Mea pepehi kanaka i lokoʻO ka pīpī ʻana (IRS) kahi ala koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi ai i ka laha ʻana o Trypanosoma cruzi e nā vector, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi Chagas ma ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika Hema. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ka holomua o ka IRS ma ka ʻāina ʻo Grand Chaco, nona ka Bolivia, Argentina a me Paraguay, ke hoʻokūkū me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Southern Cone.
Ua loiloi kēia haʻawina i nā hana maʻamau a ka IRS a me ka kaohi maikaʻi o nā pesticides ma kahi kaiāulu laha maʻamau ma Chaco, Bolivia.
ʻO ka mea hana nuiʻāpala-cypermethrinUa hopu ʻia (ai) ma ka pepa kānana i kau ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka pā o ka mea pīpī a ua ana ʻia i loko o nā hopena pahu pīpī i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Insecticide Quantitative Kit (IQK™) i hoʻololi ʻia i hōʻoia ʻia no nā ʻano HPLC quantitative. Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike regression binomial mixed-effects maikaʻi ʻole e nānā i ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o ka insecticide i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pepa kānana a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā pīpī, ka uhi ʻana o ka pīpī (ka ʻāpana ʻili pīpī / ka manawa pīpī [m2/min]), a me ka lakio o ka pīpī i nānā ʻia / i manaʻo ʻia. Ua loiloi pū ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mālama ʻana o nā mea mālama ola kino a me nā mea nona ka home me nā koi home hakahaka IRS. Ua helu ʻia ka helu hoʻonohonoho o ka alpha-cypermethrin ma hope o ka hui ʻana i loko o nā pahu pīpī i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ka hale hana.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano alpha-cypermethrin AI, me 10.4% wale nō (50/480) o nā kānana a me 8.8% (5/57) o nā hale e hoʻokō ana i ka pahuhopu o ka 50 mg ± 20% AI/m2. Kūʻokoʻa nā ʻano i hōʻike ʻia mai nā ʻano i loaʻa i nā hopena pīpī. Ma hope o ke kāwili ʻana i ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i loko o ka hopena ʻili i hoʻomākaukau ʻia o ka pahu pīpī, ua noho koke ia, kahi i alakaʻi ai i ka nalowale linear o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i kēlā me kēia minuke a me ka nalowale o 49% ma hope o 15 mau minuke. ʻO 7.5% wale nō (6/80) o nā hale i mālama ʻia ma ka helu pīpī i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka WHO he 19 m2/min (±10%), ʻoiai ʻo 77.5% (62/80) o nā hale i mālama ʻia ma kahi haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. ʻAʻole pili nui ka awelika o ka mea hana i hāʻawi ʻia i ka home i ka uhi pīpī i ʻike ʻia. ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ka mālama ʻana o ka ʻohana i ka uhi pīpī a i ʻole ka awelika o ka cypermethrin i hāʻawi ʻia i nā home.
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka IRS ma lalo o ka maikaʻi loa ma muli paha o nā ʻano kino o nā pesticides a me ka pono e nānā hou i nā ʻano hāʻawi pesticide, me ke aʻo ʻana i nā hui IRS a me ka hoʻonaʻauao lehulehu e paipai i ka mālama ʻana. He mea hana koʻikoʻi ʻo IQK™ e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka maikaʻi o ka IRS a kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā mea lawelawe olakino a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana no nā luna hoʻokele ma ka kaohi vector Chagas.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka maʻi Chagas e ka maʻi me ka parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid: Trypanosomatidae), ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole i loko o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I loko o ke kanaka, loaʻa ka maʻi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i nā pule a i nā mahina ma hope o ka maʻi a ua hōʻailona ʻia e ke kuni, ka malaise, a me ka hepatosplenomegaly. Manaʻo ʻia he 20-30% o nā maʻi e holomua i kahi ʻano maʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka cardiomyopathy, kahi i hōʻailona ʻia e nā hemahema o ka ʻōnaehana conduction, nā arrhythmias cardiac, ka hana hewa ʻana o ka ventricular hema, a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka puʻuwai congestive a, ʻaʻole pinepine, ka maʻi gastrointestinal. Hiki i kēia mau kūlana ke hoʻomau no nā makahiki he ʻumi a he paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia [1]. ʻAʻohe lāʻau pale.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ka maʻi Chagas ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 2017 he 6.2 miliona mau kānaka, a ua make he 7900 a me 232,000 mau makahiki ola i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ke kīnā (DALYs) no nā makahiki āpau [2,3,4]. Hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo Triatominus cruzi ma ʻAmelika Waena a me ʻAmelika Hema, a ma nā ʻāpana o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau hema, e Triatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), e helu ana i 30,000 (77%) o ka huina o nā hihia hou ma ʻAmelika Latina i ka makahiki 2010 [5]. ʻO nā ala ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi ma nā wahi ʻaʻole endemic e like me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ia ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka maʻi hānau a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o ke koko i loaʻa i ka maʻi. No ka laʻana, ma Sepania, aia ma kahi o 67,500 mau hihia o ka maʻi ma waena o nā malihini Latina ʻAmelika [6], e hopena ana i nā kumukūʻai makahiki o ka ʻōnaehana mālama ola o US $ 9.3 miliona [7]. Ma waena o 2004 a me 2007, 3.4% o nā wahine hāpai Latin American i nānā ʻia ma kahi haukapila ʻo Barcelona ua seropositive no Trypanosoma cruzi [8]. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi nā hoʻoikaika e kāohi i ka hoʻoili vector ma nā ʻāina endemic e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ka maʻi ma nā ʻāina ʻaʻohe vector triatomine [9]. ʻO nā ʻano kaohi o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka pīpī ʻana i loko (IRS) e hōʻemi i nā heluna vector i loko a puni nā hale, ka nānā ʻana o ka makuahine e ʻike a hoʻopau i ka hoʻoili congenital, ka nānā ʻana i nā waihona koko a me nā ʻōpū hoʻoili, a me nā papahana hoʻonaʻauao [5,10,11,12].
