I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ICI i ka paraquat ma ka mākeke i ka makahiki 1962, ʻaʻole i manaʻo kekahi e loaʻa ana ka paraquat i kahi hopena koʻikoʻi a paʻakikī i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua helu ʻia kēia herbicide ākea ākea maikaʻi ʻole i koho ʻia ma ka papa inoa herbicide lua nui loa o ka honua. He mea hilahila ka hāʻule ʻana, akā me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o Shuangcao i kēia makahiki a hiki ke hoʻomau i ka piʻi ʻana, ke hakakā nei ia ma ka mākeke honua, akā ke hoʻomaka nei ka paraquat kūpono i ka wanaʻao o ka manaʻolana.
ʻO ka herbicide hoʻopili ʻole koho koho maikaʻi loa
ʻO ka Paraquat kahi lāʻau herbicide bipyridine. ʻO ka herbicide kahi lāʻau lapaʻau pili ʻole koho i hoʻomohala ʻia e ICI i nā makahiki 1950. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano herbicidal ākea, ka hana hoʻopili wikiwiki, ka pale ʻana i ka ua, a me ka koho ʻole. A me nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke ho'ohana 'ia ka paraquat no ka ho'omalu 'ana i ka nahele ma mua o ke kanu 'ana a ma hope paha o ka puka 'ana i loko o nā māla waina, kulina, kō, soybeans a me nā mea kanu 'ē a'e. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he desiccant i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka defoliant.
Hoʻopau ka Paraquat i ka membrane chloroplast o nā nāhelehele ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka mauʻu, e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka chlorophyll i loko o ka mauʻu, a laila e hoʻopilikia ai i ka photosynthesis o nā mauʻu, a ma hope e hoʻōki koke i ka ulu ʻana o ka mauʻu. He hopena luku ikaika ka Paraquat i nā ʻiʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu monocot a me dicot. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka nahele i loko o 2 a 3 mau hola ma hope o ka noi.
ʻO ke kūlana a me ke kūlana hoʻopuka o ka paraquat
Ma muli o ka ʻawaʻawa o ka paraquat i ke kino o ke kanaka a me ka pōʻino i ke olakino o ke kanaka i ke kaʻina o ka noi maʻamau, ua pāpā ʻia ka paraquat e nā ʻāina ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 me ka European Union, Kina, Thailand, Switzerland a me Brazil.
Wahi a ka ʻikepili i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e 360 Research Reports, ua hāʻule nā kūʻai honua o ka paraquat i 2020 ma kahi o 100 miliona US kālā. Wahi a ka hōʻike a Syngenta e pili ana i ka paraquat i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma 2021, kūʻai aku ʻo Syngenta i ka paraquat i 28 mau ʻāina. He 377 mau hui ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā hana paraquat kūpono. Hoʻopili ʻo Syngenta i kahi o nā kūʻai honua o ka paraquat. He hapaha.
I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo Kina i 64,000 tons o ka paraquat a me 56,000 tons ma 2019. ʻO nā wahi hoʻokuʻu nui o ka paraquat Kina ma 2019 ʻo Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, United States, Mexico, Thailand, Australia, etc.
ʻOiai ua pāpā ʻia ka paraquat ma nā ʻāina ʻoihana mahiʻai koʻikoʻi e like me ka European Union, Brazil, a me Kina, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka lawe ʻana aku i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā e hoʻomau nei nā kumukūʻai o ka glyphosate a me ka glufosinate-ammonium. e kiʻekiʻe i kēia makahiki a ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana , ʻo Paraquat, kahi ʻano ʻano ʻino loa, e hoʻolauna i ka ola hou.
Hoʻolaha nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o Shuangcao i ka noi honua no ka paraquat
Ma mua, i ka wā he 26,000 yuan/ton ke kumu kūʻai o ka glyphosate, ʻo 13,000 yuan/ton ka paraquat. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o ka glyphosate i kēia manawa he 80,000 yuan/ton, a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka glufosinate ma luna o 350,000 yuan. I ka wā ma mua, ʻo ka nui o ka noi honua no ka paraquat ma kahi o 260,000 tons (ma muli o 42% o ka huahana maoli), ʻo ia hoʻi he 80,000 tons. ʻO ka mākeke Kina ma kahi o 15,000 tons, Brazil 10,000 tons, Thailand 10,000 tons, a me Indonesia, United States, a me Thailand. Nigeria, India a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Me ka pāpā ʻia ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna e like me Kina, Brazil, a me Thailand, ma ke ʻano manaʻo, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o 30,000 tons o ka mākeke. Eia naʻe, i kēia makahiki, me ka piʻi wikiwiki o nā kumukūʻai o "Shuangcao" a me Diquat, a me ka mākeke unmanned ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Me ka liberalization o ka noi mīkini, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka noi ma ka US a i ʻole ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ma kahi o 20%, ka mea i hoʻoulu i ka noi no ka paraquat a kākoʻo i kona kumukūʻai i kekahi ʻano. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka hoʻokūkū o ke kumu kūʻai/hana o ka paraquat inā ma lalo o 40,000. ikaika.
