ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o loko o loko (IRS) kahi ala nui e hōʻemi i ka lawe ʻana i ka vector-borne o Trypanosoma cruzi, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi Chagas ma ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika Hema.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ka IRS ke kūleʻa i ka ʻāina ʻo Grand Chaco, e uhi ana iā Bolivia, Argentina a me Paraguay, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokūkū me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o Southern Cone.
Ua loiloi kēia haʻawina i nā hana IRS maʻamau a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka pesticide ma kahi kaiāulu maʻamau ma Chaco, Bolivia.
Ua hopu ʻia ka mea ʻeleu alpha-cypermethrin (ai) ma ka pepa kānana i kau ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka paia o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a ana ʻia i loko o nā hoʻonā wai pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Insecticide Quantitative Kit (IQK™) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā ʻano HPLC quantitative.Ua kālailai ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālike hoʻohālikelike binomial mixed-effects no ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka manaʻo insecticide i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pepa kānana a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā pahū, ka uhi ʻana (ka ʻili ʻana o ka ili/ka manawa hoʻopī [m2/min]), a me ka ʻōpala i manaʻo ʻia.ratio ratio.Ua loiloi pū ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea mālama olakino a me nā mea nona ka home me nā koi o ka home hakahaka IRS.Ua helu ʻia ka helu hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin ma hope o ka hui ʻana i loko o nā pahu pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i loko o ke keʻena hana.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole i ka alpha-cypermethrin AI concentrations, me 10.4% (50/480) wale nō o nā kānana a me 8.8% (5/57) o nā hale e loaʻa ana ka manaʻo o ka 50 mg ± 20% AI/m2.Kūʻokoʻa nā ʻike i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻike i loaʻa i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻano hoʻonā.Ma hope o ka hui ʻana i ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i loko o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka ʻili o ka pahu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka nalowale o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i kēlā me kēia minuke a me ka nalowale o 49% ma hope o 15 mau minuke.ʻO 7.5% wale nō (6/80) o nā hale i mālama ʻia ma ka WHO i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o 19 m2 / min (± 10%), aʻo 77.5% (62/80) o nā hale i mālama ʻia ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.ʻAʻole pili nui ka awelika o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka mea hana i ka home me ka uhi ʻana i ka pulupulu i ʻike ʻia.ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka mālama ʻana o ka hale i ka uhi ʻana a i ʻole ka awelika o ka cypermethrin i hāʻawi ʻia i nā home.
ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka IRS suboptimal ma muli paha o nā waiwai kino o nā pesticides a me ka pono e nānā i nā ʻano hoʻopuka pesticide, me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā hui IRS a me ka hoʻonaʻauao lehulehu e paipai i ka hoʻokō.ʻO IQK ™ kahi mea hana hoʻokipa koʻikoʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o IRS a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o nā mea mālama olakino a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana no nā mana o ka mana vector Chagas.
ʻO ka maʻi Chagas ke kumu o ka maʻi me ka parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid: Trypanosomatidae), ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi like ʻole i loko o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.I loko o ke kanaka, loaʻa ka maʻi hōʻailona maʻi i nā pule a i ʻole mau mahina ma hope o ka maʻi a ua ʻike ʻia e ke kuni, malaise, a me ka hepatosplenomegaly.Ma kahi o 20-30% o nā maʻi e piʻi aʻe i kahi ʻano maʻi, ʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau ka cardiomyopathy, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e nā hemahema o ka ʻōnaehana conduction, cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, a me ka pau ʻole o ka puʻuwai congestive a me ka liʻiliʻi, ka maʻi ʻōpū.Hiki ke hoʻomau i kēia mau maʻi no nā makahiki he ʻumi a paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia [1].ʻAʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO ke kaumaha o ka maʻi Chagas i ka makahiki 2017 i manaʻo ʻia ma 6.2 miliona mau kānaka, ka hopena o 7900 mau make a me 232,000 mau makahiki ola i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke kīnā (DALYs) no nā makahiki āpau [2,3,4].Hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Triatominus cruzi ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hema, a ma nā wahi o ka hema o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, e Triatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), ʻo ia ka 30,000 (77%) o ka nui o nā hihia hou ma Latin America ma 2010 [5] .ʻO nā ala ʻē aʻe o ka maʻi ma nā ʻāina non-endemic e like me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me ka lawe ʻana i ka congenital a me ke kahe ʻana o ke koko i maʻi ʻia.No ka laʻana, ma Sepania, aia ma kahi o 67,500 mau hihia o ka maʻi ma waena o nā malihini mai ʻAmelika Latin [6], e hopena ana i nā kumukūʻai o ka ʻōnaehana olakino o US $ 9.3 miliona [7].Ma waena o 2004 a me 2007, 3.4% o nā wahine malihini ʻAmelika Latin ʻAmelika i nānā ʻia ma kahi haukapila o Barcelona he seropositive no Trypanosoma cruzi [8].No laila, ʻo ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e kāohi i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka vector i nā ʻāina endemic he mea koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ka maʻi ma nā ʻāina triatomine vector-free [9].ʻO nā ʻano hoʻomalu o kēia manawa ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana i loko (IRS) e hōʻemi i ka heluna vector i loko a a puni nā hale, ka nānā ʻana o ka makuahine e ʻike a hoʻopau i ka lawe ʻana i ka congenital, ka nānā ʻana i ke koko a me nā waihona transplant organ, a me nā papahana hoʻonaʻauao [5,10,11,12].
