻike ʻia he biopesticide hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika (Cx quinquefasciatus) a me nā nalo (O. obesus).Pono e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu o ka ʻona o ke kaiapuni o nā biosurfactants a me ko lākou hopena kaiapuni.Hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kumu ʻepekema no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pilikia o ke kaiapuni o nā biosurfactants.
Ka manawa kau: Apr-09-2024