Ma ka Southern Cone o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ka mea lawe nui ka pepeke triatomine pathogenic. He ʻano endivoreous a me endivoreous kēia ʻano a hānau nui i nā hale a me nā hale holoholona. I loko o nā hale i kūkulu maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, loaʻa nā māwae i nā paia a me nā kaupaku i nā pepeke triatomine, a he koʻikoʻi loa ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā hale [13, 14]. Hoʻolaha ka Southern Cone Initiative (INCOSUR) i nā hana honua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hakakā i nā maʻi kūloko ma Tri. E hoʻohana i ka IRS e ʻike i nā bacteria pathogenic a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma kahi kikoʻī [15, 16]. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka emi nui ʻana o ka hanana o ka maʻi Chagas a me ka hōʻoia ma hope e ka World Health Organization ua hoʻopau ʻia ka laha ʻana o nā vector ma kekahi mau ʻāina (Uruguay, Chile, nā ʻāpana o Argentina a me Brazil) [10, 15].
ʻOiai ka holomua o INCOSUR, ke hoʻomau nei ka vector Trypanosoma cruzi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gran Chaco o USA, kahi ʻōnaehana ululāʻau maloʻo kau e uhi ana i 1.3 miliona mau kilomita kuea ma nā palena o Bolivia, Argentina a me Paraguay [10]. ʻO nā kamaʻāina o ka ʻāina kekahi o nā hui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a noho i ka ʻilihune loa me ke komo palena ʻole i ka mālama ola kino [17]. ʻO ka nui o ka maʻi T. cruzi a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka vector ma kēia mau kaiāulu kekahi o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua [5,18,19,20] me 26-72% o nā hale i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā trypanosomatids. infestans [13, 21] a me 40-56% Tri. Hoʻopilikia nā bacteria pathogenic iā Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23]. ʻO ka hapa nui (>93%) o nā hihia āpau o ka maʻi Chagas i lawe ʻia e ka vector ma ka ʻāina ʻo Southern Cone e kū nei ma Bolivia [5].
ʻO IRS wale nō ke ʻano i ʻae nui ʻia no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka triacine i loko o ke kanaka. ʻO ka infestans kahi hoʻolālā i hōʻoia ʻia ma ka mōʻaukala e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o kekahi mau maʻi vector i lawe ʻia e ke kanaka [24, 25]. ʻO ka mahele o nā hale ma ke kauhale ʻo Tri. ʻO ka infestans (helu kuhikuhi maʻi) kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia e nā luna olakino e hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka IRS a, ʻo ka mea nui, e hoʻāpono i ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki i loaʻa i ka maʻi mau me ka ʻole o ka pilikia o ka maʻi hou ʻana [16,26,27,28,29]. ʻO ka pono o ka IRS a me ke kūpaʻa o ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka vector ma ka ʻāina ʻo Chaco ua hoʻopili ʻia e kekahi mau mea: ka maikaʻi ʻole o ke kūkulu hale [19, 21], ka hoʻokō IRS suboptimal a me nā ʻano nānā infestation [30], ka maopopo ʻole o ka lehulehu e pili ana i nā koi IRS Ka hoʻokō haʻahaʻa [31], ka hana koena pōkole o nā ʻano pesticide [32, 33] a me Tri. ua hoʻemi ka infestans i ke kūʻē a/a i ʻole ka ʻike i nā insecticides [22, 34].
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā insecticides pyrethroid synthetic ma IRS ma muli o ko lākou make ʻana i nā heluna kanaka palupalu o nā pepeke triatomine. Ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā insecticides pyrethroid ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonāukiuki e hoʻokuke i nā vectors mai nā māwae paia no nā kumu nānā [35]. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka kaohi maikaʻi o nā hana IRS, akā ma kahi ʻē aʻe ua hōʻike ʻia he mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano o nā mea hana pesticide (AIs) i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o nā home, me nā pae e hāʻule pinepine ana ma lalo o ka pae hoʻohui pahuhopu kūpono [33,36,37,38]. ʻO kekahi kumu no ka nele o ka noiʻi kaohi maikaʻi ʻo ia ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe (HPLC), ke kūlana gula no ke ana ʻana i ka nui o nā mea hana i nā pesticides, he paʻakikī ʻenehana, pipiʻi, a ʻaʻole kūpono pinepine no nā kūlana ākea i ke kaiāulu. ʻO nā holomua hou i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hale hana i kēia manawa e hāʻawi i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a me ke kumu kūʻai ʻole no ka loiloi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka pesticide a me nā hana IRS [39, 40].
