ʻO ka nematode paina kahi endoparasite migratory quarantine i ʻike ʻia e hoʻoulu ai i nā pohō waiwai nui i nā kaiaolaola ululāʻau paina. Ke nānā nei ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa i ka hana nematicidal o nā indoles halogenated e kūʻē i nā nematodes paina a me kā lākou ʻano hana. ʻO nā hana nematicidal o 5-iodoindole a me avermectin (mana maikaʻi) e kūʻē i nā nematodes paina ua like a kiʻekiʻe i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (10 μg/mL). Ua hoʻemi ka 5-iodoindole i ka fecundity, ka hana hānau, ka make ʻana o ka embryonic a me ka larval, a me ke ʻano locomotor. Kākoʻo nā pilina molecular o nā ligands me nā mea loaʻa kahawai glutamate-gated chloride invertebrate-specific i ka manaʻo e hoʻopaʻa pono ana ka 5-iodoindole, e like me avermectin, i ka pūnaewele hana receptor. Ua hoʻoulu pū ʻo 5-Iodoindole i nā ʻano hoʻololi phenotypic like ʻole i nā nematodes, me ka hiolo ʻana/shrinkage organ maʻamau a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka vacuolization. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena e pāʻani paha nā vacuoles i ka make ʻana o ka nematode methylation-mediated. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole ʻawahia ka 5-iodoindole i nā ʻano mea kanu ʻelua (kāpeti a me ka radish). No laila, hōʻike kēia noiʻi e hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka iodoindole ma lalo o nā kūlana kaiapuni ke kāohi i ka hōʻeha ʻana o ka paina.
No nā nematode lāʻau paina (PWN) ka nematode lāʻau paina (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), nā nematode endoparasitic migratory i ʻike ʻia e hōʻino nui i ke kaiapuni i nā kaiaolaola o ka nahele paina1. Ke lilo nei ka maʻi palau paina (PWD) i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka nematode lāʻau paina i pilikia nui ma kekahi mau ʻāina, me ʻAsia a me ʻEulopa, a ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, hoʻopau ka nematode i nā ʻano paina i hoʻolauna ʻia1,2. ʻO ka emi ʻana o nā lāʻau paina kahi pilikia waiwai nui, a he mea hopohopo ka manaʻolana o kona laha ʻana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa3. ʻO nā ʻano paina e hiki ke hoʻouka pinepine ʻia e ka nematode: Pinus densiflora, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus thunbergii, a me Pinus radiata4. He maʻi koʻikoʻi ka nematode paina e hiki ke pepehi i nā lāʻau paina i loko o nā pule a i ʻole nā mahina o ka maʻi. Eia kekahi, he mea maʻamau nā maʻi ahulau nematode paina i nā ʻano kaiaolaola like ʻole, no laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kaulahao maʻi mau1.
He nematode mea kanu-parasitic quarantine ʻo Bursaphelenchus xylophilus no ka ʻohana superfamily Aphelenchoidea a me clade 102.5. ʻAi ka nematode i nā fungi a hoʻopuka hou i loko o nā ʻiʻo lāʻau o nā lāʻau paina, e ulu ana i ʻehā mau pae larval like ʻole: L1, L2, L3, L4 a me kahi kanaka makua1,6. Ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka nele i ka meaʻai, hele ka nematode paina i kahi pae larval kūikawā - dauer, kahi e parasitizes i kāna vector - ka pine bark beetle (Monochamus alternatus) a hoʻoili ʻia i nā lāʻau paina olakino. I loko o nā kikowaena olakino, neʻe koke nā nematodes ma o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu a hānai i nā cell parenchymatous, kahi e alakaʻi ai i kahi nui o nā hopena hypersensitivity, ka mae ʻana o ka paina a me ka make i loko o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka maʻi1,7,8.
ʻO ka kaohi ʻana i nā nematodes paina he mea paʻakikī loa ia no ka manawa lōʻihi, me nā hana quarantine mai ke kenekulia 20. ʻO nā hoʻolālā o kēia manawa no ka kaohi ʻana i nā nematodes paina e pili ana i nā lāʻau kemika, me ka fumigation lāʻau a me ke kanu ʻana i nā nematicides i loko o nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO nā nematicides i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo avermectin a me avermectin benzoate, nona ka ʻohana avermectin. He ikaika loa kēia mau kemika pipiʻi e kūʻē i nā ʻano nematode he nui a ua manaʻo ʻia he palekana no ke kaiapuni9. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i kēia mau nematicides e hana i ke kaomi koho e alakaʻi kokoke i ka puka ʻana mai o nā nematodes paina kūpaʻa, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia no kekahi mau mea ʻino pepeke, e like me Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Plutella xylostella a me nā nematodes Trichostrongylus colubriformis a me Ostertagia circumcincta, ka mea i hoʻomohala mālie i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā avermectins10,11,12. No laila, pono e aʻo mau ʻia nā ʻano kūʻē a nānā mau ʻia nā nematicides e ʻimi i nā hana ʻē aʻe, kūpono i ke kumukūʻai a me ke kaiapuni e kaohi ai i ka PVD. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hāpai kekahi mau mea kākau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā aila koʻikoʻi a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e like me nā mea hoʻomalu nematode13,14,15,16.
