Mai kona ʻike ʻia ʻana ma Djibouti i ka makahiki 2012, ua laha ka makika ʻĀsia ʻAnopheles stephensi ma ka Horn o ʻApelika. Ke hoʻomau nei kēia vector invasive e laha ma ka ʻāina nui, e hoʻoweliweli nui ana i nā papahana kaohi malaria. Ua hōʻemi nui nā ʻano kaohi vector, me nā ʻupena moe i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide a me ka pīpī koena i loko, i ke kaumaha malaria. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o nā makika kūʻē i ka insecticide, me nā heluna Anopheles stephensi, ke keakea nei i nā hana hoʻopau malaria e hoʻomau nei. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka heluna kanaka, ke kahe ʻana o ka gene ma waena o nā heluna kanaka, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mutations kūʻē i ka insecticide he mea nui ia e alakaʻi i nā hoʻolālā kaohi malaria kūpono.
ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ko mākou ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o An. stephensi ma ka HOA he mea nui ia no ka wānana ʻana i kona laha ʻana i nā wahi hou. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka genetics heluna kanaka e aʻo i nā ʻano vector e loaʻa ai ka ʻike i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ke koho mau ʻana, a me ke kahe ʻana o ka gene18,19. No An. stephensi, hiki i ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka heluna kanaka a me ka hoʻonohonoho genome ke kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i kona ala hoʻouka kaua a me kekahi ulu ʻana o ka adaptive i hana ʻia mai kona puka ʻana mai. Ma waho aʻe o ke kahe ʻana o ka gene, he mea nui loa ke koho ʻana no ka mea hiki iā ia ke ʻike i nā alleles e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide a hoʻomālamalama i ke ʻano o ka laha ʻana o kēia mau alleles ma o ka heluna kanaka20.
A hiki i kēia lā, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā māka pale insecticide a me ka genetics heluna kanaka i loko o nā ʻano invasive Anopheles stephensi i kekahi mau genes moho. ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻano ma ʻApelika, akā hoʻokahi kuhiakau ʻo ia ua hoʻolauna ʻia e nā kānaka a i ʻole nā holoholona. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana i kahi mamao loa ma ka makani. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā isolates ʻAitiopa i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ma Awash Sebat Kilo, kahi kūlanakauhale aia ma 200 km hikina o Addis Ababa a ma ke alaloa halihali nui mai Addis Ababa a i Djibouti. ʻO Awash Sebat Kilo kahi wahi me ka laha malaria kiʻekiʻe a he nui ka heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi, kahi i hōʻike ʻia he kūʻē i nā insecticides, e lilo ia i wahi koʻikoʻi no ke aʻo ʻana i ka genetics heluna kanaka o Anopheles stephensi8.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka mutation kū'ē insecticide kdr L1014F ma ka alapine haʻahaʻa i ka heluna kanaka ʻAitiopa a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i nā laʻana kahua India. Hāʻawi kēia mutation kdr i ke kū'ē ʻana i nā pyrethroids a me DDT a ua ʻike mua ʻia i nā heluna kanaka An. stephensi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma India i ka makahiki 2016 a me Afghanistan i ka makahiki 2018.31,32 ʻOiai nā hōʻike o ke kū'ē ʻana i ka pyrethroid ākea ma nā kūlanakauhale ʻelua, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka mutation kdr L1014F ma nā heluna kanaka Mangalore a me Bangalore i kālailai ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ka hapa haʻahaʻa o nā isolates ʻAitiopa e lawe ana i kēia SNP he heterozygous e hōʻike ana ua kū mai ka mutation i kēia manawa koke nei i kēia heluna kanaka. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia e kahi noiʻi mua ma Awash i loaʻa ʻole kahi hōʻike o ka mutation kdr i nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka makahiki ma mua o nā mea i kālailai ʻia ma ʻaneʻi.18 Ua ʻike mua mākou i kēia mutation kdr L1014F ma ke alapine haʻahaʻa i loko o kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā laʻana mai ka ʻāina like/makahiki me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano ʻike amplicon.28 Hāʻawi ʻia i ke kūʻē phenotypic ma nā wahi laʻana, ʻo ke alapine allele haʻahaʻa o kēia māka kūʻē e hōʻike ana he kuleana nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pūnaewele i manaʻo ʻia no kēia phenotype i ʻike ʻia.
ʻO kahi palena o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia ka nele o ka ʻikepili phenotypic ma ka pane insecticide. Pono nā haʻawina hou e hoʻohui ana i ka hoʻonohonoho genome holoʻokoʻa (WGS) a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho amplicon i kuhikuhi ʻia me ka hui pū ʻana me nā bioassays susceptibility e noiʻi i ka hopena o kēia mau mutations ma ka pane insecticide. Pono e kuhikuhi ʻia kēia mau SNP missense hou e pili ana i ke kū'ē no nā assays molecular kiʻekiʻe-throughput e kākoʻo i ka nānā ʻana a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana hana e hoʻomaopopo a hōʻoia i nā ʻano hana hiki ke pili me nā phenotypes kū'ē.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kahi ʻike hohonu o ka genetics heluna makika Anopheles ma nā ʻāina ʻē. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi genome holoʻokoʻa (WGS) i nā hui nui o nā laʻana ma nā wahi ʻāina like ʻole e lilo ia i mea nui i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kahe o ka gene a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā māka o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka insecticide. E hiki ai i kēia ʻike i nā luna olakino lehulehu ke hana i nā koho naʻauao i ka nānā ʻana i nā vector a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka insecticide.
Ua hoʻohana mākou i ʻelua mau ala e ʻike ai i ka loli o ka helu kope i loko o kēia ʻikepili. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi ala e pili ana i ka uhi ʻana i kālele ʻia ma nā hui gene CYP i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka genome (Papa Hoʻohui S5). Ua awelika ʻia ka uhi ʻana o ka laʻana ma nā wahi hōʻiliʻili a ua māhele ʻia i ʻehā mau pūʻulu: ʻAitiopa, nā kahua India, nā kolone India, a me nā kolone Pakistani. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka uhi ʻana no kēlā me kēia hui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kernel smoothing a laila ua hoʻolālā ʻia e like me ka hohonu o ka uhi genome waena no kēlā hui.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-23-2025