Ma ka Hema Cone o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ka vector nui ka pathogenic triatomine bug.ʻO kēia ʻano ʻano he endivoreous a endivoreous a hānai ākea i nā hale a me nā hale holoholona.Ma nā hale i kūkulu maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, ʻo nā māwae ma nā paia a me nā kaupaku e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā pōpoki triatomine, a ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o nā maʻi i loko o nā hale [13, 14].Paipai ka Southern Cone Initiative (INCOSUR) i nā hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka honua e hakakā i nā maʻi kūloko ma Tri.E hoʻohana i ka IRS no ka ʻike ʻana i ka bacteria pathogenic a me nā mea kikoʻī pūnaewele ʻē aʻe [15, 16].Ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka maʻi Chagas a me ka hōʻoia ʻana e ka World Health Organization ua hoʻopau ʻia ka lawe ʻana i ka vector i kekahi mau ʻāina (Uruguay, Chile, nā ʻāpana o Argentina a me Brazil) [10, 15].
ʻOiai ke kūleʻa o INCOSUR, ke hoʻomau nei ka vector Trypanosoma cruzi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gran Chaco o ʻAmelika, kahi kaiaola kaiaola maloʻo maloʻo i ka wā ma 1.3 miliona square kilomika ma nā palena o Bolivia, Argentina a me Paraguay [10].Aia nā poʻe noho o ka ʻāina i waena o nā pūʻulu marginalized a noho i ka ʻilihune loa me ka palena ʻole o ka mālama olakino [17].ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi T. cruzi a me ka lawe ʻana i nā vector i kēia mau kaiāulu ʻo ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua [5,18,19,20] me 26-72% o nā hale i hoʻopili ʻia me nā trypanosomatids.infestans [13, 21] a me 40-56% Tri.Hoʻopili ka bacteria pathogen iā Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23].ʻO ka hapa nui (> 93%) o nā maʻi a pau o ka maʻi Chagas i lawe ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao Hema Cone aia ma Bolivia [5].
ʻO IRS wale nō ke ala i ʻae ʻia no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka triacine i loko o ke kanaka.infestans kahi hoʻolālā i hōʻike ʻia i ka mōʻaukala e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o kekahi mau maʻi i lawe ʻia e ke kanaka [24, 25].Ka mahele o na hale ma ke kauhale o Tri.infestans (infection index) kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia e nā luna olakino e hoʻoholo ai e pili ana i ka waiho ʻana o IRS a, ʻo ka mea nui, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻole me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka reinfection [16,26,27,28,29].ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka IRS a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka vector ma ka ʻāina ʻo Chaco e hoʻopili ʻia e nā kumu he nui: maikaʻi ʻole o ke kūkulu hale [19, 21], suboptimal IRS hoʻokō a me nā ʻano nānā infestation [30], ʻike maopopo ʻole i ka lehulehu e pili ana i nā koi IRS. 31], pōkole koena hana o ka pesticide formulations [32, 33] a me Tri.ua hoʻemi ka infestans i ke kū'ē a / a i ʻole ka naʻau i nā insecticides [22, 34].
Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā insecticides pyrethroid synthetic ma IRS ma muli o ko lākou make ʻana i nā heluna maʻalahi o nā pōpoki triatomine.Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā insecticides pyrethroid e like me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki e hoʻokuʻu i nā vectors mai nā māwae paia no ka nānā ʻana [35].Ua kaupalena ʻia ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka mana maikaʻi o nā hana IRS, akā ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe ua hōʻike ʻia he nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o nā mea hoʻonaninani pesticide (AIs) i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o nā hale, me nā pae e hāʻule pinepine ana ma lalo o ka pae hoʻohālikelike kūpono [33,36, 37,38].ʻO kekahi kumu o ka nele o ka noiʻi hoʻomalu maikaʻi, ʻo ia ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe (HPLC), ke kūlana gula no ke ana ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea hana i loko o nā pesticides, paʻakikī, pipiʻi, a ʻaʻole kūpono i nā kūlana ākea i ka lehulehu.ʻO nā holomua hou i ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i kēia manawa ke hāʻawi nei i nā ala ʻē aʻe a maʻalahi hoʻi no ka loiloi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka pesticide a me nā hana IRS [39, 40].
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia haʻawina no ke ana ʻana i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o nā pesticide i ka wā o nā hoʻolaha IRS maʻamau e huli ana iā Tri.ʻO Phytophthora infestans o nā ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Chaco, Bolivia.Ua ana ʻia ka nui o nā mea hana pesticide i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i loko o nā pahu ehu a me nā laʻana pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā keʻena ehu.Ua loiloi pū ʻia nā kumu e hoʻopili ai i ka lawe ʻana i nā pesticides i nā hale.No kēia hopena, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi hoʻokolohua colorimetric kemika e helu i ka neʻe ʻana o nā pyrethroids i kēia mau laʻana.