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia haʻawina e ana i nā loli i nā nui o nā pesticides i ka wā o nā hoʻolaha IRS maʻamau e pili ana iā Tri. Phytophthora infestans o nā ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Chaco, Bolivia. Ua ana ʻia nā nui o nā mea hana pesticides i nā ʻano hana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i loko o nā pahu pīpī a me nā laʻana pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā keʻena pīpī. Ua loiloi ʻia hoʻi nā mea e hoʻohuli i ka lawe ʻana o nā pesticides i nā home. No kēia hopena, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi hoʻāʻo colorimetric kemika e helu i ka nui o nā pyrethroids i loko o kēia mau laʻana.
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma Itanambicua, ke kaona ʻo Camili, ke keʻena ʻo Santa Cruz, Bolivia (20°1′5.94″ S; 63°30′41″ W) (Kiʻi 1). ʻO kēia ʻāpana kekahi hapa o ka ʻāina ʻo Gran Chaco o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ua hōʻailona ʻia e nā ululāʻau maloʻo o ke kau me nā mahana o 0–49 °C a me ka ua o 500–1000 mm/makahiki [41]. ʻO Itanambicua kekahi o nā kaiāulu Guaraní he 19 ma ke kūlanakauhale, kahi e noho ai ma kahi o 1,200 mau kamaʻāina ma 220 mau hale i kūkulu nui ʻia mai ka brick solar (adobe), nā pā kuʻuna a me nā tabiques (i ʻike ʻia ma kahi o ka ʻāina ʻo tabique), ka lāʻau, a i ʻole nā hui ʻana o kēia mau mea. ʻO nā hale a me nā hale ʻē aʻe kokoke i ka hale e komo pū ana me nā hale holoholona, nā lumi waihona, nā lumi kuke a me nā lua, i kūkulu ʻia mai nā mea like. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai kūloko ma ka mahiʻai ola, ʻo ia hoʻi ka kulina a me nā pīnati, a me nā moa liʻiliʻi, nā puaʻa, nā kao, nā ʻiole a me nā iʻa, me nā huahana kūloko keu i kūʻai ʻia ma ke kūlanakauhale mākeke kūloko o Kamili (ma kahi o 12 km ka mamao). Hāʻawi pū ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Kamili i nā manawa hana he nui i ka heluna kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā ʻoihana kūkulu hale a me nā lawelawe kūloko.
Ma ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, ʻo ka nui o ka maʻi T. cruzi i waena o nā keiki Itanambiqua (2-15 mau makahiki) he 20% [20]. Ua like kēia me ka seroprevalence o ka maʻi i waena o nā keiki i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kaiāulu kokoke o Guarani, kahi i ʻike pū ʻia ai ka piʻi ʻana o ka laha me ka makahiki, me ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina ma luna o 30 mau makahiki i loaʻa i ka maʻi [19]. Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka vector ke ala nui o ka maʻi ma kēia mau kaiāulu, me Tri ka vector nui. Hoʻopilikia nā Infestans i nā hale a me nā hale waho [21, 22].
ʻAʻole hiki i ke aupuni olakino kūlanakauhale i koho hou ʻia ke hāʻawi i nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā hana IRS ma Itanambicua ma mua o kēia noiʻi, akā naʻe, ua hōʻike maopopo nā hōʻike mai nā kaiāulu kokoke mai ua hana sporadic nā hana IRS ma ke kaona mai ka makahiki 2000 a me ka pīpī ʻana maʻamau o 20% beta cypermethrin; ua hoʻokō ʻia i ka makahiki 2003, a ukali ʻia e ka pīpī ʻana i nā hale i hoʻopilikia ʻia mai 2005 a 2009 [22] a me ka pīpī ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mai 2009 a 2011 [19].
Ma kēia kaiāulu, ua hana ʻia ka IRS e ʻekolu mau loea olakino i aʻo ʻia e ke kaiāulu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano 20% o ka alpha-cypermethrin suspension concentrate [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd., Manchester, UK). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka insecticide me kahi pahuhopu hoʻouna o 50 mg ai/m2 e like me nā koi o ka Chagas Disease Control Program o ka Santa Cruz Administrative Department (Servicio Departamental de Salud-SEDES). Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā insecticide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Guarany® backpack sprayer (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil) me ka mana kūpono o 8.5 l (code tank: 0441.20), i lako me kahi nozzle pālahalaha a me ka helu kahe nominal o 757 ml/min, e hana ana i kahi kahawai o kahi kihi o 80° ma ke kaomi cylinder maʻamau o 280 kPa. Ua hoʻohuihui pū nā limahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kini aerosol a me nā hale i pīpī ʻia. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia nā limahana e ke keʻena olakino o ke kūlanakauhale kūloko e hoʻomākaukau a hāʻawi i nā pesticides, a me ka pīpī ʻana i nā pesticides ma nā paia o loko a me waho o nā hale. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi lākou e koi i nā mea noho e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hale i nā mea āpau, me nā lako (koe wale nō nā mōlina moe), ma ka liʻiliʻi he 24 mau hola ma mua o ka hana ʻana o ka IRS e ʻae i ke komo piha ʻana i loko o ka hale no ka pīpī ʻana. Ua ana ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia koi e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi nā kamaʻāina e kali a maloʻo nā paia i pena ʻia ma mua o ke komo hou ʻana i ka hale, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia [42].
No ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka lambda-cypermethrin AI i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o nā hale, ua hoʻokomo nā mea noiʻi i ka pepa kānana (Whatman No. 1; 55 mm ke anawaena) ma nā ʻili o ka paia o 57 mau hale ma ke alo o ka IRS. Ua komo pū nā hale āpau i loaʻa ka IRS i kēlā manawa (25/25 mau hale i Nowemapa 2016 a me 32/32 mau hale i Ianuali-Pepeluali 2017). ʻO kēia mau mea he 52 mau hale adobe a me 5 mau hale tabik. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻewalu a ʻeiwa mau ʻāpana pepa kānana i loko o kēlā me kēia hale, i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu kiʻekiʻe o ka paia (0.2, 1.2 a me 2 m mai ka honua), me kēlā me kēia o nā paia ʻekolu i koho ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻē, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka puka nui. Ua hāʻawi kēia i ʻekolu mau replicates ma kēlā me kēia kiʻekiʻe o ka paia, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ka lawe ʻana o ka pesticide maikaʻi [43]. Ma hope koke iho o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka insecticide, ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea noiʻi i ka pepa kānana a hoʻomaloʻo iā ia mai ka lā pololei. I ka maloʻo ʻana, ua kāʻei ʻia ka pepa kānana me ka lipine maopopo e pale a paʻa i ka insecticide ma ka ʻili i uhi ʻia, a laila kāʻei ʻia i loko o ka pepa alumini a mālama ʻia ma 7°C a hiki i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Mai ka huina o nā pepa kānana 513 i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, ua loaʻa he 480 mai loko mai o 57 mau hale no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi he 8-9 mau pepa kānana no kēlā me kēia home. Ua komo pū nā laʻana hoʻāʻo he 437 mau pepa kānana mai 52 mau hale adobe a me 43 mau pepa kānana mai 5 mau hale tabik. Ua kūlike ka laʻana me ka laha like ʻana o nā ʻano hale ma ke kaiāulu (76.2% [138/181] adobe a me 11.6% [21/181] tabika) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā anamanaʻo puka-a-puka o kēia haʻawina. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka loiloi pepa kānana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) a me kona hōʻoia ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka HPLC ma ka Waihona Pākuʻi 1. ʻO ka nui o ka pesticide i manaʻo ʻia he 50 mg ai/m2, kahi e ʻae ai i ka hoʻomanawanui o ± 20% (ʻo ia hoʻi 40–60 mg ai/m2).
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka AI i loko o 29 mau pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e nā limahana lapaʻau. Ua laʻana mākou i 1-4 mau pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, me ka awelika o 1.5 (pae: 1-4) mau pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā ma luna o kahi manawa 18 lā. Ua hahai ke kaʻina laʻana i ke kaʻina laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā limahana mālama ola i Nowemapa 2016 a me Ianuali 2017. Ka holomua o kēlā me kēia lā mai; Ianuali Pepeluali. Ma hope koke iho o ka hui ʻana o ka mea i hoʻohuihui ʻia, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 2 ml o ka hopena mai ka ʻili o nā mea i loko. A laila ua hui pū ʻia ka laʻana 2 mL i loko o ka hale hana ma o ka vortexing no 5 mau minuke ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻana o ʻelua mau subsamples 5.2 μL a hoʻāʻo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā IQK™ e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia (e ʻike i ka faila hou 1).
Ua ana ʻia nā helu hoʻokahe o ka mea hana insecticide i loko o ʻehā mau pahu pīpī i koho kūikawā ʻia e hōʻike i nā ʻano mea hana mua (ʻole) i loko o nā pae kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa, a me ka pahuhopu. Ma hope o ke kāwili ʻana no 15 mau minuke i ka lālani, e wehe i ʻekolu mau laʻana 5.2 µL mai ka papa ʻili o kēlā me kēia laʻana vortex 2 mL i nā manawa 1 minuke. ʻO ka nui o ka hopena pahuhopu i loko o ka pahu he 1.2 mg ai/ml ± 20% (ʻo ia hoʻi 0.96–1.44 mg ai/ml), ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka nui o ka pahuhopu i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pepa kānana, e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma luna.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā hana pīpī pesticide a me ka lawe ʻana i nā pesticide, ua hele pū kekahi mea noiʻi (RG) me ʻelua mau limahana olakino IRS kūloko i ka wā o nā hoʻolaha IRS maʻamau i 87 mau home (ʻo nā hale 57 i laʻana ʻia ma luna a me 30 o nā hale 43 i pīpī ʻia me nā pesticides). Malaki 2016). ʻUmikumamākolu o kēia mau hale 43 i kāpae ʻia mai ka nānā ʻana: ʻeono mau mea nona i hōʻole, a ʻehiku mau hale i mālama hapa wale ʻia. Ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka ʻili e pīpī ʻia (mika kuea) i loko a ma waho o ka hale me nā kikoʻī, a ua hoʻopaʻa malū ʻia ka manawa holoʻokoʻa i hoʻolilo ʻia e nā limahana olakino e pīpī ana (mau minuke). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili hoʻokomo e helu i ka nui o ka pīpī, i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka nui o ka ʻili i pīpī ʻia i kēlā me kēia minuke (m2/min). Mai kēia mau ʻikepili, hiki ke helu ʻia ka lakio pīpī i ʻike ʻia/i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he ana pili, me ka nui o ka pīpī i manaʻo ʻia he 19 m2/min ± 10% no nā kikoʻī o nā lako pīpī [44]. No ka lakio i ʻike ʻia/i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ka laulā hoʻomanawanui he 1 ± 10% (0.8–1.2).
