Ua mālama ʻia kekahi ʻano o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokele hale noho ma Khowe, hema Benin, no ka loiloi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola kino o nā ʻupena makika hou a i hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka mahina e kūʻē i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi pyrethrin. Ua wehe ʻia nā ʻupena kahiko mai nā hale ma hope o 12, 24 a me 36 mahina. Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻāpana pūnaewele i ʻoki ʻia mai nā ITN holoʻokoʻa no ka haku mele ʻana a ua mālama ʻia nā bioassays susceptibility i kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo e loiloi i nā loli i ka pale ʻana i ka insecticide i ka heluna vector Khowe.
Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Interceptor® G2 i nā ITN ʻē aʻe, e hōʻoia ana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻupena pyrethroid a me chlorfenapyr ma mua o nā ʻano ʻupena ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o nā huahana hou, hōʻike nā ITN o nā hanauna hou aʻe i ka bioefficacy ma mua o Interceptor®; akā naʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o kēia hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana ma hope o ka ʻelemakule o ka māla ma muli o ka pōkole lōʻihi o nā pūhui non-pyrethroid. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka pono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka insecticidal o nā ITN o ka hanauna e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau-ua hana koʻikoʻi nā ʻupena makika i mālama ʻia (ITNs) i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi a me ka make i nā makahiki he 20 i hala. Mai ka 2004, ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 biliona ITN i hoʻolaha ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a ʻo nā haʻawina hoʻohālike e hōʻike ana he 68% o nā maʻi malaria ma sub-Saharan Africa i pale ʻia ma waena o 2000 a me 2015. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua piʻi nui ke kūʻē ʻana o ka poʻe maʻi malaria i nā pyrethroids (ke ʻano maʻamau o nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia ma ITNs), e hoʻoweliweli ana i ka pono o kēia hana koʻikoʻi. I ka manawa like, ua lohi ka holomua o ka maʻi malaria ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me ka nui o nā ʻāina kaumaha nui e ʻike nei i ka piʻi ʻana o nā maʻi malaria mai 2015. Ua alakaʻi kēia mau ʻano i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi hanauna hou o nā huahana ITN hou e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka hoʻoweliweli pyrethroid a me ke kōkua ʻana e hōʻemi i kēia kaumaha a hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu honua.
Aia i kēia manawa ʻekolu mau hanauna hou ITN ma ka mākeke, e hui pū ana kēlā me kēia i kahi pyrethroid me kekahi insecticide a i ʻole synergist hiki ke lanakila i ka pale pyrethroid i nā maʻi malaria. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs) e loiloi i ka hopena epidemiological o kēia mau ʻupena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena pyrethroid-wale nō a hāʻawi i nā hōʻike kūpono e kākoʻo i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka World Health Organization (WHO). ʻO nā upena moe e hui pū ana i nā pyrethroids me ka piperonyl butoxide (PBO), kahi synergist e hoʻonui ai i ka maikaʻi o nā pyrethroids ma ke kāohi ʻana i nā enzymes detoxification namu, ʻo ia ka mea mua i ʻōlelo ʻia e WHO ma hope o nā huahana ʻelua (Olyset® Plus a me PermaNet® 3.0) hōʻike i ka hopena epidemiological kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pyrethroid-only bed control and Uganda trials. Eia nō naʻe, pono nā ʻikepili hou aʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ka waiwai olakino o ka lehulehu o nā ʻupena moe pyrethroid-PBO ma West Africa, kahi e hōʻemi ai ke kūʻē pyrethroid koʻikoʻi i kā lākou mau pōmaikaʻi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena moe pyrethroid-only.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka insecticidal o nā ITN ma o ka ʻohi ʻana i nā ʻupena mai nā kaiāulu a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā lākou i nā bioassays laboratory me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano namu namu. ʻOiai he mea pono kēia mau ho'āʻo no ka ʻike ʻana i ka bioavailability a me ka maikaʻi o nā insecticides ma luna o ka ʻili o ka bednets i ka wā lōʻihi, hāʻawi lākou i ka ʻike liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā moena moe e hiki mai ana no ka mea pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano a me nā ʻano makika i hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hana o nā insecticides i loko o lākou. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo hale hoʻokolohua he ala ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka loiloi like ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻupena i mālama ʻia i nā pepeke i nā noiʻi lōʻihi ma lalo o nā kūlana e hoʻohālike i ka pilina kūlohelohe ma waena o nā pūnae namu ahiu a me nā ʻupena hale i ka wā e hoʻohana ai. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻohālike hou e hoʻohana ana i nā entomological surrogates no ka ʻikepili epidemiological e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka make ʻana o ka makika a me nā helu hānai i ana ʻia i loko o kēia mau hoʻāʻo e wānana i ka hopena o nā ITN i ka maʻi malaria a me ka prevalence i ka cluster RCTs. No laila, ʻo nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka cluster RCTs e hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka bioefficacy hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā lymph nodes i mālama ʻia i ka insecticide ma luna o ko lākou ola i manaʻo ʻia, a kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena epidemiological o kēia mau haʻawina.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hale hoʻokolohua he noho kanaka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka World Health Organization no ka loiloi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā ʻupena makika. Hoʻopili kēia mau hoʻāʻo i nā kūlana hoʻolaha honua maoli e hālāwai ai nā namu i ka wā e launa pū ai me nā ʻupena moe hale a no laila he ala kūpono loa ia no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pono olaola o nā ʻupena moe i hoʻohana ʻia i ko lākou ola lawelawe i manaʻo ʻia.