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma Itanambicua, municipal o Camili, keʻena o Santa Cruz, Bolivia (20°1′5.94″ S; 63°30′41″ W) (Fig. 1).ʻO kēia māhele kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina ʻo Gran Chaco o USA a ua ʻike ʻia e nā ululāʻau maloʻo o ka wā me ka mahana o 0–49 °C a me ka ua o 500–1000 mm / makahiki [41].ʻO Itanambicua kekahi o nā kaiāulu 19 Guaraní ma ke kūlanakauhale, kahi e noho ai ma kahi o 1,200 mau hale i 220 mau hale i kūkulu ʻia mai ka pōhaku lā (adobe), nā pā kuʻuna a me nā tabiques (i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo tabique), lāʻau, a i ʻole nā hui ʻana o kēia mau mea.ʻO nā hale a me nā hale ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hale he mau hale holoholona, lumi hale kūʻai, lumi kuke a me nā halepaku, i kūkulu ʻia me nā mea like.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai kūloko ma luna o ka mahiʻai ola, ʻo ka nui o ka maile a me ka pīkī, a me nā moa liʻiliʻi, nā puaʻa, nā kao, nā ʻiʻo a me nā iʻa, me ke koena o nā huahana kūloko i kūʻai ʻia ma ke kūlanakauhale mākeke kūloko o Kamili (ma kahi o 12 km ka mamao).Hāʻawi pū ke kaona ʻo Kamili i nā manawa hana i ka heluna kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā ʻoihana kūkulu hale a me nā lawelawe hale.
Ma ka haʻawina o kēia manawa, ʻo ka maʻi maʻi T. cruzi ma waena o nā keiki Itanambiqua (2-15 mau makahiki) he 20% [20].Ua like kēia me ka seroprevalence o ka maʻi ma waena o nā keiki i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kaiāulu kokoke o Guarani, ka mea i ʻike i ka piʻi ʻana o ka prevalence me ka makahiki, me ka hapa nui o nā poʻe noho ma luna o 30 mau makahiki i ka maʻi [19].Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka Vector ke ala nui o ka maʻi i kēia mau kaiāulu, ʻo Tri ka mea nui.Hoʻopili nā Infestans i nā hale a me nā hale o waho [21, 22].
ʻAʻole hiki i ka mana olakino hou i koho ʻia e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā hana IRS ma Itanambicua ma mua o kēia noiʻi ʻana, akā naʻe, hōʻike maopopo ʻia nā hōʻike mai nā kaiāulu kokoke i nā hana IRS i loko o ke kaona mai ka makahiki 2000 a me ka 20% beta cypermethrin;Ua hoʻokō ʻia i ka makahiki 2003, a ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o nā hale i hoʻopilikia ʻia mai 2005 a 2009 [22] a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana mai 2009 a 2011 [19].
Ma kēia kaiāulu, ua hana ʻia ʻo IRS e ʻekolu mau loea olakino i aʻo ʻia e ke kaiāulu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 20% formulation o ka alpha-cypermethrin suspension concentrate [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd., Manchester, UK).Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka insecticide me ka manaʻo o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka 50 mg ai/m2 e like me nā koi o ka Chagas Disease Control Program o ka Santa Cruz Administrative Department (Servicio Departamental de Salud-SEDES).Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā insecticides me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Guarany® backpack sprayer (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil) me ka mana kūpono o 8.5 l (code tank: 0441.20), i hoʻolako ʻia me ka nozzle flat-spray a me kahi kahe kahe nominal o 757 ml/min, e hana ana i ke kahawai o ka huina o 80° ma ke kaomi pahu ma'amau o 280 kPa.Hoʻohui pū nā limahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kini aerosol a me nā hale i puhi ʻia.Ua aʻo mua ʻia nā limahana e ke keʻena olakino o ke kūlanakauhale kūloko e hoʻomākaukau a hoʻopuka i nā lāʻau pesticides, a me ka pīpī ʻana i nā pesticides ma nā paia o loko a me waho o nā hale.Paipai ʻia lākou e koi i ka poʻe e noho ana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka home i nā mea āpau, me nā lako (koe naʻe nā moena moe), ma kahi o 24 mau hola ma mua o ka hana ʻana o ka IRS e ʻae i ke komo piha ʻana i loko o ka home no ka pulupulu ʻana.Ana ʻia ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia koi e like me ka wehewehe ʻana ma lalo nei.Paipai ʻia nā kamaʻāina e kali a maloʻo nā paia i pena ʻia ma mua o ke komo hou ʻana i ka home, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻia [42].
