ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o Anopheles stephensi ma ʻAitiopa e alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi malaria ma ka ʻāina. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao kūʻē o ka insecticide a me ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi i ʻike hou ʻia ma Fike, ʻAitiopia he mea koʻikoʻi e alakaʻi i ka mana vector e hoʻōki i ka laha ʻana o kēia ʻano malaria invasive ma ka ʻāina. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka entomological o Anopheles stephensi ma Fike, Somali Region, ʻAitiopa, ua hōʻoia mākou i ka hele ʻana o Anopheles stephensi ma Fike ma nā pae morphological a me nā molecular. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana o nā larval a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka maʻi pepeke i loaʻa pinepine ʻia ʻo A. fixini i loko o nā ipu hana a kūʻē i ka hapa nui o nā pepeke makua i hoʻāʻo ʻia (organophosphates, carbamates,pyrethroids) koe ka pirimiphos-methyl a me ka PBO-pyrethroid. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke maʻalahi i ka temephos nā pae larval makua ʻole. Ua mālama ʻia ka loiloi genomic hoʻohālikelike me nā ʻano mua o Anopheles stephensi. ʻIke ʻia o ka heluna kanaka Anopheles stephensi ma ʻAitiopia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 1704 biallelic SNPs i hōʻike ʻia ka pilina genetic ma waena o A. fixais a me Anopheles stephensi heluna kanaka ma waena a me ka hikina ʻAitiopa, ʻoi aku ka A. jiggigas. ʻO kā mākou ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa insecticide a me nā kumu kumu kumu o Anopheles fixini hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā hoʻomalu no kēia maʻi malaria ma nā ʻāpana Fike a me Jigjiga e kaupalena i kona laha hou ʻana mai kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina a ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻApelika.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kahua hoʻohua namu a me nā kūlana kaiapuni no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu hoʻomalu namu e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvicides (temephos) a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ke kaiapuni (ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā wahi noho larval). Eia kekahi, ʻōlelo ka World Health Organization i ka hoʻokele larval ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā no ka hoʻokele pololei ʻana o Anopheles stephensi ma ke kūlanakauhale a me ke kaona i nā wahi infestation. 15 Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia a hōʻemi ʻia ke kumu larva (e laʻa me nā waihona wai kūloko a i ʻole ke kūlanakauhale), hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā larvicides. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o kēia ʻano o ka hoʻokele vector i ka wā e mālama ai i nā wahi noho larval nui. 19 No laila, ʻo ka huli ʻana i nā wahi noho kikoʻī kahi e loaʻa ai nā makika makua i ka helu nui, ʻo ia kekahi ala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. 19 No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maʻalahi o Anopheles stephensi ma Fik City i nā larvicides e like me ka temephos hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i nā ala e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā maʻi malaria invasive ma Fik City.
Eia hou, hiki i ka loiloi genomic ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā mana hou no ka Anopheles stephensi hou i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa a me ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā lākou me nā heluna kanaka e noho nei ma ka ʻāina hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ko lākou mōʻaukala heluna kanaka, nā ʻano hoʻopuehu, a me nā heluna kumu.