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ua kau ʻia ka pepa kānana ma nā paia o 57 mau hale. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana inā ua hoʻopilikia ka ʻike maka ʻia o ka pepa kānana i ka nui o ka pīpī ʻana o nā limahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā nui o ka pīpī ʻana ma kēia mau hale 57 me nā nui o ka pīpī ʻana ma 30 mau hale i mālama ʻia i Malaki 2016 me ka ʻole o ka pepa kānana i hoʻokomo ʻia. Ua ana ʻia nā nui o nā pesticide ma nā hale i lako me ka pepa kānana.
Ua palapala ʻia nā kamaʻāina o 55 mau home e hoʻokō i nā koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe home IRS ma mua, me 30 mau home i pīpī ʻia i Malaki 2016 a me 25 mau home i pīpī ʻia i Nowemapa 2016. 0–2 (0 = nā mea āpau a i ʻole ka hapa nui o nā mea i koe i loko o ka hale; 1 = ua wehe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea; 2 = ua hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia ka hale). Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana o ka mea nona ka hale i nā helu pīpī a me nā nui o ka pehu pepeke moxa.
Ua helu ʻia ka mana helu e ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi mai nā ʻano i manaʻo ʻia o ka alpha-cypermethrin i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pepa kānana, a e ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano insecticide a me nā helu pīpī ma waena o nā hui hale i hui pū ʻia. Ua helu ʻia ka mana helu haʻahaʻa loa (α = 0.05) no ka helu haʻahaʻa loa o nā hale i laʻana ʻia no kekahi hui mahele (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nui o ka laʻana paʻa) i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka baseline. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻano pesticide awelika i hoʻokahi laʻana ma waena o 17 mau waiwai i koho ʻia (i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia he mau mea nona ka ʻae ʻole) he 98.5% ka mana e ʻike i kahi ʻokoʻa 20% mai ka ʻano i manaʻo ʻia o ka pahuhopu awelika o 50 mg ai/m2, kahi i hoʻonui nui ʻia ai ka ʻokoʻa (SD = 10) ma muli o nā nānā ʻana i paʻi ʻia ma kahi ʻē [37, 38]. Hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻano insecticide i loko o nā kini aerosol i koho ʻia ma ka home no ka pono like (n = 21) > 90%.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ʻelua mau laʻana o ka awelika o nā pesticides ma n = 10 a me n = 12 mau hale a i ʻole ka awelika o nā helu pīpī ma n = 12 a me n = 23 mau hale i loaʻa nā mana helu o 66.2% a me 86.2% no ka ʻike ʻana. ʻO nā waiwai i manaʻo ʻia no ka ʻokoʻa 20% he 50 mg ai/m2 a me 19 m2/min, kēlā me kēia. Ma ke ʻano mālama, ua manaʻo ʻia he nui nā ʻokoʻa ma kēlā me kēia hui no ka helu pīpī (SD = 3.5) a me ka nui o ka insecticide (SD = 10). ʻO ka mana helu he >90% no nā hoʻohālikelike like o nā helu pīpī ma waena o nā hale me ka pepa kānana (n = 57) a me nā hale me ka ʻole o ka pepa kānana (n = 30). Ua hana ʻia nā helu mana āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu SAMPASI ma ka polokalamu STATA v15.0 [45]).
Ua nānā ʻia nā pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka hale ma ke kau ʻana i ka ʻikepili i kahi kumu hoʻohālike multivariate maikaʻi ʻole binomial mixed-effects (polokalamu MENBREG ma STATA v.15.0) me kahi o nā paia i loko o ka hale (ʻekolu pae) ma ke ʻano he hopena random. Beta radiation concentration. -cypermethrin io Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona e hoʻāʻo i nā loli e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paia nebulizer (ʻekolu pae), ka helu nebulization (m2/min), ka lā waiho IRS, a me ke kūlana o ka mea mālama ola (ʻelua pae). Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike linear generalized (GLM) e hoʻāʻo i ka pilina ma waena o ka awelika o ka alpha-cypermethrin ma ka pepa kānana i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia home a me ka nui i loko o ka hopena like i loko o ka pahu pīpī. Ua nānā ʻia ka sedimentation o ka nui o ka pesticide i loko o ka hopena pahu pīpī i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa ma ke ʻano like ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka waiwai mua (manawa zero) e like me ka offset kumu hoʻohālike, e hoʻāʻo ana i ka huaʻōlelo pilina o ka pahu ID × manawa (mau lā). Ua ʻike ʻia nā kiko ʻikepili outlier x ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kānāwai palena Tukey maʻamau, kahi x < Q1 - 1.5 × IQR a i ʻole x > Q3 + 1.5 × IQR. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ua kāpae ʻia ka nui o nā pīpī no nā hale ʻehiku a me ka nui o ka insecticide AI waena no hoʻokahi hale mai ka loiloi helu.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka pololei o ka helu kemika ai IQK™ o ka nui o ka alpha-cypermethrin ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā waiwai o 27 mau laʻana pepa kānana mai ʻekolu mau hale manu i hoʻāʻo ʻia e IQK™ a me HPLC (maʻamau gula), a ua hōʻike nā hopena i kahi pilina ikaika (r = 0.93; p < 0.001) (Kiʻi 2).