No ka helu ʻana i ka manaʻo o lambda-cypermethrin AI i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o nā hale, ua hoʻokomo nā mea noiʻi i ka pepa kānana (Whatman No. 1; 55 mm anawaena) ma nā ʻili o ka pā o nā hale 57 i mua o ka IRS.Ua komo nā hale a pau i loaʻa iā IRS i kēlā manawa (25/25 home i Nowemapa 2016 a me 32/32 home i Ianuali-Fepeluali 2017).He 52 hale adobe a me 5 hale tabik.ʻEwalu a ʻeiwa mau ʻāpana pepa kānana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kēlā me kēia hale, i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau paia kiʻekiʻe (0.2, 1.2 a me 2 m mai ka honua), me kēlā me kēia pā ʻekolu i koho ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka puka nui.Hāʻawi kēia i ʻekolu replika ma kēlā me kēia kiʻekiʻe o ka pā, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka pesticide maikaʻi [43].Ma hope koke o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insecticide, ʻohi nā mea noiʻi i ka pepa kānana a hoʻomaloʻo iā ia mai ka lā pololei.Ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana, ua wahī ʻia ka pepa kānana me ka lipine maʻemaʻe e pale a hoʻopaʻa i ka insecticide ma luna o ka ʻili i uhi ʻia, a laila ua wahī ʻia i ka pepa alumini a mālama ʻia ma 7°C a hiki i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.Mai loko mai o ka 513 pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, 480 mai loko mai o 57 hale i loaʻa no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi 8-9 pepa kānana no ka hale.He 437 mau pepa kānana mai 52 hale adobe a me 43 pepa kānana mai 5 hale tabik.Hoʻohālikelike ka laʻana i ka pili o nā ʻano hale i ke kaiāulu (76.2% [138/181] adobe a me 11.6% [21/181] tabika) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā anana puka-i-puka o kēia haʻawina.Hōʻike ʻia ka kānana pepa kānana e hoʻohana ana i ka Insecticide Quantification Kit (IQK™) a me kona hōʻoia ʻana me ka HPLC ma ka Kōnae Hou 1. ʻO 50 mg ai/m2 ka manaʻo pesticide, e hiki ai ke hoʻomanawanui i ± 20% (ie 40–60 mg ai. /m2).
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike nui o AI ma 29 mau pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e nā limahana lapaʻau.Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i 1-4 mau pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā, me ka awelika o 1.5 (mahele: 1-4) pahu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā ma kahi o 18 mau lā.Ua hahai ka sampling sequence i ka sampling sequence i hoʻohana ʻia e nā limahana mālama ola i Nowemapa 2016 a me Ianuali 2017. ʻO ka holomua o kēlā me kēia lā mai;Ianuali Pepeluali.Ma hope koke o ka hui ʻana o ka haku mele, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka 2 ml o ka hopena mai ka ʻili o nā mea.A laila hui ʻia ka laʻana 2 mL i loko o ka hale hana ma ka vortexing no 5 mau minuke ma mua o ʻelua 5.2 μL subsamples i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā IQK™ e like me ka wehewehe ʻana (e ʻike i ka faila hou 1).
Ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka waiho ʻana o ka mea hana insecticide i loko o ʻehā pahu ehu i koho pono ʻia e hōʻike i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka mea hoʻohana mua (ʻaʻohe) i loko o ka pae o luna, lalo, a me nā pae kiʻekiʻe.Ma hope o ka hui ʻana no 15 mau minuke, e hoʻoneʻe i ʻekolu mau laʻana 5.2 µL mai ka papa ʻili o kēlā me kēia 2 mL vortex sample ma 1 mau minuke.ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka hopena i loko o ka pahu he 1.2 mg ai/ml ± 20% (ʻo ia hoʻi 0.96–1.44 mg ai/ml), ʻo ia ka mea like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pahuhopu i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pepa kānana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā hana hoʻoheheʻe pesticide a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā pesticide, ua hele pū kekahi mea noiʻi (RG) i ʻelua mau limahana olakino IRS kūloko i ka wā o ka hoʻouna maʻamau IRS i nā hale 87 (nā hale 57 i hōʻike ʻia ma luna a me 30 o nā hale 43 i pulu ʻia me nā pesticides).Malaki 2016).He ʻumikūmākolu o kēia mau hale 43 i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka loiloi: ʻeono mau mea nona i hōʻole, a ʻehiku mau hale i mālama ʻia i kahi hapa wale nō.ʻO ka nui o ka ʻili o ka ʻili e pīpī ʻia (mau mika ʻehā) i loko a i waho o ka hale ua ana ʻia me ka kikoʻī, a ʻo ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia e nā limahana olakino e puhi ʻia (mau minuke).Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili hoʻokomo no ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻili i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kēlā me kēia minuke (m2/min).Mai kēia mau ʻikepili, hiki ke helu ʻia ka lākiō hoʻoheheʻe i manaʻo ʻia / i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he ana pili, me ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia ʻo 19 m2/min ± 10% no nā kikoʻī o nā mea hana hoʻoheheʻe [44].No ka lākiō i nānā ʻia/manaʻo ʻia, ʻo 1 ± 10% (0.8–1.2) ka laulā hoʻomanawanui.
