Ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hoʻāʻo ma nā hale liʻiliʻi ma Khowe, ma ka hema o Benin, e loiloi i ka pono olaola o nā ʻupena makika hanauna hou a i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma ke kahua e kūʻē i nā mea lawe malaria pyrethrin-resistant. Ua wehe ʻia nā ʻupena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kahua mai nā hale ma hope o 12, 24 a me 36 mau mahina. Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻāpana pūnaewele i ʻoki ʻia mai nā ITN holoʻokoʻa no ka haku mele kemika a ua mālama ʻia nā bioassays susceptibility i kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua e loiloi i nā loli i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticide i ka heluna kanaka vector Khowe.
Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Interceptor® G2 ma mua o nā ITN ʻē aʻe, e hōʻoia ana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻupena pyrethroid a me chlorfenapyr ma mua o nā ʻano ʻupena ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o nā huahana hou, ua hōʻike nā ITN hanauna hou a pau i ka bioefficacy maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o Interceptor®; akā naʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ma hope o ka ʻelemakule ʻana o ke kahua ma muli o ka pōkole o ke kūpaʻa o nā hui non-pyrethroid. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka pono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā insecticidal o nā ITN hanauna hou.
Mea pepehi pepekeUa hoʻokani nā ʻupena makika i mālama ʻia (ITN) i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka maʻi malaria a me ka make i nā makahiki he 20 i hala. Mai ka makahiki 2004, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ma mua o 3 biliona ITN ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a hōʻike nā haʻawina hoʻohālike ua pale ʻia he 68% o nā hihia malaria ma ʻApelika sub-Saharan ma waena o 2000 a me 2015. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua piʻi nui ka pale ʻana o nā heluna vector malaria i nā pyrethroids (ka papa maʻamau o nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia ma ITN), e hoʻoweliweli ana i ka pono o kēia hana koʻikoʻi. I ka manawa like, ua lohi ka holomua i ka kaohi ʻana i ka malaria ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me ka nui o nā ʻāina kaumaha e ʻike nei i ka piʻi ʻana o nā hihia malaria mai ka makahiki 2015. Ua hoʻokele kēia mau ʻano i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi hanauna hou o nā huahana ITN hou e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hoʻoweliweli o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pyrethroid a me ke kōkua ʻana e hōʻemi i kēia kaumaha a hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu honua nui.
Aia i kēia manawa ʻekolu mau ITN hanauna hou ma ka mākeke, kēlā me kēia e hoʻohui ana i kahi pyrethroid me kahi insecticide a synergist paha i hiki ke lanakila i ke kū'ē ʻana o ka pyrethroid i nā vectors malaria. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hoʻomalu randomized cluster (RCTs) e loiloi i ka pono epidemiological o kēia mau ʻupena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena pyrethroid-wale nō maʻamau a e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike e pono ai e kākoʻo i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka World Health Organization (WHO). ʻO nā ʻupena moe e hoʻohui ana i nā pyrethroids me ka piperonyl butoxide (PBO), kahi synergist e hoʻonui ai i ka pono o nā pyrethroids ma ka pale ʻana i nā enzymes detoxification namu, ʻo ia ka mea mua i ʻōlelo ʻia e WHO ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana o ʻelua mau huahana (Olyset® Plus a me PermaNet® 3.0) i ka hopena epidemiological maikaʻi loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena moe pyrethroid-wale nō i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻomalu randomized cluster ma Tanzania a me Uganda. Eia nō naʻe, pono nā ʻikepili hou aku e hoʻoholo i ka waiwai olakino lehulehu o nā ʻupena moe pyrethroid-PBO ma West Africa, kahi e hōʻemi ai ke kū'ē nui o ka pyrethroid i ko lākou mau pono i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena moe pyrethroid-wale nō.
ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā ITN insecticidal e loiloi pinepine ʻia ma o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻupena mai nā kaiāulu a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā lākou i nā bioassays laboratory me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano makika i hānau ʻia e nā pepeke. ʻOiai he mea pono kēia mau assays no ka wehewehe ʻana i ka bioavailability a me ka pono o nā insecticides ma luna o nā ʻupena moe i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hāʻawi lākou i ka ʻike palena e pili ana i ka pono hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻupena moe hanauna hou no ka mea pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻano makika i hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hana o nā insecticides i loko o lākou. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo hale hoʻokolohua he ala ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi hoʻohālikelike i ka pono o nā ʻupena i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide i nā haʻawina lōʻihi ma lalo o nā kūlana e hoʻohālike ana i nā pilina kūlohelohe ma waena o nā kikowaena makika hihiu a me nā ʻupena hale i ka wā e hoʻohana ai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina hoʻohālike hou e hoʻohana ana i nā surrogates entomological no ka ʻikepili epidemiological e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka make ʻana o nā makika a me nā helu hānai i ana ʻia i loko o kēia mau hoʻokolohua e wānana i ka hopena o nā ITN ma ka hanana malaria a me ka laha ma nā cluster RCTs. No laila, ʻo nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ma ka hale hānai kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā lymph node i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ke kula i loko o nā cluster RCTs e hāʻawi paha i ka ʻikepili waiwai nui e pili ana i ka bioefficacy hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā lymph node i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide ma luna o ko lākou ola i manaʻo ʻia, a kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena epidemiological o kēia mau haʻawina.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo hale hoʻokolohua he hale noho kanaka hoʻohālike maʻamau i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka World Health Organization no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono o nā ʻupena makika i mālama ʻia me ka pepeke pepeke. Hoʻohālike kēia mau hoʻāʻo i nā kūlana ʻike honua maoli e kū nei i nā kikowaena makika i ka wā e launa pū ai me nā ʻupena moe o ka hale a no laila he ala kūpono loa ia no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono olaola o nā ʻupena moe i hoʻohana ʻia ma luna o ko lākou ola lawelawe i manaʻo ʻia.
Ua loiloi kēia haʻawina i ka pono o nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā ʻupena makika insecticidal hanauna hou (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® a me Interceptor® G2) ma lalo o nā kūlana kahua ma nā hale hoʻokolohua a ua hoʻohālikelike iā lākou me kahi ʻupena pyrethrin-only maʻamau (Interceptor®). Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau ʻupena makika i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide i ka papa inoa i koho mua ʻia e ka WHO no ka kaohi vector. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻano kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia ʻupena makika ma lalo nei:
I Malaki 2020, ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi hoʻolaha nui o nā ʻupena makika i hoʻomaka i ke kula ma nā kauhale hale liʻiliʻi ma Zou Prefecture, hema o Benin, no nā hoʻokolohua hoʻāʻo ma nā hale liʻiliʻi. Ua koho ʻia nā ʻupena moe Interceptor®, Royal Guard® a me Interceptor® G2 mai nā hui i koho ʻia ma nā kaona o Kove, Zagnanado a me Ouinhi ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi noiʻi nānā paʻa i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi hui RCT e loiloi i ka pono epidemiological o nā ʻupena moe pālua i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻupena makika PermaNet® 3.0 ma ke kauhale ʻo Avokanzun kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Jija a me Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) a ua hoʻolaha pū ʻia me nā ʻupena makika hui RCT i ka wā o ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana o ka Polokalamu Hoʻomalu Malaria Lahui 2020. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i nā wahi o nā hui/kauhale noiʻi kahi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ai nā ʻano ITN like ʻole e pili ana i nā wahi hale hoʻokolohua.