ʻO ka pilina o nā ʻano alpha-cypermethrin i loko o nā laʻana pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā hale manu post-IRS, i helu ʻia e HPLC a me IQK™ (n = 27 mau pepa kānana mai ʻekolu mau hale manu)
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻo IQK™ ma luna o 480 mau pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai 57 mau hale manu. Ma ka pepa kānana, ʻo ka nui o ka alpha-cypermethrin mai 0.19 a 105.0 mg ai/m2 (waena 17.6, IQR: 11.06-29.78). No kēia mau mea, he 10.4% wale nō (50/480) i loko o ka pae hoʻohuihui i manaʻo ʻia o 40-60 mg ai/m2 (Kiʻi 3). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laʻana (84.0% (403/480)) he 60 mg ai/m2. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka pae waena i manaʻo ʻia no kēlā me kēia home no nā kānana hoʻāʻo 8-9 i hōʻiliʻili ʻia no kēlā me kēia home he kauoha o ka nui, me ka awelika o 19.6 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, pae: 0. 60-67.45). ʻO 8.8% wale nō (5/57) o nā wahi i loaʻa nā pae hoʻohuihui pesticide i manaʻo ʻia; Aia ma lalo o nā palena o ka pae pahuhopu he 89.5% (51/57), a aia ma luna o nā palena o ka pae pahuhopu he 1.8% (1/57) (Kiʻi 4).
Ka hoʻolaha pinepine ʻana o nā ʻano alpha-cypermethrin ma nā kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā hale i mālama ʻia e IRS (n = 57 mau hale). Hōʻike ka laina kū pololei i ka pae ʻano o ka cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).
Ka nui o ka beta-cypermethrin av ma 8-9 mau pepa kānana no kēlā me kēia home, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā home i hana ʻia e ka IRS (n = 57 mau home). Hōʻike ka laina pae i ka pae o ka nui o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2). Hōʻike nā kaha hewa i nā palena haʻahaʻa a me luna o nā waiwai waena e pili ana.
ʻO nā ʻano waena i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kānana me nā kiʻekiʻe paia o 0.2, 1.2 a me 2.0 m he 17.7 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 10.70–34.26), 17.3 mg a .i./m2 (IQR: 11.43–26.91) a me 17.6 mg ai/m2. pakahi (IQR: 10.85–31.37) (i hōʻike ʻia ma ka faila hou 2). Ke kāohi nei no ka lā IRS, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ke kumu hoʻohālike hopena hui i kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka ʻano ma waena o nā kiʻekiʻe paia (z < 1.83, p > 0.067) a ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā loli koʻikoʻi e ka lā pīpī (z = 1.84 p = 0.070). ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka ʻano waena i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hale adobe 5 mai ka ʻano waena i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hale adobe 52 (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
Ua loli ka nui o ka AI i loko o 29 mau kini aerosol Guarany® i hoʻomākaukau kūʻokoʻa ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana o IRS ma 12.1, mai 0.16 mg AI/mL a i 1.9 mg AI/mL no kēlā me kēia kini (Kiʻi 5). ʻO 6.9% wale nō (2/29) o nā kini aerosol i loaʻa nā nui AI i loko o ka pae dose target o 0.96–1.44 mg AI/ml, a ʻo 3.5% (1/29) o nā kini aerosol i loaʻa nā nui AI >1.44 mg AI/ml. .
Ua ana ʻia ka awelika o ka nui o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i loko o 29 mau ʻano pīpī. Hōʻike ka laina pae i ka nui o ka AI i ʻōlelo ʻia no nā kini aerosol (0.96–1.44 mg/ml) e hoʻokō ai i ka pae nui o ka AI i manaʻo ʻia o 40–60 mg/m2 i loko o ka hale manu.
Ma waena o nā kini aerosol 29 i nānā ʻia, ua like ka 21 me 21 mau hale. ʻAʻole i pili ka nui waena o ka ai i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hale me ka nui o nā pahu pīpī pākahi i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka hale (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pilina haʻahaʻa (rSp2 = -0.02) (Kiʻi .6).
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o ka beta-cypermethrin AI ma nā pepa kānana 8-9 i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā hale i mālama ʻia e IRS a me ka nui o ka AI i nā hopena pīpī i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ka home i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i kēlā me kēia hale (n = 21)
Ua loli ka nui o ka AI i loko o nā wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻili o nā mea pīpī ʻehā i hōʻiliʻili koke ʻia ma hope o ka lulu ʻana (manawa 0) ma 3.3 (0.68–2.22 mg AI/ml) (Kiʻi 7). No hoʻokahi pahu, aia nā waiwai i loko o ka pae pahuhopu, no hoʻokahi pahu, aia nā waiwai ma luna o ka pahuhopu, no nā pahu ʻelua ʻē aʻe aia nā waiwai ma lalo o ka pahuhopu; A laila ua emi nui ka nui o nā pesticide i nā loko ʻehā i ka wā o ka laʻana hahai 15-min ma hope (b = −0.018 a i −0.084; z > 5.58; p < 0.001). Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā waiwai mua o kēlā me kēia pahu, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka huaʻōlelo pilina Tank ID x Time (minuke) (z = -1.52; p = 0.127). I loko o nā waihona ʻehā, ʻo ka awelika o ka nalowale o mg ai/ml insecticide he 3.3% i kēlā me kēia minuke (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), hiki i ka 49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) ma hope o 15 mau minuke (Kiʻi 7).
