ʻO ka maʻi malaria ke kumu nui o ka make a me ka maʻi ma ʻApelika, me ke kaumaha nui loa i waena o nā keiki ma lalo o 5 mau makahiki. ʻO ke ala maikaʻi loa e pale aku ai i ka maʻi, ʻo ia nā mea hoʻokele vector insecticidal e hoʻopaʻa i nā makika Anopheles makua. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻana o kēia mau hana, ua pālahalaha ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau insecticides i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma waena o ʻApelika. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana kumu e alakaʻi ai i kēia phenotype no ka mālama ʻana i ka laha o ke kūʻē a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana hou e lanakila ai.
Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka haku mele microbiome o Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles cruzi, a me Anopheles arabiensis ka heluna kanaka mai Burkina Faso me nā poʻe maʻi insecticide, mai ʻAitiopa pū kekahi.
ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa o ka haku mele microbiota ma waena o ka insecticide-resistant alāʻau lāʻau lāʻau- ka heluna kanaka maʻalahi ma Burkina Faso. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia hopena e nā noiʻi noiʻi o nā kolone mai ʻelua mau ʻāina Burkina Faso. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ma nā makika Anopheles arabiensis mai ʻAitiopa, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka haku mele microbiota ma waena o ka poʻe i make a me ka poʻe i ola i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka insecticide. No ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o kēia heluna kanaka Anopheles arabiensis, ua hana mākou i ka RNA sequencing a ʻike mākou i ka hōʻike ʻokoʻa o nā genes detoxification e pili ana me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke, a me nā hoʻololi ʻana i nā ala hanu, metabolic, a me synaptic ion channel.
Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena i kekahi mau manawa hiki i ka microbiota ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka insecticide, ma kahi o nā loli transcriptome.
ʻOiai ua wehewehe pinepine ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻano genetic o ka vector Anopheles, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou e hoʻololi ka microbiome i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pepeke, e hōʻike ana i kahi kuleana no kēia mau mea ola i ke kū'ē. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻana o nā namu namu Anopheles gambiae ma ʻAmelika Hema a me Central America i nā loli nui i ka microbiome epidermal ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i nā pyrethroids, a me nā loli i ka microbiome holoʻokoʻa ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i nā organophosphates. Ma ʻApelika, pili ka pale pyrethroid me nā hoʻololi ʻana o ka microbiota ma Cameroon, Kenya, a me Côte d'Ivoire, ʻoiai ʻo Anopheles gambiae i hoʻololi ʻia e ka laboratory i hōʻike i nā loli i kā lākou microbiota ma hope o ke koho ʻana no ke kūʻē pyrethroid. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua me nā lāʻau antibiotic a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā huakini i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā namu Anopheles arabiensis i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka hale hana i hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻomanawanui i nā pyrethroids. Hoʻohui pū ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke me ka microbiome namu a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano o ka pale ʻana i nā pepeke no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka 16S sequencing no ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā ʻokoʻa ka microbiota o nā makika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā namu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma West a me East Africa ma waena o nā mea i ola a me nā mea i make ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka pyrethroid deltamethrin. I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ke kū'ē insecticide, hiki i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā microbiota mai nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ʻApelika me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā pae o ke kū'ē hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena kūloko i nā kaiāulu microbial. No Burkina Faso nā hale hana hale hana a hānai ʻia i loko o ʻelua mau hale hana ʻEulopa ʻokoʻa (An. coluzzii ma Kelemānia a me An. arabiensis ma United Kingdom), nā makika mai Burkina Faso i hōʻike i nā ʻano ʻekolu o ka An. ʻano paʻakikī o nā ʻano gambiae, a ʻo nā makika mai ʻAitiopa mai ʻo An. arabiensis. Ma ʻaneʻi, hōʻike mākou ua loaʻa iā Anopheles arabiensis mai ʻAitiopa nā pūlima microbiota kūʻokoʻa i nā makika ola a make, ʻoiai ʻo Anopheles arabiensis mai Burkina Faso a me ʻelua mau hale hana ʻaʻole i loaʻa. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā inika. Ua hana mākou i ke kaʻina hana RNA ma ka heluna kanaka Anopheles arabiensis a ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā genes e pili ana me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke, aʻo nā genes pili i ka hanu ua hoʻololi pinepine ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia mau ʻikepili me ka lua o ka heluna kanaka mai ʻAitiopa i ʻike i nā gene detoxification koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike hou ʻana me Anopheles arabiensis mai Burkina Faso i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā profile transcriptome, akā ua ʻike mau ʻia nā ʻano gen detoxification ʻehā i hōʻike nui ʻia ma waena o ʻApelika.
