ʻO ke komo ʻana o Anopheles stephensi ma ʻAitiopa e alakaʻi paha i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka maʻi malaria ma ia wahi. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano kūʻē i ka insecticide a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi i ʻike ʻia ma Fike, ʻAitiopa he mea nui ia e alakaʻi i ka kaohi vector e hoʻōki i ka laha ʻana o kēia ʻano malaria invasive ma ka ʻāina. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka entomological o Anopheles stephensi ma Fike, Somali Region, ʻAitiopa, ua hōʻoia mākou i ke alo o Anopheles stephensi ma Fike ma nā pae morphological a me molecular. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o nā wahi noho larval a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka susceptibility insecticide ua loaʻa pinepine ʻo A. fixini i loko o nā pahu hana a ua kūʻē i ka hapa nui o nā insecticides makua i hoʻāʻo ʻia (organophosphates, carbamates,nā pyrethroids) koe wale nō ka pirimiphos-methyl a me PBO-pyrethroid. Eia nō naʻe, ua maʻalahi nā pae larval ʻōpiopio i ka temephos. Ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi genomic hoʻohālikelike hou me nā ʻano mua ʻo Anopheles stephensi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi o ka heluna kanaka Anopheles stephensi ma ʻAitiopa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā SNP biallelic 1704 i ka pilina genetic ma waena o nā heluna kanaka A. fixais a me Anopheles stephensi ma waena a me ka hikina o ʻAitiopa, ʻoiai ʻo A. jiggigas. ʻO kā mākou mau ʻike ma nā ʻano kūʻē i ka insecticide a me nā heluna kanaka kumu paha o Anopheles fixini e kōkua paha i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā kaohi no kēia vector malaria ma nā ʻāina ʻo Fike a me Jigjiga e kaupalena i kona laha hou ʻana mai kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina a ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻApelika.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā wahi hānau makika a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā kaohi makika e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvicides (temephos) a me ka kaohi ʻana i ke kaiapuni (hoʻopau ʻana i nā wahi noho larval). Eia kekahi, ke paipai nei ka World Health Organization i ka hoʻokele larval ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā no ka kaohi pololei ʻana iā Anopheles stephensi ma nā wahi kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi peri-urban ma nā wahi infestation. 15 Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻemi ʻia paha ke kumu larval (e like me nā waihona wai home a i ʻole ke kūlanakauhale), hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvicides. Eia nō naʻe, he pipiʻi kēia ʻano hana o ka kaohi vector i ka wā e mālama ai i nā wahi noho larval nui. 19 No laila, ʻo ka kuhikuhi ʻana i nā wahi noho kikoʻī kahi i loaʻa ai nā makika makua i nā helu he nui he ala kūpono ʻē aʻe. 19 No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hiki ʻole o Anopheles stephensi ma Fik City i nā larvicides e like me temephos e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hoʻoholo i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i nā ala e kaohi ai i nā vectors malaria invasive ma Fik City.
Eia kekahi, hiki i ka loiloi genomic ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā kaohi hou aʻe no ka Anopheles stephensi i ʻike hou ʻia. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa genetic a me ka hoʻonohonoho heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā lākou me nā heluna kanaka e kū nei ma ka ʻāina e hāʻawi paha i ka ʻike i ko lākou mōʻaukala heluna kanaka, nā ʻano hoʻopuehu, a me nā heluna kumu kūpono.