Eia hou, ua hōʻike maʻamau ka poʻe heluhelu ma Asia Hikina Hema ma nā wahi e like me Vietnam, Malaysia, a me Pasila, ulu wikiwiki ka mauʻu i ka wā ua, a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi ka paraquat i ka ua. Ua piʻi kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai o nā lāʻau lapaʻau biocidal ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka poʻe mahiʻai ma kēia mau wahi aia ke koi ikaika. Ua ʻōlelo nā mea kūʻai kūloko e piʻi ana ka hiki ke loaʻa ka paraquat mai nā kahawai hina e like me ke kālepa palena.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea maka o ka paraquat, pyridine, no ka ʻoihana kemika o lalo. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o kēia manawa ua paʻa ma 28,000 yuan/ton, ʻo ia ka piʻi nui ʻana mai ka haʻahaʻa mua o 21,000 yuan/ton, akā i kēlā manawa ua haʻahaʻa ʻo 21,000 yuan/ton ma mua o ke kumu kūʻai o 2.4 ʻumi tausani yuan/ton. . No laila, ʻoiai ua piʻi ke kumukūʻai o ka pyridine, aia nō ia ma ke kumukūʻai kūpono, e hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi honua no ka paraquat. Manaʻo ʻia ka nui o nā mea hana paraquat home e pōmaikaʻi mai ia mea.
Ka nui o nā ʻoihana hana paraquat nui
I kēia makahiki, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mana hana paraquat (e 100%), a ʻo Kina ka mea hana nui o ka paraquat. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo nā hui kūloko e like me Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, a me Syngenta Nantong e hana ana i ka paraquat. Ma mua, i ka wā i maikaʻi ai ka paraquat, ʻo Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, a me Xianlong kekahi o nā mea hana paraquat. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole hana hou kēia mau hui i ka paraquat.
ʻEkolu mea kanu o ka Lā ʻulaʻula e hana i ka paraquat. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. he 8,000-10,000 tons. Aia ia ma Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park. I ka makahiki i hala aku nei, 42% o nā huahana kino i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mahina he 2,500-3,000 tons. I kēia makahiki, ho'ōki loa ia i ka hana. . He 20,000 tons ka nui o ka mea kanu Anhui Guoxing. He 2,000 tons ka mea kanu Shandong Kexin. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mana hana o Red Sun ma 70%.
Loaʻa iā Jiangsu Nuoen ka mana hana o 12,000 tons o ka paraquat, a ʻo ka hana maoli ma kahi o 10,000 tons, e hoʻokuʻu ana ma kahi o 80% o kona hiki; Loaʻa iā Shandong Luba ka mana hana o 10,000 tons o ka paraquat, a ʻo kāna hana maoli ma kahi o 7,000 tons, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai ma kahi o 70% o kona mana hana; He 5,000 tona ka hana ana a Hebei Baofeng ; He 5,000 tons o paraquat ka Hebei Lingang, a he 3,500 tons ka hana maoli; He 10,000 tons paraquat ka Syngenta Nantong, a he 5,000 tons ka hana maoli.
Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā Syngenta kahi hale hana 9,000-ton ma ka hale kanu Huddersfield ma United Kingdom a me kahi hale hana 1,000-ton ma Brazil. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻopilikia pū ʻia kēia makahiki e ka maʻi maʻi i kahi kūlana o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i ka hana ʻana, e hōʻemi ana i ka hana ʻana e 50% i ka manawa hoʻokahi.
hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
Loaʻa i ka Paraquat nā pono kūpono ʻole i nā ʻāina he nui a puni ka honua. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kumukūʻai o kēia manawa o ka glyphosate a me ka glufosinate e like me nā mea hoʻokūkū ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a paʻa ka lako, e hāʻawi ana i ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo no ka piʻi ʻana o ka noi no ka paraquat.
E mālama ʻia ana ka ʻOlumepika hoʻoilo ʻo Beijing i Pepeluali o ka makahiki aʻe. Hoʻomaka mai Ianuali 2022, nui nā hale hana nui ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o Kina e kū nei i ka pilikia o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka hana no 45 mau lā. I kēia manawa, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia, akā aia nō kekahi degere o ka maopopo ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka hana ʻana e hoʻonui hou i ka ʻāʻī ma waena o ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ke koi o ka glyphosate a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo ʻia ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana o Paraquat i kēia manawa e loaʻa ai ka hoʻonui.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-24-2021