Ua nānā kēia haʻawina i ka pono entomological o ʻekolu ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻupena makika insecticidal hanauna hou (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® a me Interceptor® G2) ma lalo o nā kūlana kahua ma nā hale hoʻokolohua a hoʻohālikelike iā lākou me kahi ʻupena pyrethrin-only maʻamau (Interceptor®). Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau ʻupena makika a pau i ka papa inoa i koho mua ʻia no ka hoʻokele vector. Aia ma lalo iho nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia ʻupena makika.
Ma Malaki 2020, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻolaha hoʻolaha nui o nā ʻupena makika ma nā kauhale hale ma Zou Prefecture, hema Benin, no nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokele ma nā hale. Ua koho ʻia nā ʻupena moe ʻo Interceptor®, Royal Guard® a me Interceptor® G2 mai nā pūʻulu i wae ʻia ma nā kaona o Kove, Zagnanado a me Ouinhi ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi noiʻi nānā ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi pūʻulu RCT e loiloi i ka hopena epidemiological o nā ʻupena moe ʻelua insecticide. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻupena makika PermaNet® 3.0 ma ke kauhale ʻo Avokanzun kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Jija a me Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1 °56′ E) a hāʻawi like ʻia me nā ʻupena namu hui RCT i ka wā o ka hoʻolaha nui o 2020 o ka National Malaria Control Program. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i nā wahi o nā pūʻulu aʻo / kauhale kahi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ai nā ʻano ITN like ʻole e pili ana i nā kahua hale hoʻokolohua.
Ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolokolo hoʻokele hoʻokele e hoʻohālikelike i ka hana entomological o Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® a me Interceptor® G2 ITNs i ka wā i wehe ʻia mai nā hale ma 12, 24 a me 36 mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻolaha. I kēlā me kēia manawa makahiki, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hana o nā ITN kahiko ma ke kahua me nā ʻupena hou, hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o kēlā me kēia ʻano a me nā ʻupena i mālama ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano he mana maikaʻi ʻole. I kēlā me kēia makahiki makahiki, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka huina o 54 mau laʻana o nā ITN kahiko a me 6 mau ITN hou o kēlā me kēia ʻano ma 1 a i ʻole 2 replicate hut hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma mua o kēlā me kēia hoʻokolokolo hale, ua ana ʻia ka awelika porosity index o nā ʻupena kahua kahiko o kēlā me kēia ʻano ITN e like me nā ʻōlelo a WHO. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka lole a me ka waimaka mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo nā ITN hou a pau a me nā ʻupena hoʻomalu i mālama ʻole ʻia ua hoʻohālua ʻia me ʻeono mau puka 4 x 4 knm: ʻelua ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao lōʻihi a hoʻokahi ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao pōkole, e like me nā ʻōlelo a WHO. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻupena makika i loko o ka hale ma ka nakinaki ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao o ka pā hale me nā kaula i nā kui ma nā kihi o luna o nā paia o ka hale. Ua loiloi ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kēlā me kēia hoʻokolokolo hale:
Ua loiloi ʻia nā ʻupena kahiko i loko o nā hale hoʻokolohua i ka makahiki hoʻokahi i ka wehe ʻia ʻana o nā ʻupena. Ua mālama ʻia nā hoʻāʻo Hut ma ka pūnaewele like mai Mei a Kepakemapa 2021, ʻApelila a Iune 2022, a me Mei a Iulai 2023, me ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻupena ma hope o 12, 24, a me 36 mau mahina. ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo ʻana no hoʻokahi pōʻai lapaʻau holoʻokoʻa (54 pō ma luna o 9 pule), koe wale no 12 mahina, i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai ʻelua mau pōʻai lapaʻau e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka namu. Ma hope o ka hoʻolālā ʻāpana Latin, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau i kēlā me kēia pule ma waena o nā hale hoʻokolohua no ka mālama ʻana i nā hopena o ka wahi o ka hale, ʻoiai ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mea manawaleʻa i kēlā me kēia lā e hoʻomalu i nā ʻokoʻa o ka nani o nā namu o kēlā me kēia. ʻOhi ʻia nā makika i nā lā 6 o ka pule; i ka lā 7, ma mua o ka pōʻai ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā hale hale a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i mea e pale ai i ka maʻi ʻino.