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, 57 mau hale i hoʻokomo ʻia ka pepa kānana ma ko lākou mau paia.No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana inā pili ka ʻike maka o ka pepa kānana i ka nui o ka pulupulu o nā limahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o ka pulupulu ma kēia mau hale 57 me ka nui o ka pulupulu ma 30 mau hale i mālama ʻia i Malaki 2016 me ka hoʻokomo ʻole ʻia o ka pepa kānana.Ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka pesticide ma nā hale i lako me ka pepa kānana.
Ua kākau ʻia nā kamaʻāina o nā hale he 55 e hoʻokō i nā koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe home IRS mua, me 30 mau hale i puhi ʻia ma Malaki 2016 a me 25 mau hale i pulu ʻia i Nowemapa 2016. 0–2 (0 = pau a i ʻole ka hapa nui o nā mea i loko o ka hale; 1 = ka hapa nui o nā mea i wehe ʻia;Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka mea nona ka nui o ka ehu ʻia a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka moxa insecticide.
Ua helu ʻia ka mana helu no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi mai nā manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia o ka alpha-cypermethrin i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pepa kānana, a no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā insecticide a me nā pākēkē ma waena o nā pūʻulu hale i hui pū ʻia.Ua helu ʻia ka mana helu helu liʻiliʻi (α = 0.05) no ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā hale i hoʻohālike ʻia no kēlā me kēia pūʻulu categorical (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nui o ka laʻana paʻa) i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka papa kuhikuhi.I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, he 98.5% ka mana e ʻike ai i ka 20% deviation mai ka manaʻo kumu i manaʻo ʻia he 50 mg ai/m2, kahi i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia. ʻokoʻa (SD = 10) ua overestimated ma muli o nā ʻike i paʻi ʻia ma kahi ʻē aʻe [37, 38].Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka insecticide i loko o nā kini aerosol i koho ʻia no ka hana like (n = 21) > 90%.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ʻelua mau laʻana o ka nui o ka pesticide i loko o n = 10 a me n = 12 hale a i ʻole ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma n = 12 a me n = 23 hale i hāʻawi i nā mana helu o 66.2% a me 86.2% no ka ʻike.ʻO nā waiwai i manaʻo ʻia no kahi ʻokoʻa 20% he 50 mg ai/m2 a me 19 m2/min, kēlā me kēia.Ma ke ʻano mālama ʻole, ua manaʻo ʻia he nui nā ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia pūʻulu no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana (SD = 3.5) a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka insecticide (SD = 10).ʻO ka mana helu he >90% no ka hoʻohālikelike like ʻana o ka pākēkē ma waena o nā hale me ka pepa kānana (n = 57) a me nā hale me ka pepa kānana ʻole (n = 30).Hoʻohana ʻia nā helu mana a pau me ka polokalamu SAMPSI ma STATA v15.0 lako polokalamu [45]).
Ua nānā ʻia nā pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka hale ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻikepili i kahi ʻano hoʻohālike like ʻole binomial mixed-effects multivariate (program MENBREG ma STATA v.15.0) me kahi o nā paia i loko o ka hale (ʻekolu pae) ma ke ʻano he hopena maʻamau.ʻO ka manaʻo pāhawewe Beta.-cypermethrin io Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohālike e hoʻāʻo i nā loli e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pā nebulizer (ʻekolu pae), ka helu nebulization (m2/min), ka lā hoʻopiʻi IRS, a me ke kūlana mālama olakino (ʻelua pae).Ua ho'ohana 'ia kekahi kŘkohu laina laulā (GLM) no ka ho'ā'o 'ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka 'awelika o ka alpha-cypermethrin ma ka pepa kānana i hā'awi 'ia i kēlā me kēia hale a me ka ho'opa'a 'ana i ka hopena e pili ana i ka pahu pahu.Ua nānā ʻia ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana o ka pesticide i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe pahu i ka manawa ma ke ʻano like me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka waiwai mua (manawa zero) ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, e hoʻāʻo ana i ka manawa pili o ka pahu ID × manawa (lā).ʻIke ʻia nā helu ʻikepili waho x ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lula palena ʻo Tukey maʻamau, kahi x < Q1 – 1.5 × IQR a i ʻole x > Q3 + 1.5 × IQR.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nui o ka pulupulu ʻana no nā hale ʻehiku a me ka noʻonoʻo insecticide ma waena o ka hale hoʻokahi.
Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka pololei o ka ai IQK™ chemical quantification of alpha-cypermethrin concentration ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā waiwai o 27 filter paper samples mai ʻekolu hale moa i hoʻāʻo ʻia e IQK™ a me HPLC (gold standard), a ua hōʻike nā hopena i kahi pilina ikaika ( r = 0.93; p <0.001) (Fig. 2).