Ua mālama ʻia kahi hoʻāʻo hale hoʻāʻo e hoʻohālikelike i ka hana entomological o Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® a me Interceptor® G2 ITNs i ka wā i wehe ʻia ai mai nā hale ma 12, 24 a me 36 mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. I kēlā me kēia manawa makahiki, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hana o nā ITN kahiko ma ke kula me nā ʻupena hou, i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o kēlā me kēia ʻano a me nā ʻupena i mālama ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi ʻole. I kēlā me kēia manawa makahiki, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia he 54 mau laʻana replicate o nā ITN kahiko ma ke kula a me 6 mau ITN hou o kēlā me kēia ʻano i loko o 1 a i ʻole 2 mau hoʻokolohua hale replicate me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā lāʻau i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma mua o kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua hale, ua ana ʻia ka awelika porosity index o nā ʻupena kula kahiko o kēlā me kēia ʻano ITN e like me nā ʻōlelo a WHO. No ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu a me ka haehae mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, ua puka ʻia nā ITN hou a pau a me nā ʻupena kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia me ʻeono mau lua 4 x 4 cm: ʻelua ma kēlā me kēia panela ʻaoʻao lōʻihi a hoʻokahi ma kēlā me kēia panela ʻaoʻao pōkole, e like me nā ʻōlelo a WHO. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻupena makika i loko o ka hale liʻiliʻi ma ke nakinaki ʻana i nā kihi o nā uhi hale me nā kaula i nā kui ma nā kihi o luna o nā paia o ka hale liʻiliʻi. Ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻano hana aʻe ma kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo hale liʻiliʻi:
Ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻupena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kula ma nā hale hoʻokolohua i ka makahiki hoʻokahi i wehe ʻia ai nā ʻupena. Ua mālama ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hale ma kahi like mai Mei a Kepakemapa 2021, ʻApelila a Iune 2022, a me Mei a Iulai 2023, me nā ʻupena i wehe ʻia ma hope o 12, 24, a me 36 mau mahina. Ua mau kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua no hoʻokahi pōʻaiapuni lapaʻau piha (54 mau pō ma luna o 9 mau pule), koe wale nō 12 mau mahina, i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai ʻelua mau pōʻaiapuni lapaʻau e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka laʻana makika. Ma muli o kahi hoʻolālā huinaha Latina, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā lāʻau i kēlā me kēia pule ma waena o nā hale hoʻokolohua e kāohi i nā hopena o ka wahi o ka hale, ʻoiai ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mea manawaleʻa i kēlā me kēia lā e kāohi i nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoihoi ʻana o nā makika o kēlā me kēia kikowaena. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika i 6 mau lā o ka pule; i ka lā 7, ma mua o ke pōʻaiapuni hoʻololi aʻe, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā hale a ua hoʻomehana ʻia e pale aku i ka hoʻouka ʻana.
ʻO nā hopena hopena mua no ka mālama ʻana i ka hale hoʻokolohua e kūʻē i nā makika Anopheles gambiae pyrethroid-resistant a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka hanauna hou o ITN me ka ʻupena Interceptor® pyrethroid-only:
ʻO nā hopena hopena lua no ka mālama ʻana i ka hale hoʻokolohua e kūʻē i nā makika Anopheles gambiae i kū i ka pyrethroid penei:
Ka Hoʻopaʻa ʻana (%) - ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ke komo ʻana i ka hui i mālama ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui i mālama ʻole ʻia. Penei ka helu ʻana:
kahi ʻo Tu ka helu o nā makika i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hui kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia, a ʻo Tt ka helu o nā makika i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hui i mālama ʻia.
Ka nui o ka ʻūlū ʻana (%) – Ka nui o ka ʻūlū ʻana ma muli o ka huhū hiki ke loaʻa mai ka lāʻau lapaʻau, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he hapa o nā makika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka lānai.
ʻO ke koina kāohi omo koko (%) ka emi ʻana o ka hapa o nā makika omo koko i loko o ka hui i mālama ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia. Penei ke ʻano helu: kahi ʻo Bfu ka hapa o nā makika omo koko i loko o ka hui kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia, a ʻo Bft ka hapa o nā makika omo koko i loko o ka hui i mālama ʻia.
Ka emi ʻana o ka momona (%) — ka emi ʻana o ka hapa o nā makika momona i ka hui i mālama ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia. Penei ke ʻano helu: kahi ʻo Fu ka hapa o nā makika momona i ka hui kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia, a ʻo Ft ka hapa o nā makika momona i ka hui i mālama ʻia.