No laila, hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka ʻike mua ʻia ʻana o Anopheles stephensi ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Fike, ka ʻāina ʻo Somali, ʻAitiopa, ua hana mākou i kahi noiʻi entomological e wehewehe mua i ka nohona o nā larvae Anopheles stephensi a hoʻoholo i ko lākou ʻike i nā insecticides, me ka larvicide temephos. Ma hope o ka ʻike morphological, ua hana mākou i ka hōʻoia biological molecular a hoʻohana i nā ʻano genomic e kālailai i ka mōʻaukala heluna kanaka a me ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Fike. Ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i kēia ʻano heluna kanaka me nā heluna kanaka Anopheles stephensi i ʻike mua ʻia ma ka hikina o ʻAitiopa e hoʻoholo i ka nui o kona kolone ʻana ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Fike. Ua loiloi hou mākou i ko lākou pilina genetic i kēia mau heluna kanaka e ʻike i ko lākou mau heluna kumu kūpono ma ka ʻāina.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) e kūʻē i ʻelua pyrethroids (deltamethrin a me permethrin) e kūʻē iā Anopheles stephensi. Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo synergistic ma o ka hōʻike mua ʻana i nā makika i ka pepa 4% PBO no 60 mau minuke. A laila ua hoʻoili ʻia nā makika i loko o nā ʻōmole e loaʻa ana ka pyrethroid target no 60 mau minuke a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ko lākou nāwaliwali e like me nā pae make o ka WHO i wehewehe ʻia ma luna24.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i nā heluna kumu kūpono o ka heluna kanaka Fiq Anopheles stephensi, ua hana mākou i kahi loiloi pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻikepili SNP biallelic i hui pū ʻia mai nā moʻo Fiq (n = 20) a ua unuhi ʻo Genbank i nā moʻo Anopheles stephensi mai 10 mau wahi like ʻole ma ka hikina o ʻAitiopa (n = 183, Samake et al. 29). Ua hoʻohana mākou iā EDENetworks41, kahi e ʻae ai i ka loiloi pūnaewele ma muli o nā matrices mamao genetic me ka ʻole o nā kuhi mua. Aia ka pūnaewele i nā node e hōʻike ana i nā heluna kanaka i hoʻopili ʻia e nā lihi/loulou i kaupaona ʻia e ka mamao genetic Reynolds (D)42 e pili ana iā Fst, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika o ka loulou ma waena o nā hui o nā heluna kanaka41. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka lihi/loulou, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pilina genetic ma waena o nā heluna kanaka ʻelua. Eia kekahi, ua kūlike ka nui o ka node me nā loulou lihi kaumaha cumulative o kēlā me kēia heluna kanaka. No laila, ʻo ka nui o ka node, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kikowaena a i ʻole ke kiko hui o ka pilina. Ua loiloi ʻia ke koʻikoʻi helu o nā node me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 1000 mau replicates bootstrap. ʻO nā kikowaena e ʻike ʻia ana ma nā papa inoa kiʻekiʻe 5 a me 1 o nā waiwai betweenness centrality (BC) (ka helu o nā ala genetic pōkole loa ma o ke kikowaena) hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he koʻikoʻi helu43.
Ke hōʻike nei mākou i ke alo o An. stephensi ma nā helu he nui i ka wā ua (Mei-Iune 2022) ma Fike, Somali Region, ʻAitiopa. Ma waena o nā ʻīlio Anopheles he 3,500 a ʻoi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, ua hānai ʻia a ua ʻike ʻia lākou a pau he Anopheles stephensi. Ua hōʻoia pū ka ʻike molekala o kahi ʻāpana o nā larvae a me ka nānā ʻana i nā molekala hou aku no Anopheles stephensi ka laʻana i aʻo ʻia. ʻO nā wahi noho larval An. stephensi a pau i ʻike ʻia he mau wahi hānau hana e like me nā loko i uhi ʻia i ka plastik, nā pahu wai pani a hāmama, a me nā pahu, kahi e kūlike me nā wahi noho larval An. stephensi ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hikina o ʻAitiopa45. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā larva o nā ʻano An. stephensi ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana hiki iā An. stephensi ke ola i ke kau maloʻo ma Fike15, kahi ʻokoʻa maʻamau mai An. arabiensis, ka mea lawe malaria nui ma ʻAitiopa46,47. Eia nō naʻe, ma Kenya, ua loaʻa nā ʻenuhe ʻAnopheles stephensi… i loko o nā pahu hana a me nā wahi moe kahawai48, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka nohona o kēia mau ʻenuhe ʻAnopheles stephensi invasive, nona nā hopena no ka nānā ʻana i nā entomological i ka wā e hiki mai ana o kēia vector malaria invasive ma ʻAitiopa a me ʻApelika.
Ua ʻike ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i ka nui o nā makika hoʻoili malaria Anopheles invasive ma Fickii, ko lākou mau wahi noho larval, ke kūlana kūʻē i ka insecticide o nā pākeke a me nā larvae, ka ʻokoʻa genetic, ka hoʻonohonoho heluna kanaka a me nā heluna kumu kūpono. Ua hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena ua maʻalahi ka heluna kanaka Anopheles fickii i ka pirimiphos-methyl, PBO-pyrethrin a me temetafos. B1 No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia kēia mau insecticides i nā hoʻolālā kaohi no kēia vector malaria invasive ma ka ʻāina ʻo Fickii. Ua ʻike pū mākou he pilina genetic ko ka heluna kanaka Anopheles fik me nā kikowaena Anopheles nui ʻelua ma ka hikina o ʻAitiopa, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Jig Jiga lāua ʻo Dire Dawa, a ua pili loa iā Jig Jiga. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka kaohi vector ma kēia mau wahi e kōkua paha i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻouka hou ʻana o nā makika Anopheles i Fike a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. I ka hopena, hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kahi ala piha i ke aʻo ʻana i nā maʻi ahulau Anopheles hou. Ke hoʻonui ʻia nei ka borer stem a Stephenson i nā wahi ʻāina hou e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o kona laha ʻana, e loiloi i ka pono o nā insecticides, a e ʻike i nā heluna kumu kūpono e pale aku ai i ka laha hou ʻana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-19-2025