ʻO nā helu hope loa no ka mālama ʻana i ka hale hoʻokolohua e kūʻē i nā namu Anopheles gambiae a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka hanauna hou ITN me ka pyrethroid-only Interceptor® net:
ʻO nā helu hope ʻelua no ka mālama ʻana i ka hale hoʻokolohua e kūʻē i nā makika Anopheles gambiae pale pyrethroid e like me kēia:
Hoʻopaʻa (%) - hoʻemi i ka helu komo i loko o ka hui mālama ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui i mālama ʻole ʻia. Penei ka helu ana.
ʻo Tu ka helu o nā makika i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu i mālama ʻole ʻia, a ʻo Tt ka helu o nā makika i komo i loko o ka hui mālama ʻia.
Churn Rate (%) – Churn rate ma muli o ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana mai ka mālama ʻana, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he hapa o nā makika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka lāʻau.
. ʻO ka coefficient hoʻopaʻa koko (%) ʻo ia ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hapa o nā makika hoʻoheheʻe koko i loko o ka hui i mālama ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu ʻole. Penei ke ano o ka helu ana: ma kahi o Bfu ka hapa o na makika koko i loko o ka hui hoomalu i malama ole ia, a o Bft ka hapa o na makika koko iloko o ka hui i malamaia.
Ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka momona (%) - ka emiʻana o ka nui o nā makika momona i loko o ka hui i mālamaʻia i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me ka mana i mālamaʻoleʻia. Penei ke ano o ka helu ana: ma kahi o Fu ka hapa o na makika momona i loko o ka hui hoomalu i malama ole ia, a o Ft ka hapa o na makika momona ma ka hui i malamaia.
No ka nānā ʻana i nā loli i ka ʻaoʻao kūʻē o nā heluna vector Cove i ka manawa, ua alakaʻi ʻo WHO i nā bioassays in vitro a me vial i ka makahiki hoʻokahi o kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua hale hoʻokolohua (2021, 2022, 2023) e loiloi i ka hiki ʻana o AI i nā ITN e aʻo ʻia a hoʻomaopopo i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena. I loko o nā haʻawina in vitro, ua hōʻike ʻia nā makika i nā pepa kānana i mālama ʻia me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) a me ka deltamethrin (0.05%), a me nā ʻōmole i uhi ʻia me nā ʻōmole i wehewehe ʻia o CFP (100 μg/bottle) a me PPF (100 μg/bottle) e loiloi i ka maʻi maʻi i kēia mau mea. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka ikaika o ka pale ʻana o ka pyrethroid ma ka wehe ʻana i nā makika i ka 5-fold (0.25%) a me ka 10-fold (0.50%) ʻokoʻa o ka α-cypermethrin a me ka deltamethrin. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka PBO synergy a me ka cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) overexpression i ka pale pyrethroid i loiloi ʻia e ka hoʻolaha mua ʻana i nā makika i nā manaʻo like ʻole o ka α-cypermethrin (0.05%) a me ka deltamethrin (0.05%), a me ka pre-exposure iā PBO (4%). Ua kūʻai ʻia ka pepa kānana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka paipu WHO mai ke Kulanui Sains Malaysia. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā pahu hoʻāʻo bioassay WHO e hoʻohana ana iā CFP a me PPF e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a WHO.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika i hoʻohana ʻia no ka bioassays ma ka pae larval mai nā wahi hoʻohua kokoke i nā hale hoʻokolohua a laila hānai ʻia i nā pākeke. I kēlā me kēia manawa, ma kahi o 100 mau makika i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia lapaʻau ʻana no 60 min, me 4 paʻi hou ʻana i kēlā me kēia paipu/'ōmole a ma kahi o 25 mau makika no ka paipu/'ōmole. No ka pyrethroid a me ka CFP hōʻike, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā makika hānai ʻole 3-5 mau lā, akā no ka PPF, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā makika koko koko 5-7 lā e hoʻoulu ai i ka oogenesis a nānā i ka hopena o ka PPF ma ka hana namu. Ua mālama ʻia nā ʻike like ʻole me ka pepa kānana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka aila silicone, PBO (4%) maʻemaʻe, a me nā hue i uhi ʻia i ka acetone ma ke ʻano he mana. I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā makika i loko o nā pahu i mālama ʻole ʻia a hōʻike ʻia i ka pulupulu pulupulu i hoʻonā ʻia i loko o 10% (w/v) glucose solution. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ma 24 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka pyrethroid a me kēlā me kēia 24 mau hola no 72 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o CFP a me PPF. No ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻalahi o ka PPF, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā namu e ola ana i ka PPF a me nā mana maikaʻi ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka make ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka ovarian me ka microscope compound, a ua loiloi ʻia ka momona e like me ka manawa Christophers o ka ulu ʻana o ka hua manu [28, 30]. Inā ulu pono nā hua i ka pae ʻo Christophers V, ua helu ʻia nā makika ma ke ʻano he momona, a inā ʻaʻole i ulu pono nā hua a noho ma nā pae I–IV, ua helu ʻia nā makika ma ke ʻano he sterile.
I kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā ʻāpana 30 × 30 cm mai nā ʻupena hou a me nā māla ma nā wahi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo WHO [22]. Ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā ʻupena, ua wahī ʻia i ka pepa alumini a mālama ʻia i loko o ka friji ma 4 ± 2 °C e pale ai i ka neʻe ʻana o AI i ka lole. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻupena i ka Walloon Agricultural Research Center ma Belgium no ka loiloi kemika e ana i nā loli i ka nui o ka ʻike AI i ko lākou ola lawelawe. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia nā ʻano analytical i hoʻohana ʻia (e pili ana i nā ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka International Cooperative Committee for Pesticide Analysis) [25, 31].
No ka ʻikepili hoʻāʻo hale hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka huina o nā makika ola/make, nahu ʻole, a me nā makika momona/sterile i loko o nā keʻena hale ʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia lapaʻau ʻana i kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo e helu i nā hopena like ʻole (72-hola make, biting, ectoparasitism, net entrapment, fertility) a me ko lākou mau manawa kūpono (CI95%). Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau no kēia mau hopena binary proportional me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka logistic regression, aʻo nā ʻokoʻa no nā hopena helu i kālai ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka regression binomial maikaʻi ʻole. Ma muli o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ʻelua mau pōʻai hoʻololi lapaʻau i kēlā me kēia 12 mahina a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kekahi mau lapaʻau ma waena o nā hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā loiloi komo ʻana o ka makika no ka helu o nā lā i hoʻāʻo ʻia i kēlā me kēia lapaʻau. Ua kālailai ʻia ka ITN hou no kēlā me kēia hopena no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manaʻo hoʻokahi no nā helu manawa āpau. Ma waho aʻe o ka wehewehe wehewehe nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻo kēlā me kēia kükohu i komo i loko o ka hale moe, ka moe, ka wā hoʻokolokolo, ITN aperture index, a me ka lā ma ke ʻano he hopena paʻa no ka hoʻololi ʻana ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia moe a me ka nani o ka hale, seasonality, kūlana namu, a me ka hoʻopuehu nui. ʻO nā loiloi regression i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā lākiō like ʻole (ORs) a me 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi e hoʻohālikelike i ka hopena o ka hanauna hou ITN i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻupena pyrethroid-only, Interceptor®, ma nā hopena mua o ka make a me ka fecundity. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia nā waiwai P mai nā hiʻohiʻona e hāʻawi i nā leka paʻa e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi helu helu ma ka pae 5% no nā hoʻohālikelike ʻelua a pau o nā hopena mua a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Ua hana ʻia nā loiloi regression āpau ma Stata version 18.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hiki ʻole o nā heluna vector Covese ma muli o ka make a me ka fecundity i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka vitro a me nā bioassays hue e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka World Health Organization. Hāʻawi nā hualoaʻa loiloi kemika i ka nui o ka ʻike AI ma nā ʻāpana ITN, i hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka helu paʻa ʻana o AI i nā ʻupena kahiko i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena hou i kēlā me kēia manawa i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hoʻopaʻa lima ʻia nā ʻikepili a pau ma nā palapala maʻamau a laila hoʻokomo pālua ʻia i loko o kahi waihona Microsoft Excel.
Ua'āpono nā Kōmike Ethics o ka 'Oihana Ola o Benin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), ka London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (No. 16237) a me ka World Health Organization (No. ERC.0003153) i ka hana o ka hoʻokolokolo pailaka e pili ana i nā mea manawaleʻa. Ua loaʻa ka ʻae i kākau ʻia mai nā mea manawaleʻa a pau ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka haʻawina. Loaʻa i nā poʻe manawaleʻa a pau ka chemoprophylaxis manuahi e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka maʻi maʻi, a ua hana ke kahu hānai i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e loiloi i nā mea manawaleʻa i loaʻa nā hōʻailona o ke kuni a i ʻole ka hopena ʻino i ka huahana hōʻike.