No ka nānā ʻana i nā loli o ke ʻano kūʻē o nā heluna kanaka vector Covè i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hana ʻo WHO i nā bioassays in vitro a me vial i ka makahiki hoʻokahi o kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua hut hoʻokolohua (2021, 2022, 2023) e loiloi i ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka AI ma nā ITN e aʻo ʻia nei a e hoʻomaopopo i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena. I loko o nā haʻawina in vitro, ua hōʻike ʻia nā makika i nā pepa kānana i mālama ʻia me nā ʻano i ho'ākāka ʻia o ka alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) a me ka deltamethrin (0.05%), a i nā ʻōmole i uhi ʻia me nā ʻano i ho'ākāka ʻia o CFP (100 μg/ʻōmole) a me PPF (100 μg/ʻōmole) e loiloi i ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kēia mau insecticides. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka ikaika o ke kūʻē ʻana o ka pyrethroid ma ka hōʻike ʻana i nā makika i 5-fold (0.25%) a me 10-fold (0.50%) ʻokoʻa o ka α-cypermethrin a me ka deltamethrin. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua loiloi ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka PBO synergy a me ka cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) overexpression i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka pyrethroid ma o ka hōʻike mua ʻana i nā makika i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka α-cypermethrin (0.05%) a me ka deltamethrin (0.05%), a me ka hōʻike mua ʻana iā PBO (4%). Ua kūʻai ʻia ka pepa kānana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka ʻōmole WHO mai Universiti Sains Malaysia. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā vials hoʻāʻo bioassay WHO e hoʻohana ana iā CFP a me PPF e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a WHO.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika i hoʻohana ʻia no nā bioassays ma ke kahua larval mai nā wahi hānau kokoke i nā hale hoʻokolohua a laila hānai ʻia i nā mākua. I kēlā me kēia manawa, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 100 mau makika i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia lāʻau no 60 min, me 4 mau replicates no kēlā me kēia paipu/ʻōmole a ma kahi o 25 mau makika no kēlā me kēia paipu/ʻōmole. No nā hōʻike pyrethroid a me CFP, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā makika hānai ʻole ʻia he 3-5 lā, ʻoiai no PPF, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā makika omo koko he 5-7 lā e hoʻoulu i ka oogenesis a loiloi i ka hopena o PPF i ka hana hou ʻana o nā makika. Ua hana ʻia nā hōʻike like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepa kānana i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka ʻaila silicone, PBO maʻemaʻe (4%), a me nā ʻōmole i uhi ʻia me ka acetone ma ke ʻano he mau kaohi. I ka hopena o ka hōʻike ʻana, ua hoʻoili ʻia nā makika i nā pahu i mālama ʻole ʻia a hōʻike ʻia i ka pulupulu i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i loko o ka hopena glucose 10% (w/v). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make 24 hola ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka pyrethroid a i kēlā me kēia 24 hola no 72 hola ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka CFP a me PPF. No ka loiloi ʻana i ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka PPF, ua ʻoki ʻia nā makika i ola i hōʻike ʻia e ka PPF a me nā kaohi maikaʻi ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka make lohi, ua nānā ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka ovarian me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope hui, a ua loiloi ʻia ka momona e like me ke kahua o Christophers o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua [28, 30]. Inā ua ulu piha nā hua i ke kahua V o Christophers, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā makika he momona, a inā ʻaʻole i ulu piha nā hua a noho ma nā pae I-IV, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā makika he sterile.
I kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, ua ʻoki ʻia nā ʻāpana he 30 × 30 cm mai nā ʻupena hou a me nā ʻupena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kula ma nā wahi i kuhikuhi ʻia ma nā ʻōlelo paipai a ka WHO [22]. Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana, ua lepili ʻia nā ʻupena, ua wahī ʻia i loko o ka pepa alumini a mālama ʻia i loko o ka pahu hau ma 4 ± 2 °C e pale aku i ka neʻe ʻana o ka AI i loko o ka lole. A laila ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻupena i ke Kikowaena Noiʻi Mahiʻai ʻo Walloon ma Belgium no ka loiloi kemika e ana i nā loli o ka nui o ka AI i ko lākou ola lawelawe. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia nā ʻano loiloi i hoʻohana ʻia (ma muli o nā ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia e ke Komite Hui Pū ʻIa no ka Pesticide Analysis) [25, 31].
No ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua hale hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka huina o nā makika ola/make, nahu/ʻaʻole nahu, a me nā makika momona/sterile i loko o nā ʻāpana hale like ʻole no kēlā me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua e helu i nā hopena like ʻole (make 72 hola, nahu, ectoparasitism, pahele ʻupena, hānau) a me kā lākou mau manawa hilinaʻi 95% (CI). Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau no kēia mau hopena binary proportional me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka regression logistic, ʻoiai ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻokoʻa no nā hopena helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka regression binomial maikaʻi ʻole. No ka mea, ua mālama ʻia ʻelua mau pōʻaiapuni hoʻololi lāʻau lapaʻau i kēlā me kēia 12 mahina a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau ma nā hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā loiloi komo makika no ka helu o nā lā i hoʻāʻo ʻia ai kēlā me kēia lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua kālailai pū ʻia ka ITN hou no kēlā me kēia hopena e loaʻa ai kahi kuhi hoʻokahi no nā manawa āpau. Ma waho aʻe o ka loli wehewehe nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua hoʻokomo kēlā me kēia kumu hoʻohālike i ka hale, ka mea hiamoe, ka wā hoʻokolohua, ka helu kuhi puka ITN, a me ka lā ma ke ʻano he hopena paʻa e kāohi ai no ka loli ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka mea hiamoe pākahi a me ka hoihoi o ka hale, ke kau, ke kūlana ʻupena makika, a me ka hoʻopuehu nui ʻana. Ua hana nā loiloi regression i nā lakio odds i hoʻoponopono ʻia (ORs) a me nā manawa hilinaʻi 95% e like me ka manaʻo e hoʻoholo i ka hopena o ka ITN hanauna hou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻupena pyrethroid-only, Interceptor®, ma nā hopena mua o ka make ʻana o ka makika a me ka momona. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia nā waiwai P mai nā kumu hoʻohālike e hāʻawi i nā leka paʻa e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi helu ma ka pae 5% no nā hoʻohālikelike pālua āpau o nā hopena mua a me nā hopena lua. Ua hana ʻia nā loiloi regression āpau ma Stata mana 18.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka nāwaliwali o nā heluna vector Covese ma muli o ka make a me ka momona i ʻike ʻia ma vitro a me nā bioassays ʻōmole e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka World Health Organization. Ua hāʻawi nā hopena loiloi kemika i ka nui o ka AI i loko o nā ʻāpana ITN, i hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka helu paʻa AI i nā ʻupena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kahua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena hou i kēlā me kēia manawa i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua hoʻopaʻa lima ʻia nā ʻikepili āpau ma nā palapala maʻamau a laila hoʻokomo pālua ʻia i loko o kahi waihona ʻikepili Microsoft Excel.
Ua ʻāpono nā Kōmike Hoʻopono o ke Kuhina Ola o Benin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), ke Kula Hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka Lāʻau Lapaʻau Tropical o Lākana (LSHTM) (No. 16237) a me ka World Health Organization (No. ERC.0003153) i ka hana ʻana o kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻāʻo e pili ana i nā mea manawaleʻa. Ua loaʻa ka ʻae ʻia ma ke kākau ʻana mai nā mea manawaleʻa āpau ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana. Ua loaʻa i nā mea manawaleʻa āpau ka chemoprophylaxis manuahi e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka malaria, a ua hana kekahi kahu ma ka hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa e loiloi i kekahi mea manawaleʻa i loaʻa nā hōʻailona o ke kuni a i ʻole kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka huahana hoʻāʻo.
Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena piha mai nā hale hoʻokolohua, e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka huina o nā makika ola/make, makika pōloli/hānai koko, a me nā makika momona/sterile no kēlā me kēia hui hoʻokolohua, a me nā helu helu wehewehe ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui (Papa S1).