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin i loko o nā laʻana pepa kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā hale moa post-IRS, i helu ʻia e HPLC a me IQK™ (n = 27 pepa kānana mai ʻekolu hale moa)
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻo IQK™ ma nā pepa kānana 480 i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai 57 mau hale moa.Ma ka pepa kānana, aia ka helu alpha-cypermethrin mai 0.19 a 105.0 mg ai/m2 (median 17.6, IQR: 11.06-29.78).ʻO kēia mau mea, ʻo 10.4% wale nō (50/480) i loko o ka pae hoʻopaʻa ʻana o 40-60 mg ai/m2 (Fig. 3).ʻO ka hapa nui o nā laʻana (84.0% (403/480)) he <40 mg ai/m2 a me 5.6% (27/480) loaʻa >60 mg ai/m2.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo median i manaʻo ʻia no kēlā me kēia home no nā kānana hoʻāʻo 8-9 i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kēlā me kēia home he kauoha o ka nui, me ka mean o 19.6 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, laulā: 0. 60-67.45).ʻO 8.8% wale nō (5/57) o nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i nā manaʻo pesticide i manaʻo ʻia;ʻO 89.5% (51/57) ma lalo o nā palena o ka palena palena, a ʻo 1.8% (1/57) ma luna o nā palena o ka palena (Fig. 4).
Ka hāʻawi pinepine ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin i nā kānana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā hale mālama IRS (n = 57 home).Hōʻike ka laina kuʻekuʻe i ka pae hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).
ʻO ka pae waena o ka beta-cypermethrin av ma 8-9 pepa kānana no ka home, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā hale i hoʻoponopono ʻia e IRS (n = 57 home).Hōʻike ka laina ʻāpae i ka pae hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).Hōʻike nā pahu kuhi i nā palena haʻahaʻa a me luna o nā waiwai waena pili.
He 17.7 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 10.70–34.26), 17.3 mg a .i./m2 (IQR: 11.43–26.91) a me 17.6 mg ai/m2. .i kēlā me kēia (IQR: 10.85–31.37) (hōʻike ʻia ma ka waihona hou 2).ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana no ka lā IRS, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike i hui ʻia i ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o ka neʻe ʻana ma waena o nā kiʻekiʻe o ka pā (z <1.83, p > 0.067) a i ʻole nā loli koʻikoʻi e ka lā spray (z = 1.84 p = 0.070).ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo median i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hale adobe 5 mai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana median i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hale adobe 52 (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
ʻO ka nui o AI i loko o 29 mau kini aerosol Guarany® i hoʻomākaukau kūʻokoʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma mua o ka noi IRS ua hoʻololi ʻia e 12.1, mai ka 0.16 mg AI/mL a i ka 1.9 mg AI/mL no ke kini (Figure 5).ʻO 6.9% wale nō (2/29) o nā kini aerosol i loaʻa nā ʻano AI i loko o ka pae hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo 0.96–1.44 mg AI/ml, a me 3.5% (1/29) o nā kini aerosol i loaʻa nā konohiki AI >1.44 mg AI/ml..
Ua ana 'ia ka 'awelika o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i loko o 29 mau ho'opuehu.Hōʻike ka laina ākea i ka manaʻo AI i manaʻo ʻia no nā kini aerosol (0.96–1.44 mg/ml) no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pae manaʻo AI o 40-60 mg/m2 i loko o ka hale moa.
Ma loko o nā kini aerosol he 29 i nānā ʻia, ʻo 21 i pili me 21 mau hale.ʻAʻole i pili ka neʻe ʻana o ka ai i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hale me ka ʻike ʻana i loko o nā pahu hoʻoheheʻe pākahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka hale (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pilina haʻahaʻa (rSp2 = -0.02) ( Fig. 6).).
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka beta-cypermethrin AI ka manaʻo ma nā pepa kānana 8-9 i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā hale i mālama ʻia e IRS a me ka ʻike ʻana o AI i loko o nā hoʻonā i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka home i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i kēlā me kēia hale (n = 21)
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o AI ma ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻehā i hōʻiliʻili koke ʻia ma hope o ka lulu ʻana (manawa 0) i hoʻololi ʻia e 3.3 (0.68–2.22 mg AI/ml) (Fig. 7).No ka pahu hoʻokahi aia nā kumukūʻai i loko o ka pae i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, no ka pahu hoʻokahi aia nā waiwai ma luna o ka pahuhopu, no nā pahu ʻelua ʻelua aia nā waiwai ma lalo o ka pahuhopu;A laila ua emi nui ka nui o ka pesticide i loko o nā loko ʻehā a pau i ka manawa o ka 15-min follow-up sampling (b = −0.018 a i −0.084; z > 5.58; p <0.001).No ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā waiwai mua o ka pahu pahu, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka huaʻōlelo o ka Tank ID x Time (minuke) (z = -1.52; p = 0.127).I loko o nā loko ʻehā, ʻo ka awelika poho o mg ai/ml insecticide he 3.3% i kēlā me kēia minuke (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), hiki i 49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) ma hope o 15 mau minuke (Fig. 7).
Ma hope o ka hui pono ʻana i nā mea hoʻonā i loko o nā pahu, ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka ua o alpha-cypermethrin ai.i loko o ʻehā mau pahu hoʻoheheʻe i 1 mau minuke no 15 mau minuke.Hōʻike ʻia ka laina kūpono i ka ʻikepili no kēlā me kēia waihona.Hōʻike ka nānā ʻana (nā kiko) i ka median o ʻekolu subsamples.