Ma hope o ke kāwili maikaʻi ʻana i nā hopena i loko o nā pahu, ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka ua o ka alpha-cypermethrin i loko o ʻehā mau pahu pīpī ma nā manawa 1 minuke no 15 mau minuke. Hōʻike ʻia ka laina e hōʻike ana i ke kūpono loa i ka ʻikepili no kēlā me kēia waihona. Hōʻike nā nānā ʻana (nā kiko) i ka waena o ʻekolu mau subsamples.
ʻO ka awelika o ka ʻāpana pā ma kēlā me kēia home no ka mālama ʻana o ka IRS he 128 m2 (IQR: 99.0–210.0, pae: 49.1–480.0) a ʻo ka awelika o ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia e nā limahana mālama ola he 12 mau minuke (IQR: 8.2–17.5, pae: 1.5–36.6). ) ua pīpī ʻia kēlā me kēia hale (n = 87). ʻO ka uhi pīpī i ʻike ʻia ma kēia mau hale manu mai 3.0 a 72.7 m2/min (waena: 11.1; IQR: 7.90–18.00) (Kiʻi 8). Ua kāpae ʻia nā outliers a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā helu pīpī me ka pae pīpī i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka WHO he 19 m2/min ± 10% (17.1–20.9 m2/min). ʻO 7.5% wale nō (6/80) o nā hale i loko o kēia pae; Aia he 77.5% (62/80) ma ka pae haʻahaʻa a he 15.0% (12/80) ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻohe pilina i loaʻa ma waena o ka awelika o ka nui o ka AI i hāʻawi ʻia i nā home a me ka uhi ʻana o ka pīpī i ʻike ʻia (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = 52 mau home).
ʻO ka nui o ka pīpī i ʻike ʻia (min/m2) ma nā hale manu i mālama ʻia me ka IRS (n = 87). Hōʻike ka laina kuhikuhi i ka pae hoʻomanawanui o ka nui o ka pīpī i manaʻo ʻia he 19 m2/min (±10%) i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā kikoʻī o nā lako pahu pīpī.
He 80% o nā hale he 80 i loaʻa kahi lakio uhi pīpī i ʻike ʻia/manaʻo ʻia ma waho o ka pae hoʻomanawanui 1 ± 10%, me 71.3% (57/80) o nā hale i haʻahaʻa, 11.3% (9/80) i kiʻekiʻe, a he 16 mau hale i hāʻule i loko o ka pae hoʻomanawanui i loko o ka pae. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolaha pinepine o nā waiwai lakio i ʻike ʻia/manaʻo ʻia ma ka faila hou 3.
Aia kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma ka awelika nebulization rate ma waena o nā limahana mālama ola ʻelua i hana mau i ka IRS: 9.7 m2/min (IQR: 6.58–14.85, n = 68) e kūʻē i ka 15.5 m2/min (IQR: 13.07–21.17, n = 12). (z = 2.45, p = 0.014, n = 80) (e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Additional File 4A) a me ka lakio o ka spray rate i ʻike ʻia/manaʻo ʻia (z = 2.58, p = 0.010) (e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Additional File 4B Show).
Koe wale nō nā kūlana maʻamau ʻole, hoʻokahi wale nō limahana olakino i pīpī i 54 mau hale kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka pepa kānana. ʻO ka awelika o ka pīpī ʻana ma kēia mau hale he 9.23 m2/min (IQR: 6.57–13.80) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 15.4 m2/min (IQR: 10.40–18.67) ma nā hale 26 me ka ʻole o ka pepa kānana (z = -2.38, p = 0.017). ).
ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā ʻohana i ke koi e haʻalele i ko lākou mau home no nā lawe ʻana mai ka IRS: 30.9% (17/55) ʻaʻole i haʻalele hapa i ko lākou mau home a ʻo 27.3% (15/55) ʻaʻole i haʻalele loa i ko lākou mau home; ua luku ʻia ko lākou mau home.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā pae pīpī i ʻike ʻia ma nā hale hakahaka ʻole (17.5 m2/min, IQR: 11.00–22.50) ma mua o nā hale hakahaka hapa (14.8 m2/min, IQR: 10.29–18 .00) a me nā hale hakahaka loa (11.7 m2). /min, IQR: 7.86–15.36), akā ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka ʻokoʻa (z > -1.58; p > 0.114, n = 48) (i hōʻike ʻia ma ka faila Additional 5A). Ua loaʻa nā hopena like i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā loli e pili ana i ke alo a i ʻole ka ʻole o ka pepa kānana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia he covariate koʻikoʻi i ke kumu hoʻohālike.
Ma waena o nā hui ʻekolu, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka manawa kūpono e pono ai e pīpī i nā hale ma waena o nā hale (z < -1.90, p > 0.057), ʻoiai ua ʻokoʻa ka ʻili waena: ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hale hakahaka loa (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0–169, 0 m2)]) ma mua o nā hale hakahaka ʻole (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0–284.0 m2]) a me nā hale hakahaka hapa (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0–384.0 m2]) (z > 2 .17; p < 0.031, n = 48). ʻO nā hale hakahaka loa ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka nui (ʻāpana) o nā hale ʻaʻole hakahaka a hapa hakahaka paha.
No ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā hale (n = 25) me ka ʻikepili hoʻokō a me ka pesticide AI, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ma ka awelika o nā ʻano AI i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hale ma waena o kēia mau ʻano hoʻokō (z < 0.93, p > 0.351), e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka Additional File 5B. Ua loaʻa nā hopena like i ka wā e kaohi ai i ke alo/ʻaʻohe o ka pepa kānana a me ka uhi ʻana o ka pīpī i ʻike ʻia (n = 22).