Nā hualoaʻa piha mai nā hale hoʻokolohua, e hōʻuluʻulu ana i ka huina o nā namu ola/make, pōloli/hānai ʻia i ke koko, a me nā makika momona/maʻemaʻe no kēlā me kēia hui hoʻokolohua, a me nā ʻikepili wehewehe i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui (Papa S1).
I loko o kahi hale hoʻokolohua ma Kowa, Benin, ua kāohi ʻia ka hānai koko ʻana i nā makika Anopheles gambiae kūʻē pyrethroid hihiu. Ua hui ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā mana i mālama ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻupena hou i nā hoʻokolohua e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo kūpono hoʻokahi. Ma ka loiloi loiloi loiloi, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā kolamu me nā leka maʻamau i ka pae 5% (p > 0.05). Hōʻike nā pahu hewa he 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi.
ʻO ka make ʻana o nā makika Anopheles gambiae kūʻē pyrethroid hihiu e komo ana i kahi hale hoʻokolohua ma Kowa, Benin. Ua hui ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā mana i mālama ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻupena hou i nā hoʻokolohua e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo hoʻokahi o ka pono. Ma ka loiloi loiloi loiloi, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā kolamu me nā leka maʻamau i ka pae 5% (p > 0.05). Hōʻike nā pahu hewa he 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi.
Hōʻike ka ratio odds i ka ʻokoʻa o ka make me nā ʻupena makika hou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena makika pyrethroid-only. Hōʻike ka laina kiko i ka ratio o ka 1, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka make. Hōʻike ka lākiō ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make me nā ʻupena makika hanauna hou. Ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻikepili no nā ʻupena makika hou i nā hoʻāʻo e hana i hoʻokahi manaʻo o ka pono. Hōʻike nā pahu hewa he 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi.
ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻo Interceptor® i ka make haʻahaʻa loa o nā ITN āpau i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻelemakule o ka māla i kona hopena i ka make vector. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa ka Interceptor® hou i ka 12% make, akā ʻo nā ʻupena kahiko i hōʻike i kahi hoʻomaikaʻi iki ma 12 mahina (17%, p = 0.006) a me 24 mau mahina (17%, p = 0.004), ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana i nā pae e like me nā ʻupena hou ma 36 mahina (11%, p = 0.05). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ua emi mālie ka nui o ka make no ka hanauna e hiki mai ana o nā ʻupena i mālama ʻia i nā pepeke ma hope o ke kau ʻana. ʻO ka ho'ēmiʻana i'ōlelo nuiʻia me Interceptor® G2, kahi i emi iho ai ka make mai 58% me nā meshes hou i 36% i nā mahina 12 (p<0.001), 31% ma 24 mahina (p<0.001), a me 20% ma 36 mahina (p< 0.001). ʻO ka PermaNet® 3.0 hou ka hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka make i 37%, a ua emi nui hoʻi i 20% i nā mahina 12 (p<0.001), 16% ma 24 mahina (p<0.001), a me 18% ma 36 mahina (p< 0.001). Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano like me ka Royal Guard®, me ka mesh hou e hopena i ka 33% ka emi ʻana o ka make, a ukali ʻia e kahi hōʻemi nui i 21% i nā mahina 12 (p<0.001), 17% ma 24 mahina (p<0.001) a me 15% ma 36 mahina (p< 0.001).
ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka momona o nā makika Anopheles gambiae kūʻē pyrethroid hihiu e komo ana i kahi hale hoʻokolohua ma Kwa, Benin. Ua hui ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā mana i mālama ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻupena hou i nā hoʻokolohua e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo hoʻokahi o ka pono. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā pahu me nā leka maʻamau i ka pae 5% (p> 0.05) e ka loiloi loiloi loiloi. Hōʻike nā pahu hewa he 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi.
Hōʻike nā ratio odds i ka ʻokoʻa o ka momona me nā ʻupena makika hou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻupena makika pyrethroid-only. Hōʻike ka laina kiko i ka ratio o 1, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka momona. Nā ratio like ʻoleHōʻike ka <1 i ka emi ʻana o ka momona me nā ʻupena hanauna hou. Ua hui pū ʻia nā ʻikepili no nā ʻupena makika hou i nā hoʻāʻo e hana i hoʻokahi manaʻo o ka pono. Hōʻike nā pahu hewa he 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-17-2025