ʻO nā makika a me nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika he pilikia honua e ulu nei. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu a me/a i ʻole nā ʻaila ma ke ʻano he pani no nā pesticides synthetic. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia he 32 mau ʻaila (ma 1000 ppm) no kā lākou hana larvicidal e kūʻē i ka ʻehā o ka instar Culex pipiens larvae a ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻaila maikaʻi loa no kā lākou hana adulticidal a ua kālailai ʻia e ke kinoea chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) a me ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe (HPLC).
He mau makika nāmea ʻino kahiko,a ʻo nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika he mea hoʻoweliweli nui ia i ke olakino honua, e hoʻoweliweli ana ma mua o 40% o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua. Ua manaʻo ʻia ma ka makahiki 2050, kokoke i ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua e pilikia i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika. 1 ʻO Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) kahi makika laha e hoʻouna i nā maʻi weliweli e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi nui a i kekahi manawa ka make i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona.
ʻO ke kāohi ʻana i nā vector ke ala mua e hōʻemi ai i ka hopohopo o ka lehulehu e pili ana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika. ʻO ke kāohi ʻana i nā makika makua a me nā makika larval me nā mea hoʻolei a me nā insecticides ke ala kūpono loa e hōʻemi ai i nā nahu makika. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides synthetic hiki ke alakaʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticides, ka haumia o ke kaiapuni, a me nā pilikia olakino i nā kānaka a me nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Aia kahi pono wikiwiki e ʻimi i nā koho ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni i nā mea kanu e like me nā aila koʻikoʻi (EO). ʻO nā aila koʻikoʻi he mau mea lele i loaʻa i loko o nā ʻohana mea kanu he nui e like me Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae, a me Cupressaceae14. Loaʻa i nā aila koʻikoʻi kahi hui paʻakikī o nā hui e like me phenols, sesquiterpenes, a me monoterpenes15.
Loaʻa i nā aila koʻikoʻi nā waiwai antibacterial, antiviral a me antifungal. Loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai insecticidal a hiki ke hana i nā hopena neurotoxic ma ke keakea ʻana i nā hana physiological, metabolic, behavioral a me biochemical o nā pepeke ke hanu ʻia, ʻai ʻia a omo ʻia paha nā aila koʻikoʻi ma o ka ʻili16. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā aila koʻikoʻi e like me nā insecticides, larvicides, repellents a me nā insect repellents. ʻAʻole lākou i ʻawahia, biodegradable a hiki ke lanakila i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticide.
Ke kaulana nei nā aila koʻikoʻi i waena o nā mea hana organik a me nā mea kūʻai aku e noʻonoʻo ana i ke kaiapuni a kūpono hoʻi no nā wahi kūlanakauhale, nā hale a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni.
Ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke kuleana o nā aila koʻikoʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika15,19. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ke nānā a loiloi i nā waiwai larvicidal make o 32 mau aila koʻikoʻi a e kālailai i ka hana adenocidal a me nā phytochemicals o nā aila koʻikoʻi kūpono loa e kūʻē iā Culex pipiens.
Ma kēia noiʻi, ua ʻike ʻia nā aila An. graveolens a me V. odorata he mea kūpono loa ia e kūʻē i nā pākeke, a ukali ʻia e T. vulgaris a me N. sativa. Ua hōʻike nā ʻike he larvicide ikaika ʻo Anopheles vulgare. Pēlā nō, hiki i kāna mau aila ke kāohi i ka Anopheles atroparvus, Culex quinquefasciatus a me Aedes aegypti. ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻo Anopheles vulgaris i ka pono o ka larvicide ma kēia noiʻi, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa e kūʻē i nā pākeke. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, he mau waiwai adenocidal kona e kūʻē iā Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Hōʻike kā mākou ʻikepili he kiʻekiʻe loa ka hopena o Anopheles sinensis ma ke ʻano he pepehi larval akā ʻaʻole i like ka hopena me ka pepehi kanaka makua. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hoʻokuke nā kemika o Anopheles sinensis i nā larvae a me nā mākua o Culex pipiens, me ka pale kiʻekiʻe loa (100%) e kūʻē i nā nahu makika wahine hānai ʻole ʻia ma kahi mahele o 6 mg/cm2. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike pū kāna lau lau i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē iā Anopheles arabiensis a me Anopheles gambiae (ss).
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hōʻike ka thyme (An. graveolens) i ka hana larvicidal a me ka hana adulticidal ikaika. Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike ka thyme i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē iā Cx. quinquefasciatus28 a me Aedes aegypti29. Ua hōʻike ʻo Thyme i ka hana larvicidal ma nā larvae Culex pipiens ma ka nui o 200 ppm me ka make 100% ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hōʻike nā waiwai LC25 a me LC50 i ka hopena ma ka hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a me ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana detoxification, hoʻonui i ka hana GST a hoʻemi i ka nui o GSH ma 30%.
Ua hōʻike kekahi o nā aila pono i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi i ka hana larvicidal like e kūʻē i nā larvae Culex pipiens e like me N. sativa32,33 a me S. officinalis34. Ua hōʻike kekahi mau aila pono e like me T. vulgaris, S. officinalis, C. sempervirens a me A. graveolens i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē i nā larvae makika me nā waiwai LC90 ma lalo o 200-300 ppm. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia hopena ma muli o kekahi mau kumu e like me ka ʻokoʻa o ka pakeneka o kāna mau ʻāpana nui ma muli o ke kumu o ka aila mea kanu, ke ʻano o ka aila, ka ʻike o ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia, nā kūlana mālama o ka aila a me nā kūlana loea.
Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole i emi ka hopena o ka turmeric, akā ʻo kāna mau ʻāpana 27 e like me ka curcumin a me nā monocarbonyl derivatives o curcumin i hōʻike i ka hana larvicidal e kūʻē iā Culex pipiens lāua ʻo Aedes albopictus43, a ʻo ka hexane extract o ka turmeric ma kahi o 1000 ppm no 24 mau hola44 ua hōʻike mau i ka hana larvicidal 100% e kūʻē iā Culex pipiens lāua ʻo Aedes albopictus.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena larvicidal like no nā ʻāpana hexane o ka rosemary (80 a me 160 ppm), kahi i hōʻemi ai i ka make ma 100% ma ke kahua 3 a me 4 o nā larvae Culex pipiens a hoʻonui i ka ʻawahia ma 50% i nā pupae a me nā pākeke.
Ua hōʻike ka loiloi Phytochemical i loko o kēia haʻawina i nā hui hana nui o nā aila i kālailai ʻia. He larvicide maikaʻi loa ka ʻaila kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo a loaʻa ka nui o nā polyphenols me ka hana antioxidant, e like me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o kēia haʻawina. Ua loaʻa nā hopena like59. Hōʻike kā mākou ʻikepili aia pū kekahi mau polyphenols i loko o ka ʻaila kī ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me ka gallic acid, catechins, methyl gallate, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, a me kaempferol, kahi mea e kōkua ai i kona hopena insecticidal.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi biochemical e hoʻopilikia ana ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi Rhodiola rosea i nā waihona ikehu, ʻoiai nā protein a me nā lipids30. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kā mākou mau hopena a me nā hopena o nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ma muli paha o ka hana olaola a me ka hoʻohui kemika o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka makahiki o ka mea kanu, ke ʻano o nā ʻiʻo, ke kumu ʻāina, nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaʻina hana distillation, ke ʻano o ka distillation, a me ka cultivar. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano a me ka nui o nā mea hana i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻaila koʻikoʻi e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻokoʻa i ko lākou hiki ke pale aku i ka pōʻino16.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-13-2025