Ma kahi hale hoʻokolohua ma Kowa, Benin, ua kāohi ʻia ka hānai koko ʻana i nā makika Anopheles gambiae i kū i ka pyrethroid hihiu. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻupena hou ma nā hoʻokolohua e hāʻawi i kahi kuhi pono hoʻokahi. Ma o ka loiloi regression logistic, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nui nā kolamu me nā leka maʻamau ma ka pae 5% (p > 0.05). Hōʻike nā kaha hewa i nā manawa hilinaʻi 95%.
Make ʻana o nā makika Anopheles gambiae kū'ē i ka pyrethroid hihiu e komo ana i kahi hale hoʻokolohua ma Kowa, Benin. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻupena hou ma nā hoʻokolohua e hāʻawi i kahi kuhi hoʻokahi o ka pono. Ma o ka loiloi regression logistic, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nui nā kolamu me nā leka maʻamau ma ka pae 5% (p > 0.05). Hōʻike nā kaha hewa i nā manawa hilinaʻi 95%.
Hōʻike ka lakio kūlike i ka ʻokoʻa o ka make me nā ʻupena makika hanauna hou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena makika pyrethroid wale nō. Hōʻike ka laina kiko i kahi lakio kūlike o 1, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka make. ʻO ka lakio kūlike > 1 e hōʻike ana i ka make kiʻekiʻe me nā ʻupena makika hanauna hou. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻikepili no nā ʻupena makika hanauna hou ma nā hoʻokolohua e hana i kahi kuhi hoʻokahi o ka pono. Hōʻike nā kaha hewa i 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi.
ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻo Interceptor® i ka make haʻahaʻa loa o nā ITN āpau i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻelemakule ʻana o ke kahua i kona hopena i ka make vector. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hopena ʻo Interceptor® hou i ka make he 12%, ʻoiai ua hōʻike nā ʻupena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kahua i kahi hoʻomaikaʻi iki i 12 mau mahina (17%, p=0.006) a me 24 mau mahina (17%, p=0.004), ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana i nā pae like me nā ʻupena hou i 36 mau mahina (11%, p=0.05). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua emi mālie nā helu make no ka hanauna hou o nā ʻupena i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. ʻOi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka emi ʻana me Interceptor® G2, kahi i emi ai ka make mai 58% me nā ʻupena hou i 36% i 12 mau mahina (p< 0.001), 31% ma 24 mau mahina (p<0.001), a me 20% ma 36 mau mahina (p< 0.001). Ua hopena ka PermaNet® 3.0 hou i ka emi ʻana o ka make i 37%, kahi i emi nui ai i 20% ma 12 mau mahina (p<0.001), 16% ma 24 mau mahina (p<0.001), a me 18% ma 36 mau mahina (p< 0.001). Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano like me Royal Guard®, me ka ʻupena hou e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka make ma 33%, a ukali ʻia e ka emi nui ʻana i 21% ma 12 mau mahina (p<0.001), 17% ma 24 mau mahina (p<0.001) a me 15% ma 36 mau mahina (p< 0.001).
Ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka momona o nā makika Anopheles gambiae kū'ē i ka pyrethroid e komo ana i kahi hale hoʻokolohua ma Kwa, Benin. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻupena hou ma nā hoʻokolohua e hāʻawi i kahi kuhi hoʻokahi o ka pono. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā pā me nā leka maʻamau ma ka pae 5% (p > 0.05) e ka loiloi regression logistic. Hōʻike nā pā hewa i nā manawa hilinaʻi 95%.
Hōʻike nā lakio kūlike i ka ʻokoʻa o ka momona me nā ʻupena makika hanauna hou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena makika pyrethroid wale nō. Hōʻike ka laina kiko i kahi lakio o 1, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka momona. Nā lakio kūlikeHōʻike ka <1 i ka emi nui ʻana o ka momona me nā ʻupena hanauna hou. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻikepili no nā ʻupena namu hanauna hou ma nā hoʻokolohua e hana i kahi kuhi hoʻokahi o ka pono. Hōʻike nā kaha hewa i nā manawa hilinaʻi 95%.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Pepeluali-17-2025