ʻO nā namu a me nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka makika he pilikia honua. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana mea kanu a/a i ʻole nā aila i mea ʻokoʻa i nā pesticides synthetic. I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻaila 32 (ma 1000 ppm) no kā lākou hana larvicidal e kūʻē i ka ʻehā instar Culex pipiens larvae a ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻaila maikaʻi loa no kā lākou hana adulticidal a nānā ʻia e ke kinoea chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) a me ka high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
He namupest kahiko,a ʻo nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka makika he mea hoʻoweliweli nui ia i ke olakino honua, e hoʻoweliweli ana ma mua o 40% o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua. Ua manaʻo ʻia a hiki i ka makahiki 2050, kokoke i ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua e pilikia i nā maʻi maʻi namu. 1 ʻO Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) he makika laha loa e hoʻouna i nā maʻi weliweli e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi nui a i kekahi manawa make i ke kanaka a me nā holoholona.
ʻO ka hoʻomalu Vector ke ala mua e hōʻemi ai i ka hopohopo lehulehu e pili ana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka makika. ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā makika makua a me nā larval me nā repellents a me nā insecticides ʻo ia ke ala maikaʻi loa e hōʻemi ai i ka nahu namu. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides synthetic hiki ke alakaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka pesticide, ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ke kaiapuni, a me nā pilikia olakino i nā kānaka a me nā mea ola ʻole.
Pono e ʻimi i nā mea ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka kaiaola i nā mea kanu e like me nā aila pono (EO). ʻO nā aila koʻikoʻi he mau mea hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā ʻohana mea kanu he nui e like me Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae, a me Cupressaceae14. Loaʻa i nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi ka hui pū ʻana o nā pūhui e like me phenols, sesquiterpenes, a me monoterpenes15.
Loaʻa i nā aila pono nā antibacterial, antiviral a me nā waiwai antifungal. Loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai insecticidal a hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā hopena neurotoxic ma ke keʻakeʻa ʻana i nā hana physiological, metabolic, behavio a me biochemical o nā iniseti ke hoʻomoʻa ʻia ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi, hoʻokomo ʻia a komo ʻia i loko o ka ʻili16. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā aila pono e like me nā insecticides, larvicides, repellents and insect repellents. ʻAʻole lākou i ʻona, biodegradable a hiki ke lanakila i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke.
Ke ulu nui nei ka aila pono i waena o nā mea hana kūlohelohe a me nā mea kūʻai aku i ka ʻona a kūpono i nā wahi kūlanakauhale, nā home a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni.
Ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke kuleana o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi i ka namu15,19. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana a me ka loiloi i nā waiwai larvicidal lethal o 32 mau aila koʻikoʻi a me ka nānā ʻana i ka hana adenocidal a me nā phytochemical o nā aila koʻikoʻi maikaʻi loa e kūʻē iā Culex pipiens.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ʻo An. ʻO nā ʻaila graveolens a me V. odorata i ʻike ʻia he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kūʻē i nā pākeke, a ukali ʻia e T. vulgaris a me N. sativa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike he larvicide ikaika ʻo Anopheles vulgare. Pēlā nō, hiki i kāna ʻaila ke hoʻomalu iā Anopheles atroparvus, Culex quinquefasciatus a me Aedes aegypti. ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻo Anopheles vulgaris i ka maikaʻi o ka larvicide i kēia haʻawina, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i ka poʻe mākua. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai adenocidal e kūʻē iā Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Hōʻike kā mākou ʻikepili he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Anopheles sinensis ma ke ʻano he pepehi larval akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he pepehi kanaka makua. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana kemika o Anopheles sinensis i nā larvae a me nā pākeke o Culex pipiens, me ka pale kiʻekiʻe loa (100%) mai nā nahu namu wahine i hānai ʻole ʻia i loaʻa i ka nui o 6 mg/cm2. Eia hou, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana larvicidal i kāna ʻāpana lau e kūʻē iā Anopheles arabiensis a me Anopheles gambiae (ss).
I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hōʻike ʻo thyme (An. graveolens) i ka hana larvicidal a me ka hana adulticidal. Pēlā nō, hōʻike ʻo thyme i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē iā Cx. quinquefasciatus28 a me Aedes aegypti29. Ua hōʻike ʻo Thyme i ka hana larvicidal ma Culex pipiens larvae ma ka 200 ppm concentration me ka 100% make aʻo LC25 a me LC50 waiwai ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka hopena i ka hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a me ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana detoxification, hoʻonui i ka hana GST a hoʻemi i ka ʻike GSH e 30%.
ʻO kekahi o nā aila pono i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ʻana i hōʻike i ka hana larvicidal like me ka Culex pipiens larvae e like me N. sativa32,33 a me S. officinalis34. ʻO kekahi mau aila pono e like me T. vulgaris, S. officinalis, C. sempervirens a me A. graveolens i hōʻike i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē i nā ʻōpala namu me nā waiwai LC90 ma lalo o 200-300 ppm. ʻO kēia hopena ma muli o nā kumu he nui e like me ka pākēneka o kāna mau mea nui e like me ke kumu o ka ʻaila meaʻai, ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaila, ka naʻau o ke kānana i hoʻohana ʻia, nā kūlana mālama o ka aila a me nā kūlana ʻenehana.
I loko o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka turmeric, akā ʻo kāna mau mea 27 e like me curcumin a me monocarbonyl derivatives o curcumin ua hōʻike i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē i ka Culex pipiens a me Aedes albopictus43, a me ka hexane extract o ka turmeric ma ke ʻano o 1000 ppm no nā hola 2444 ua hōʻike mau i ka hana larvicidal 100%.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena larvicidal like no nā ʻāpana hexane o ka rosemary (80 a me 160 ppm), i hōʻemi i ka make ma 100% i ka 3 a me ka 4th stage Culex pipiens larvae a hoʻonui i ka ʻawaʻawa e 50% i nā pupae a me nā pākeke.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi phytochemical i loko o kēia haʻawina i nā pūhui ikaika nui o nā ʻaila i kālailai ʻia. He larvicide maikaʻi loa ka aila kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo a loaʻa ka nui o nā polyphenols me ka hana antioxidant, e like me ka mea i loaʻa ma kēia haʻawina. Ua loaʻa nā hopena like59. Hōʻike kā mākou ʻikepili i ka ʻaila ʻōmaʻomaʻo he polyphenols e like me ka gallic acid, catechins, methyl gallate, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, a me kaempferol, hiki ke kōkua i kāna hopena insecticidal.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi biochemical e pili ana ka aila koʻikoʻi o Rhodiola rosea i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā protein a me nā lipid30. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kā mākou mau hopena a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka hana biological a me ka hoʻohui kemika o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi, e ʻokoʻa paha ma muli o ka makahiki o ka mea kanu, ka hoʻolālā kiko, ke kumu honua, nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina distillation, ke ʻano o ka distillation, a me ka cultivar. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano a me ka maʻiʻo o nā mea hana i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻaila koʻikoʻi hiki ke hoʻololi i ko lākou hiki ke pale i ka pōʻino16.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-13-2025