A laila ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā makika ola a make o kēlā me kēia ʻano mai kēlā me kēia māhele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina 16S a ua helu ʻia ka nui o nā pili. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka ʻokoʻa alpha i ʻike ʻia, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i ka waiwai o ka hui ʻauhau hana (OTU); akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻa beta ma waena o nā ʻāina, a ʻo nā huaʻōlelo pili no ka ʻāina a me ke kūlana ola/make (PANOVA = 0.001 a me 0.008, kēlā me kēia) i hōʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau mea. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o ka ʻokoʻa beta ma waena o nā ʻāina, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻokoʻa like ma waena o nā hui. Ua hōʻike ka Bray-Curtis multivariate scaling plot (Figure 2A) ua hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia nā laʻana e ka wahi, akā aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa kaulana. He mau laʻana mai ka An. kaiaulu arabiensis a me hoʻokahi laʻana mai ka An. coluzzii kaiaulu me kahi laʻana mai Burkina Faso, aʻo kekahi laʻana mai ka An. ʻO nā laʻana arabiensis mai Burkina Faso i uhi ʻia me ka An. ʻO ka laʻana kaiāulu arabiensis, kahi e hōʻike ai ua mālama pono ʻia ka microbiota kumu i nā hanauna he nui a ma nā wahi he nui. ʻAʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā laʻana Burkina Faso e nā ʻano; Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia nele o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka ʻoiai ke kumu mai nā ʻano larva like ʻole. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki ke hoʻololi nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka microbiota i ka wā o ka wai. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o ka namu a me nā kaiāulu o Burkina Faso i ke ola o ka namu a i ʻole ka make ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lāʻau insecticide, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā laʻana o ʻAitiopa, me ka manaʻo e pili ana ka haku mele microbiota i kēia mau laʻana Anopheles me ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau insecticide. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā laʻana mai ka wahi like, hiki ke wehewehe i ka hui ikaika.
ʻO ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticides pyrethroid he phenotype paʻakikī, a ʻoiai ke aʻo maikaʻi ʻia nā loli i ka metabolism a me nā pahuhopu, hoʻomaka wale ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka microbiota. Ma kēia haʻawina, hōʻike mākou i nā loli o ka microbiota i ʻoi aku ka nui o kekahi mau heluna; ʻike hou mākou i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide ma Anopheles arabiensis mai Bahir Dar a hōʻike i nā loli i nā transcripts pili kūʻē i ʻike ʻia, a me nā loli nui i nā genes pili i ka hanu ʻana i ʻike ʻia ma kahi noiʻi RNA-seq mua o Anopheles arabiensis heluna mai ʻAitiopa. Hoʻohui pū ʻia kēia mau hualoaʻa e pili ana ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke i loko o kēia mau makika i ka hui pū ʻana o nā kumu genetic a me nā kumu non-genetic, ma muli paha o ka pilina symbiotic me ka bacteria ʻōiwi hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa insecticide i nā heluna me nā pae haʻahaʻa o ke kūʻē.
Ua hoʻopili nā haʻawina hou i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hanu ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka insecticide, e kūlike me nā huaʻōlelo ontology i hoʻonui ʻia ma Bahir Dar RNAseq a me ka ʻikepili ʻAitiopa i hoʻohui ʻia i loaʻa ma aneʻi; e hōʻike hou ana i ka hopena o ke kū'ē i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hanu, ma ke kumu a i ʻole ka hopena o kēia phenotype. Inā alakaʻi kēia mau hoʻololi i nā ʻokoʻa o ka oxygen reactive a me nā ʻano ʻano nitrogen, e like me ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia, hiki i kēia ke hoʻopili i ka mākaukau vector a me ka noho ʻana o ka microbial ma o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka bacteria i ka ROS scavenging e ka bacteria commensal lōʻihi.
Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e hiki i ka microbiota ke hoʻoikaika i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke ma kekahi mau kaiapuni. Ua hōʻike pū mākou iā An. ʻO nā makika arabiensis ma ʻAitiopia e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻololi transcriptome like ʻole e hāʻawi ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau pepeke; akā naʻe, liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā genes e pili ana i nā mea ma Burkina Faso. Ke waiho nei kekahi mau ʻōlelo hōʻoia e pili ana i nā hopena i loaʻa ma ʻaneʻi a ma nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hōʻike ʻia kahi pilina kumu ma waena o ke ola pyrethroid a me ka microbiota me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haʻawina metabolomic a i ʻole ka transplantation microbiota. Eia kekahi, pono e hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā moho koʻikoʻi ma nā heluna lehulehu mai nā wahi like ʻole. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻikepili transcriptome me ka ʻikepili microbiota ma o nā haʻawina post-transplantation i manaʻo ʻia e hāʻawi i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana o ka microbiota i ka transcriptome namu e pili ana i ke kū'ē pyrethroid. Eia nō naʻe, i hui pū ʻia, hōʻike kā mākou ʻikepili he kūloko a me transnational ke kū'ē, e hōʻike ana i ka pono e hoʻāʻo i nā huahana insecticide hou ma nā wahi he nui.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-24-2025