Ke loiloi nei kēia haʻawina i nā hana a me nā kaʻina hana IRS ma kahi kaiāulu kuaʻāina maʻamau ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gran Chaco o Bolivia, kahi ʻāina me ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi o ka hoʻoili vector [20]. ʻOkoʻa loa ka nui o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i lawelawe ʻia i ka wā o ka IRS maʻamau ma waena o nā hale, ma waena o nā kānana pākahi i loko o ka hale, a ma waena o nā pahu pīpī pākahi i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e hoʻokō i ka nui like i hāʻawi ʻia o 50 mg ai/m2. ʻO 8.8% wale nō o nā hale (10.4% o nā kānana) he mau nui i loko o ka pae pahuhopu o 40-60 mg ai/m2, me ka hapa nui (89.5% a me 84% pakahi) he mau nui ma lalo o ka palena palena haʻahaʻa i ʻae ʻia.
ʻO kekahi kumu kūpono no ka lawe ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin i loko o ka home, ʻo ia ka hoʻoheheʻe pololei ʻole ʻana o nā pesticides a me nā pae kūlike ʻole o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i loko o nā pahu pīpī [38, 46]. Ma ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, ua hōʻoia nā nānā ʻana o nā mea noiʻi i nā limahana mālama ola ua hahai lākou i nā ʻano hana hoʻomākaukau pesticide a ua aʻo ʻia e SEDES e hoʻoulu ikaika i ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i loko o ka pahu pīpī. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ka nānā ʻana i nā mea o loko o ka waihona ua loli ka nui o ka AI ma kahi kumu o 12, me 6.9% wale nō (2/29) o nā hopena waihona hoʻāʻo i loko o ka pae pahuhopu; No ka noiʻi hou aku, ua helu ʻia nā hopena ma ka ʻili o ka pahu pīpī ma nā kūlana hoʻokolohua. Hōʻike kēia i ka emi ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai o 3.3% i kēlā me kēia minuke ma hope o ka hui ʻana a me ka pohō cumulative o ai o 49% ma hope o 15 mau minuke (95% CL 25.7, 78.7). ʻAʻole maʻamau ka nui o ka sedimentation ma muli o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā pesticides suspensions i hoʻokumu ʻia ma hope o ka dilution o nā ʻano pauka wettable (WP) (e laʻa, DDT [37, 47]), a ke hōʻike hou nei ke aʻo ʻana i kēia no nā ʻano pyrethroid SA. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā suspension concentrates ma IRS a, e like me nā hoʻomākaukau insecticidal āpau, hilinaʻi ko lākou kūpaʻa kino i nā kumu he nui, ʻoiai ka nui o ka ʻāpana o ka mea hana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia ka sedimentation e ka paʻakikī holoʻokoʻa o ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i ka slurry, kahi mea paʻakikī ke kāohi ma ke kula. No ka laʻana, ma kēia wahi aʻo, ua kaupalena ʻia ke komo ʻana o ka wai i nā muliwai kūloko e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano kau o ke kahe a me nā ʻāpana lepo i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Aia nā ʻano hana no ka nānā ʻana i ke kūpaʻa kino o nā ʻano SA ma lalo o ka noiʻi [48]. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohana pono ʻia nā lāʻau subcutaneous e hōʻemi i nā maʻi home ma Tri. bacteria pathogenic ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Latin America [49].
Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi nā ʻano hana insecticidal kūpono ʻole i nā papahana kaohi vector ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, ma kahi papahana kaohi leishmaniasis visceral ma India, ʻo 29% wale nō o 51 mau hui sprayer i nānā pono i nā hopena DDT i hoʻomākaukau pono ʻia a hui pū ʻia, a ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻopiha ʻia i nā pahu sprayer e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia [50]. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi o nā kauhale ma Bangladesh i kahi ʻano like: ʻo 42-43% wale nō o nā hui mahele IRS i hoʻomākaukau i nā insecticides a hoʻopiha i nā canisters e like me ke kaʻina hana, ʻoiai ma kekahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ʻo 7.7% wale nō ka helu [46].
ʻAʻole hoʻi he mea kū hoʻokahi nā loli i ʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka AI i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o ka home. Ma India, ʻo 7.3% wale nō (41 o 560) o nā hale i mālama ʻia i loaʻa ka nui o ka DDT i manaʻo ʻia, me nā ʻokoʻa i loko a ma waena o nā hale i like ka nui [37]. Ma Nepal, ua omo ka pepa kānana i ka awelika o 1.74 mg ai/m2 (pae: 0.0–17.5 mg/m2), ʻo ia wale nō 7% o ka nui o ka pahuhopu (25 mg ai/m2) [38]. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi HPLC o ka pepa kānana i nā ʻokoʻa nui i nā nui o ka deltamethrin ai ma nā paia o nā hale ma Chaco, Paraguay: mai 12.8–51.2 mg ai/m2 a i 4.6–61.0 mg ai/m2 ma nā hale [33]. Ma Tupiza, Bolivia, ua hōʻike ka Chagas Control Program i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka deltamethrin i ʻelima mau hale ma nā nui o 0.0–59.6 mg/m2, i helu ʻia e HPLC [36].
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-16-2024