ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana opermethrin(pyrethroid) he mea nui ia i ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino i nā holoholona, nā moa a me nā wahi kūlanakauhale ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ma muli paha o kona ʻona haʻahaʻa i nā mammals a me ka pono kiʻekiʻe e kūʻē i nā mea ʻino 13. He ʻano ākea ka Permethrinmea pepehi lāʻau makeua hōʻoia ʻia he pono e kūʻē i nā ʻano pepeke like ʻole, me nā nalo hale. Hana nā insecticides Pyrethroid ma nā protein sodium channel voltage-gated, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hana maʻamau o nā kahawai pore, e hoʻoulu ai i ke ahi pinepine ʻana, ka maʻi lolo, a me ka make hope loa o nā aʻalolo i ka launa pū ʻana me ka pepeke. ʻO ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i ka permethrin i nā papahana kaohi pest ua hopena i ka pale ākea i nā ʻano pepeke like ʻole,16,17,18,19, me nā nalo hale20,21. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā enzymes detoxification metabolic e like me glutathione transferases a i ʻole cytochrome P450, a me ka insensitivity site target ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia nā ʻano hana nui e alakaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana o ka permethrin22.
Inā loaʻa i kahi ʻano nā kumukūʻai hoʻololi ma o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide, e kaupalena kēia i ka ulu ʻana o nā alleles kūʻē ke hoʻonui mākou i ke kaomi koho ma o ka hoʻōki manawa pōkole ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau insecticides a i ʻole ke pani ʻana i nā insecticides ʻē aʻe. E hoʻihoʻi hou nā pepeke kūʻē i ko lākou ʻike. ʻAʻole hōʻike i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka cross27,28. No laila, no ka hoʻokele pono ʻana i nā mea ʻino a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide, ke kūʻē ʻana i ka cross, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano olaola o nā pepeke kūʻē. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka permethrin i nā nalo hale ma Punjab, Pakistan7,29. Eia nō naʻe, nele ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano olaola o nā nalo hale. ʻO ke kumu o kēia haʻawina, ʻo ia ke nānā i nā ʻano olaola a kālailai i nā papa ola e hoʻoholo ai inā aia nā ʻokoʻa o ke kūpono ma waena o nā ʻano kūʻē permethrin a me nā ʻano susceptible. E kōkua kēia mau ʻikepili i ko mākou ʻike i ka hopena o ke kūʻē permethrin ma ke kahua a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele kūʻē.
Hiki i nā loli i ke kūpono o nā ʻano olaola pilikino i loko o kahi heluna kanaka ke kōkua i ka hōʻike ʻana i kā lākou hāʻawi genetic a wānana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka heluna kanaka. Loaʻa i nā pepeke nā mea hoʻoluhi he nui i kā lākou hana o kēlā me kēia lā i ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā agrochemicals he mea hoʻoluhi, a hoʻohana nā pepeke i ka nui o ka ikehu e hoʻololi i nā ʻano genetic, physiological, a me nā ʻano hana i ka pane ʻana i kēia mau kemika, i kekahi manawa e alakaʻi ana i ke kūʻē ʻana ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mutations ma nā wahi i manaʻo ʻia a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā mea detoxifying. Enzyme 26. He pipiʻi pinepine kēlā mau hana a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke ola o nā pests kūʻē27. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nele o nā kumukūʻai kūpono i nā pepeke kūʻē i ka insecticide ma muli paha o ka nele o nā hopena pleiotropic maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana me nā alleles kūʻē42. Inā ʻaʻohe o nā genes kūʻē i loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka physiology o ka pepeke kūʻē, ʻaʻole e pipiʻi ke kūʻē i ka insecticide, a ʻaʻole e hōʻike ka pepeke kūʻē i kahi helu kiʻekiʻe o nā hanana olaola ma mua o ke ʻano susceptible. Mai ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole 24. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻano hana o ka pale ʻana i nā enzymes detoxification43 a/a i ʻole ke alo o nā genes hoʻololi44 i nā pepeke kūʻē i ka insecticide e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūpono.