No laila, hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka ʻike mua ʻia ʻana o Anopheles stephensi ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Fike, ka ʻāina Somali, ʻAitiopa, ua hana mākou i kahi hoʻokolokolo entomological e ʻike mua i ka noho ʻana o nā larvae Anopheles stephensi a hoʻoholo i ko lākou naʻau i nā insecticides, me ka larvicide temephos. Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka morphological, ua hana mākou i ka hōʻoia molecular biological a hoʻohana i nā ʻano genomic no ka nānā ʻana i ka mōʻaukala heluna kanaka a me ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi ma ke kaona ʻo Fike. Ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i kēia ʻano heluna kanaka me nā poʻe Anopheles stephensi i ʻike mua ʻia ma ʻAitiopa hikina e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o kona noho ʻana ma ke kaona ʻo Fike. Ua loiloi hou mākou i ko lākou pilina pili i kēia mau heluna kanaka no ka ʻike ʻana i ko lākou mau kumu kumu nui ma ka ʻāina.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) e kūʻē i ʻelua pyrethroids (deltamethrin a me permethrin) kūʻē iā Anopheles stephensi. Hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo synergistic e ka wehe mua ʻana i nā makika i 4% PBO pepa no 60 mau minuke. A laila ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā makika i nā paipu i loaʻa ka pyrethroid target no 60 mau minuke a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ko lākou hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e like me nā koina make o WHO i hōʻike ʻia ma luna24.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ka heluna kumu kumu o ka heluna kanaka Fiq Anopheles stephensi, ua hana mākou i kahi ʻikepili pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hui biallelic SNP dataset mai nā kaʻina Fiq (n = 20) a ua unuhi ʻo Genbank i nā kaʻina Anopheles stephensi mai 10 mau wahi like ʻole ma ka hikina ʻAitiopa (n = 183, Samake et al. 29). Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka EDENetworks41, ka mea e ʻae ai i ka nānā ʻana i ka pūnaewele e pili ana i nā matrices mamao genetic me ka ʻole o nā manaʻo priori. Aia ka pūnaewele i nā node e hōʻike ana i nā heluna kanaka i hoʻopili ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao/loulou i kaupaona ʻia e ka Reynolds genetic distance (D)42 ma muli o Fst, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikaika o ka loulou ma waena o nā pālua o nā heluna41. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka lihi/loulou, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pilina genetic ma waena o nā heluna ʻelua. Eia kekahi, ua like ka nui o ka node i nā loulou lihi kaupaona kumulative o kēlā me kēia heluna kanaka. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka node, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hub a i ʻole ka convergence point o ka pilina. Ua loiloi ʻia ke koʻikoʻi helu helu o nā nodes me ka hoʻohana ʻana i 1000 bootstrap replicates. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he mea nui i ka helu ʻana o nā node ma ka papa inoa 5 a me 1 o waena (BC) (ka helu o nā ala genetic pōkole loa ma ka node).
Hōʻike mākou i ka hiki ʻana mai o An. stephensi i nā helu nui i ka wā ua (Mei–Iune 2022) ma Fike, Somali Region, ʻAitiopa. ʻOi aku ma mua o 3,500 Anopheles larvae i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, hānai ʻia nā mea a pau a ʻike ʻia ʻo Anopheles stephensi. Ua hōʻoia pū ka ʻike molekala o kahi ʻāpana o nā larvae a me ka nānā ʻana i ka molecular no ka Anopheles stephensi ka laʻana i aʻo ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia nā mea a pau ʻo An. ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā larval stephensi he mau wahi hoʻohua i hana ʻia e like me nā loko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka plastik, nā pahu wai paʻa a hāmama, a me nā barela, i kūlike me nā An. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā wahi noho larval stephensi ma ka hikina ʻAitiopa45. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā larvae o kekahi An. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻano ʻano stephensi e hōʻike ana ʻo An. Hiki iā stephensi ke ola i ke kau maloʻo ma Fike15, he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai An. arabiensis, ka maʻi malaria nui ma ʻAitiopa46,47. Eia nō naʻe, ma Kenya, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala ʻo Anopheles stephensi… i loko o nā ipu hana ʻelua a me nā kahawai kahawai48, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka noho ʻana o kēia mau larvae Anopheles stephensi invasive, he hopena no ka nānā entomological e hiki mai ana o kēia maʻi malaria invasive ma ʻAitiopa a me ʻApelika.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻawina i ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā makika hoʻoili malaria Anopheles invasive ma Fickii, ko lākou mau wahi larval, ke kūlana kūʻē ʻana i nā pepeke o nā pākeke a me nā ʻōpala, ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa, ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka a me nā kumu kumu. Ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou mau hopena i ka poʻe Anopheles fickii i maʻalahi i ka pirimiphos-methyl, PBO-pyrethrin a me temetafos. B1 No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia kēia mau insecticides i nā hoʻolālā hoʻomalu no kēia maʻi malaria invasive ma ka ʻāina ʻo Fickii. Ua ʻike nō hoʻi mākou he pilina genetic ka poʻe Anopheles fik me nā kikowaena Anopheles nui ʻelua ma ʻAitiopa hikina, ʻo ia ʻo Jig Jiga lāua ʻo Dire Dawa, a ua pili loa iā Jig Jiga. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka mana vector i kēia mau wahi, hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā makika Anopheles i Fike a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. I ka hopena, hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kahi ala ākea i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi Anopheles hou. Ke hoʻonui ʻia nei ka ʻōpala kumu a Stephenson i nā wahi ʻāina hou e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o kona laha ʻana, e nānā i ka pono o nā lāʻau insecticides, a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā heluna kumu e pale aku ai i ka laha.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-19-2025