I ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ai ʻo ICI i ka paraquat ma ka mākeke i ka makahiki 1962, ʻaʻole loa e manaʻo kekahi e loaʻa i ka paraquat kahi hopena ʻino a paʻakikī i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua helu ʻia kēia herbicide ākea ʻaʻole koho maikaʻi loa ma ka papa inoa herbicide lua o ka honua. He mea hilahila ka hāʻule ʻana i ka manawa mua, akā me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o Shuangcao i kēia makahiki a e hoʻomau paha i ka piʻi ʻana, ke hakakā nei ia ma ka mākeke honua, akā ʻo ka paraquat kūpono ke hoʻomaka nei i ka wanaʻao o ka manaʻolana.
He lāʻau herbicide pili koho ʻole maikaʻi loa
He lāʻau make lāʻau bipyridine ka Paraquat. He lāʻau make lāʻau pili koho ʻole ka lāʻau make i hoʻomohala ʻia e ICI i nā makahiki 1950. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau ākea, hana pili wikiwiki, kūpaʻa i ka ua, a me ke koho ʻole ʻana. A me nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Paraquat e kāohi i nā nāhelehele ma mua o ke kanu ʻana a ma hope paha o ka ulu ʻana ma nā māla huaʻai, kulina, kō, soybeans a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaloʻo i ka wā ʻohi a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopau i nā lau.
Hoʻopau ka Paraquat i ka membrane chloroplast o nā nāhelehele ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā nāhelehele, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka chlorophyll i loko o nā nāhelehele, a laila e hoʻopilikia ana i ka photosynthesis o nā nāhelehele, a ma hope e hoʻōki koke i ka ulu ʻana o nā nāhelehele. He hopena luku ikaika ko ka Paraquat i nā ʻiʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu monocot a me dicot. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke kala o nā nāhelehele i loko o 2 a 3 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Ke kūlana a me ke kūlana hoʻokuʻu aku o ka paraquat
Ma muli o ka ʻawahia o ka paraquat i ke kino o ke kanaka a me ka hiki ke hōʻeha i ke olakino kanaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, ua pāpā ʻia ka paraquat e nā ʻāina he 30 a ʻoi, e like me ka ʻAhahui ʻEulopa, Kina, Thailand, Kuikilana a me Brazil.
Wahi a ka ʻikepili i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e 360 Research Reports, ua hāʻule ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ka paraquat honua i ka makahiki 2020 ma kahi o 100 miliona kālā ʻAmelika. Wahi a ka hōʻike a Syngenta e pili ana i ka paraquat i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 2021, ke kūʻai aku nei ʻo Syngenta i ka paraquat ma 28 mau ʻāina. Aia he 377 mau ʻoihana a puni ka honua i hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā ʻano paraquat kūpono. Hoʻopaʻa ʻo Syngenta ma kahi o hoʻokahi o nā kūʻai aku honua o ka paraquat. He hapaha.
I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo Kina i 64,000 tone o ka paraquat a me 56,000 tone i ka makahiki 2019. ʻO nā wahi hoʻokuʻu aku nui o ka paraquat o Kina i ka makahiki 2019 ʻo Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Mekiko, Thailand, Australia, a pēlā aku.
ʻOiai ua pāpā ʻia ka paraquat ma nā ʻāina hana mahiʻai koʻikoʻi e like me ka ʻAhahui ʻEulopa, Brazil, a me Kina, a ua emi iki ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu aku i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma lalo o nā kūlana kūikawā e hoʻomau nei ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kumukūʻai o ka glyphosate a me ka glufosinate-ammonium i kēia makahiki a e hoʻomau paha ke piʻi ʻana, ʻo Paraquat, kahi ʻano aneane makehewa, e hoʻolauna i ka ikaika hou.
Hoʻonui ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o Shuangcao i ke koi honua no ka paraquat
Ma mua, i ka wā he 26,000 yuan/tona ke kumukūʻai o ka glyphosate, he 13,000 yuan/tona ka paraquat. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kēia manawa o ka glyphosate he 80,000 yuan/tona, a ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka glufosinate ma mua o 350,000 yuan. I ka wā ma mua, ʻo ka nui o ke koi honua no ka paraquat ma kahi o 260,000 tons (ma muli o 42% o ka huahana maoli), ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 80,000 tons. ʻO ka mākeke Kina ma kahi o 15,000 tons, Brazil 10,000 tons, Thailand 10,000 tons, a me Indonesia, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me Thailand. Nigeria, India a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
Me ke pāpā ʻia ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna e like me Kina, Brazil, a me Thailand, ma ke kumumanaʻo, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma mua o 30,000 tone o ka mākeke. Eia naʻe, i kēia makahiki, me ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana o nā kumukūʻai o "Shuangcao" a me Diquat, a me ka mākeke unmanned ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka noi mīkini, ua piʻi ka noi ma ka mākeke US a i ʻole ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ma kahi o 20%, ka mea i hoʻoulu i ka noi no ka paraquat a kākoʻo i kona kumukūʻai i kekahi ʻano. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka hoʻokūkū o ka lakio kumukūʻai/hana o ka paraquat inā ma lalo o 40,000. ikaika.
Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike pinepine nā mea heluhelu ma Asia Hikina Hema ma nā wahi e like me Vietnam, Malaysia, a me Brazil, ulu wikiwiki ka nāhelehele i ka wā ua, a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi ka paraquat i ka ua. Ua piʻi nui ke kumukūʻai o nā herbicides biocidal ʻē aʻe. Ke koi nui nei nā mahiʻai ma kēia mau wahi. Ua ʻōlelo nā mea kūʻai kūloko e piʻi ana ka hiki ke loaʻa ka paraquat mai nā kahawai hina e like me ke kālepa palena.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mea maka o ka paraquat, ʻo pyridine, no ka ʻoihana kemika lanahu ma hope. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kēia manawa he paʻa ma 28,000 yuan/ton, he piʻi nui ia mai ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o 21,000 yuan/ton, akā i kēlā manawa ua emi mua ka 21,000 yuan/ton ma mua o ka laina kumukūʻai o 2.4 ʻumi tausani yuan/ton. No laila, ʻoiai ua piʻi ke kumukūʻai o ka pyridine, aia nō ia ma ke kumukūʻai kūpono, kahi e pōmaikaʻi hou ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi honua no ka paraquat. Manaʻo ʻia hoʻi e pōmaikaʻi ka nui o nā mea hana paraquat kūloko mai ia mea.
Ka mana o nā ʻoihana hana paraquat nui
I kēia makahiki, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hiki ke hana paraquat (ma 100%), a ʻo Kina ka mea hana nui o ka paraquat. Ua maopopo ʻia ʻo nā ʻoihana kūloko e like me Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, a me Syngenta Nantong e hana ana i ka paraquat. Ma mua, i ka wā i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paraquat, ʻo Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, a me Xianlong kekahi o nā mea hana paraquat. Ua maopopo ʻia ʻaʻole hana hou kēia mau ʻoihana i ka paraquat.
ʻEkolu mau hale hana a Red Sun e hana i ka paraquat. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. he 8,000-10,000 tons ka hiki ke hana. Aia ia ma Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park. I ka makahiki i hala, he 42% o nā huahana kino i loaʻa ka hana mahina o 2,500-3,000 tons. I kēia makahiki, ua hoʻōki loa ia i ka hana ʻana. . He 20,000 tons ka hiki ke hana o ka hale hana ʻo Anhui Guoxing. He 2,000 tons ka hiki ke hana o ka hale hana ʻo Shandong Kexin. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka hiki ke hana o Red Sun ma 70%.
ʻO ka hiki ke hana ʻo Jiangsu Nuoen he 12,000 tons o ka paraquat, a ʻo ka hana maoli ma kahi o 10,000 tons, e hoʻokuʻu ana ma kahi o 80% o kona hiki; ʻO ka hiki ke hana ʻo Shandong Luba he 10,000 tons o ka paraquat, a ʻo kāna hana maoli ma kahi o 7,000 tons, e hoʻokuʻu ana ma kahi o 70% o kona hiki ke hana; ʻO ka hana ʻana o Hebei Baofeng no ka paraquat he 5,000 tons; ʻO ka hiki ke hana ʻo Hebei Lingang he 5,000 tons o ka paraquat, a ʻo ka hana maoli ma kahi o 3,500 tons; ʻO ka hiki ke hana ʻo Syngenta Nantong he 10,000 tons o ka paraquat, a ʻo ka hana maoli ma kahi o 5,000 tons.
Eia kekahi, aia iā Syngenta kahi hale hana 9,000-tona ma ka hale hana ʻo Huddersfield ma United Kingdom a me kahi hale hana 1,000-tona ma Brazil. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua hoʻopilikia ʻia hoʻi kēia makahiki e ka maʻi ahulau ma ke ʻano o ka emi nui ʻana o ka hana ʻana, e hōʻemi ana i ka hana ʻana ma 50% i ka manawa hoʻokahi.
hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
Loaʻa i ka Paraquat nā pono i hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia ma nā ʻāina he nui a puni ka honua. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kumukūʻai o kēia manawa o ka glyphosate a me ka glufosinate ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻokūkū ma kahi pae kiʻekiʻe a ua paʻa ka lako, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo no ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke koi no ka paraquat.
E mālama ʻia ana nā ʻOlumepika Hoʻoilo o Beijing i Pepeluali i ka makahiki aʻe. Mai Ianuali 2022, nui nā hale hana nui ma ka ʻākau o Kina e kū nei i ka pilikia o ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka hana ʻana no 45 mau lā. I kēia manawa, he mea hiki loa ia, akā aia nō kekahi ʻano kānalua. ʻO ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka hana ʻana e hoʻonui hou aku i ka haunaele ma waena o ka lako a me ke koi o ka glyphosate a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o Paraquat i kēia manawa kūpono e loaʻa ai ka hoʻoikaika.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nowemapa-24-2021