ʻO ka awelika o ka pā o ka hale no ka mālama IRS he 128 m2 (IQR: 99.0–210.0, laulā: 49.1–480.0) a ʻo ka manawa maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia e nā limahana mālama ola he 12 mau minuke (IQR: 8. 2–17.5, laulā: 1.5 –36.6).) ua puhi ʻia kēlā me kēia hale (n = 87).Ua ʻike ʻia ka uhi ʻana o ka pīpī i loko o kēia mau hale moa mai 3.0 a 72.7 m2/min (median: 11.1; IQR: 7.90–18.00) (Figure 8).Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea waho a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o ka pulupulu me ka WHO i manaʻo ʻia e ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o 19 m2/min ± 10% (17.1-20.9 m2/min).ʻO 7.5% wale nō (6/80) o nā hale i kēia pae;ʻO 77.5% (62/80) i ka pae haʻahaʻa a ʻo 15.0% (12/80) i ka pae kiʻekiʻe.ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi pilina ma waena o ka awelika o ka neʻe ʻana o AI i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hale a nānā ʻia ka uhi ʻana o ka pulupulu (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = 52 home).
ʻIke ʻia ka nui o ka pulupulu (min/m2) ma nā hale moa i mālama ʻia me IRS (n = 87).ʻO ka laina kuhikuhi e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o 19 m2/min (± 10%) i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā kikoʻī o ka pahu pahu.
ʻO 80% o 80 mau hale i ʻike ʻia a i manaʻo ʻia ka lakene o ka uhi ʻana i ka pulupulu ma waho o ka 1 ± 10%, me ka 71.3% (57/80) o nā hale i haʻahaʻa, 11.3% (9/80) ke kiʻekiʻe, a hāʻule nā hale 16 i loko. ka laulā hoʻomanawanui i loko o ka laulā.Hōʻike ʻia ka hāʻawi pinepine ʻana o nā waiwai lākiō i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi faila 3.
He ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ka nui o ka nebulization rate ma waena o nā limahana mālama ola ʻelua i hana mau i ka IRS: 9.7 m2/min (IQR: 6.58–14.85, n = 68) me 15.5 m2/min (IQR: 13.07–21.17, n = 12 ).(z = 2.45, p = 0.014, n = 80) (e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka waihona 4A hou aʻe) a i ʻike ʻia/manaʻo ʻia ka lākiō hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (z = 2.58, p = 0.010) (e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Hōʻike Hōʻikeʻike 4B).
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano ʻano ʻino, hoʻokahi wale nō mea ola kino i kāpī i nā hale 54 kahi i kau ʻia ai ka pepa kānana.He 9.23 m2/min (IQR: 6.57–13.80) ka nui o ka ehu ma waena o kēia mau hale me 15.4 m2/min (IQR: 10.40–18.67) ma nā hale 26 me ka pepa kānana (z = -2.38, p = 0.017).).
ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka hale me ke koi e haʻalele i ko lākou mau home no ka hoʻopuka IRS ʻokoʻa: 30.9% (17/55) ʻaʻole haʻalele hapa i ko lākou mau home a ʻo 27.3% (15/55) ʻaʻole i haʻalele loa i ko lākou mau home;luku i ko lakou mau home.
Ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka pulupulu ma nā hale ʻole (17.5 m2/min, IQR: 11.00–22.50) ma mua o nā hale semi-mehameha (14.8 m2/min, IQR: 10.29–18 .00) a me nā hale kaʻawale loa (11.7 m2. )./min, IQR: 7.86–15.36), akā ʻaʻole nui ka ʻokoʻa (z > -1.58; p > 0.114, n = 48) (hōʻike ʻia ma ka waihona 5A hou).Loaʻa nā hopena like i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i nā hoʻololi e pili ana i ka hele ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻole o ka pepa kānana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia he covariate koʻikoʻi i ke kumu hoʻohālike.
Ma waena o nā pūʻulu ʻekolu, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka manawa pono e pīpī i nā hale ma waena o nā hale (z < -1.90, p > 0.057), ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ka ʻili o ka ʻili: nā hale kaʻawale loa (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0–169, 0. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka m2) ]) ma mua o nā hale ʻole (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0–284.0 m2]) a me nā hale hapa ʻole (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0–384.0 m2]) (z > 2 .17; p < 0.031, n = 48).ʻO nā hale hakahaka piha ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka nui (kahi) o nā hale ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa a hapa ʻole paha.
No ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā hale (n = 25) me ka hoʻokō ʻana a me ka ʻikepili AI pesticide, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo AI i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hale ma waena o kēia mau ʻāpana hoʻokō (z <0.93, p > 0.351), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Waihona Hou. 5B.Loaʻa nā hualoaʻa like i ka wā e hoʻomalu ai i ka hele ʻana/ke ʻole o ka pepa kānana a nānā ʻia ka uhi ʻana o ka pulupulu (n = 22).