Ua hōʻike kēia haʻawina he pōkole ke ola o nā ʻano Perm-R a me Perm-F i kū i ka permethrin ma mua o ka wā makua, he lōʻihi ke ola, he pōkole ka manawa ma mua o ka oviposition, a he mau lā liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka oviposition i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano Perm-S a me ka hua manu kiʻekiʻe. huahua a me ka nui o ke ola. Ua hopena kēia mau waiwai i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā helu hānau hope, intrinsic, a me ka net a me nā manawa hanauna awelika pōkole no nā ʻano Perm-R a me Perm-F i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano Perm-S. ʻO ka hiki mua ʻana o nā piko kiʻekiʻe a me vxj no nā ʻano Perm-R a me Perm-F e hōʻike ana e ulu wikiwiki ka heluna o kēia mau ʻano ma mua o ke ʻano Perm-S. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano Perm-S, ua hōʻike nā ʻano Perm-F a me Perm-R i nā pae haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka permethrin, kēlā me kēia 29,30. ʻO nā hoʻololi i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā ʻano biological o nā ʻano permethrin-resistant e hōʻike ana he emi ke kumukūʻai o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka permethrin a ʻaʻole paha i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai physiological e lanakila ai i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide a hoʻokō i nā hana biological. Compromise 24.
Ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻano olaola a i ʻole nā kumukūʻai kūpono o nā ʻano pale pepeke o nā pepeke like ʻole i nā haʻawina like ʻole, akā me nā hopena kūʻē. No ka laʻana, ua aʻo ʻo Abbas et al. 45 i ka hopena o ke koho ʻana i ka hale hana o ka imidacloprid pepeke ma nā ʻano olaola o nā nalo hale. Hoʻokau ka pale ʻana o Imidacloprid i nā kumukūʻai hoʻololi i nā ʻano pilikino, e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole ana i ka momona o ka nalo hale, ke ola ʻana ma nā pae hoʻomohala like ʻole, ka manawa hoʻomohala, ka manawa hanauna, ka hiki ke olaola a me ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa i nā kumukūʻai kūpono o nā nalo hale ma muli o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticides pyrethroid a me ka nele o ka ʻike ʻana i nā insecticides46. Hoʻokau pū ka koho ʻana i ka hale hana o nā bacteria hale me ka spinosad i nā kumukūʻai kūpono ma nā hanana olaola like ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano koʻikoʻi a i ʻole i koho ʻole ʻia27. Ua hōʻike ʻo Basit et al24 ua hopena ka koho ʻana i ka hale hana o Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) me ka acetamiprid i ka emi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai kūpono. Ua hōʻike nā ʻano i nānā ʻia no ka acetamiprid i nā helu hānau kiʻekiʻe, nā helu internalization, a me ka hiki ke olaola ma mua o nā ʻano maʻalahi i ka hale hana a me nā ʻano kahua i hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻo Valmorbida et al. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma ka 47 ua hāʻawi ka aphid Matsumura kūʻē i ka pyrethroid i ka hana hānau hou i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai kūpono i nā hanana biotic.
ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano olaola o nā ʻano kūʻē i ka permethrin he mea kupanaha ia no ka holomua o ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā nalo hale. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano olaola o nā nalo hale, inā ʻike ʻia ma ke kula, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka permethrin i nā poʻe i mālama nui ʻia. ʻAʻole kūʻē nā ʻano kūʻē i ka permethrin i ka propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad a me spinosad-ethyl29,30. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā insecticides me nā ʻano hana like ʻole paha ke koho maikaʻi loa e hoʻopaneʻe i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi lele hale. ʻOiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ma ka ʻikepili keʻena hoʻokolohua, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano olaola o nā ʻano kūʻē i ka permethrin he mea hopohopo ia a pono e nānā kūikawā i ka wā e kaohi ai i nā nalo hale ma ke kula. Pono ka hoʻomaopopo hou ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā wahi o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka permethrin e hoʻolohi i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē a mālama i kona pono i nā wā lōʻihi.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻOkakopa-25-2024