Ke loiloi nei kēia haʻawina i nā hana a me nā kaʻina hana IRS ma kahi kaiāulu maʻamau ma ka ʻāina ʻo Gran Chaco o Bolivia, kahi wahi me ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi o ka hoʻoili vector [20].Ua ʻokoʻa ka ʻike ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai i lawelawe ʻia i ka IRS maʻamau ma waena o nā hale, ma waena o nā kānana pākahi i loko o ka hale, a ma waena o nā pahu hoʻoheheʻe pākahi i hoʻomākaukau ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manaʻo like i hāʻawi ʻia he 50 mg ai/m2.ʻO 8.8% wale nō o nā hale (10.4% o nā kānana) i loaʻa nā manaʻo i loko o ka palena o 40-60 mg ai / m2, me ka hapa nui (89.5% a me 84% i kēlā me kēia) i loaʻa nā manaʻo ma lalo o ka palena palena haʻahaʻa.
ʻO kahi kumu kūpono no ka lawe ʻana i ka alpha-cypermethrin i loko o ka home ʻo ia ka dilution pololei ʻole o nā pesticides a me nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i loko o nā pahu pahu [38, 46].Ma ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, ua hōʻoia ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea noiʻi o nā limahana mālama ola ua hahai lākou i nā ʻōlelo hoʻomākaukau hoʻomākaukau pesticide a ua aʻo ʻia e SEDES e hoʻoulu ikaika i ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i loko o ka pahu pahu.Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana o nā mea i loko o ka waihona i ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o AI ma kahi helu o 12, me ka 6.9% (2/29) wale nō o nā hoʻonā wai hoʻāʻo i loko o ka pae i koho ʻia;No ka noiʻi hou aʻe, ua helu ʻia nā haʻina ma ka ʻili o ka pahu sprayer ma nā kūlana hoʻokolohua.Hōʻike kēia i ka emi ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin ai o 3.3% i kēlā me kēia minuke ma hope o ka hui ʻana a me kahi poho kumulative o 49% ma hope o 15 mau minuke (95% CL 25.7, 78.7).ʻAʻole maʻamau ka nui o ka sedimentation ma muli o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā hoʻokuʻu pesticide i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka pauka wai (WP) i mea maʻamau (e laʻa, DDT [37, 47]), a ke hōʻike hou nei ka haʻawina i kēia no SA pyrethroid formulations.Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā concentrates i ka IRS a, e like me nā hoʻomākaukau insecticidal āpau, pili ko lākou kūpaʻa kino i nā kumu he nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka mea hana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka sedimentation e ka paʻakikī holoʻokoʻa o ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka slurry, kahi mea paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia ma ke kula.No ka laʻana, ma kēia kahua noiʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia ke komo ʻana o ka wai i nā kahawai kūloko e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kahe ʻana a me nā ʻāpana lepo i hoʻokuʻu ʻia.ʻO nā ala no ka nānā ʻana i ke kūpaʻa kino o nā haku SA ma lalo o ka noiʻi [48].Eia naʻe, ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau subcutaneous e hōʻemi i nā maʻi ʻohana ma Tri.pathogenic bacteria ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Latin America [49].
Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā ʻano hana insecticidal kūpono ʻole i nā papahana hoʻokele vector ʻē aʻe.No ka laʻana, i loko o kahi polokalamu hoʻomalu leishmaniasis visceral ma India, ʻo 29% wale nō o 51 mau pūʻulu sprayer i nānā pono i ka hoʻomākaukau pono ʻana a me ka hui pū ʻana i nā hoʻonā DDT, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻopiha ʻia nā pahu sprayer e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia [50].Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi o nā kauhale ma Bangladesh i kahi ʻano like: ʻo 42-43% wale nō o nā pūʻulu mahele IRS i hoʻomākaukau i nā insecticides a hoʻopiha i nā pahu e like me ka protocol, ʻoiai ma hoʻokahi ʻāpana ʻāpana he 7.7% wale nō [46].
ʻAʻole kū hoʻokahi nā loli i ʻike ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana o AI i hāʻawi ʻia i ka home.Ma India, ʻo 7.3% wale nō (41 o 560) o nā hale mālama ʻia i loaʻa ka manaʻo o ka DDT, me nā ʻokoʻa i loko a ma waena o nā hale i like ka nui [37].Ma Nepal, ua komo ka pepa kānana i ka awelika o 1.74 mg ai/m2 (kaulana: 0.0–17.5 mg/m2), ʻo ia wale nō ka 7% o ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia (25 mg ai/m2) [38].Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi HPLC o ka pepa kānana i nā ʻokoʻa nui o ka deltamethrin ai concentrations ma nā paia o nā hale ma Chaco, Paraguay: mai 12.8–51.2 mg ai/m2 a i 4.6–61.0 mg ai/m2 ma luna o nā hale [33].Ma Tupiza, Bolivia, ua hōʻike ka Chagas Control Program i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka deltamethrin i ʻelima mau hale ma ka nui o 0.0-59.6 mg/m2, i helu ʻia e HPLC [36].
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-16-2024