Ua hōʻike koke mākou i ka hana nematicidal o ka indole, kahi molekala hōʻailona intercellular a me interkingdom, ma Caenorhabditis elegans 17. ʻO Indole kahi hōʻailona intracellular ākea i ka microbial ecology, e kāohi ana i nā hana he nui e pili ana i ka physiology microbial, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka spore, ka paʻa plasmid, ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o biofilm, a me ka virulence 18, 19. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia ka hana o ka indole a me kāna mau derivatives e kūʻē i nā nematodes pathogenic ʻē aʻe. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua noiʻi mākou i ka hana nematicidal o 34 indoles e kūʻē i nā nematodes paina a ua wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka hana o ka 5-iodoindole ikaika loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microscopy, time-lapse photography, a me nā hoʻokolohua docking molecular, a ua loiloi i kona mau hopena ʻawahia i nā mea kanu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi assay germination seed.
Ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (>1.0 mM) o ka indole he hopena nematicidal i nā nematodes17. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā B. xylophilus (nā pae ola hui ʻia) me ka indole a i ʻole 33 mau derivatives indole like ʻole ma 1 mM, ua ana ʻia ka make o B. xylophilus ma ka helu ʻana i nā nematodes ola a make i nā hui kaohi a me nā hui i mālama ʻia. ʻElima mau indoles i hōʻike i ka hana nematicidal koʻikoʻi; ʻo ke ola ʻana o ka hui kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia he 95 ± 7% ma hope o 24 h. No nā indoles 34 i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻo 5-iodoindole a me 4-fluoroindole ma 1 mM i hoʻoulu i ka make 100%, ʻoiai ʻo 5,6-difluoroindigo, methylindole-7-carboxylate, a me 7-iodoindole i hoʻoulu i ka make ma kahi o 50% (Papa 1).
Ka hopena o 5-iodoindole ma ke kūkulu ʻana o nā vacuole a me ka metabolism o ka nematode lāʻau paina. (A) Ka hopena o ka avermectin a me 5-iodoindole ma nā nematodes kāne makua, (B) nā hua nematode pae L1 a me (C) metabolism o B. xylophilus, (i) ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā vacuoles ma 0 h, ua hopena ka lāʻau lapaʻau i (ii) nā vacuoles, (iii) ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā vacuoles he nui, (iv) ka pehu ʻana o nā vacuoles, (v) ka hui ʻana o nā vacuoles a me (vi) ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā vacuoles nunui. Hōʻike nā pua ʻulaʻula i ka pehu ʻana o nā vacuoles, hōʻike nā pua polū i ka hui ʻana o nā vacuoles a hōʻike nā pua ʻeleʻele i nā vacuoles nunui. Ka pā unahi = 50 μm.
Eia kekahi, ua wehewehe pū kēia haʻawina i ke kaʻina hana o ka make ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka methane i loko o nā nematodes paina (Kiʻi 4C). ʻO ka make methanogenic kahi ʻano make cell non-apoptotic e pili ana me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā vacuoles cytoplasmic koʻikoʻi27. ʻIke ʻia nā hemahema morphological i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā nematodes paina e pili pono ana i ke ʻano o ka make ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka methane. Ua hōʻike ka hoʻokolokolo microscopic i nā manawa like ʻole ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā vacuoles nunui ma hope o 20 hola o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka 5-iodoindole (0.1 mM). Ua ʻike ʻia nā vacuoles microscopic ma hope o 8 hola o ka mālama ʻana, a ua piʻi ko lākou helu ma hope o 12 hola. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau vacuoles nui ma hope o 14 hola. Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia kekahi mau vacuoles i hoʻopili ʻia ma hope o 12-16 hola o ka mālama ʻana, e hōʻike ana ʻo ka vacuole fusion ke kumu o ka ʻano make methanogenic. Ma hope o 20 mau hola, ua loaʻa kekahi mau vacuoles nunui ma loko o ka ilo. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka hōʻike mua o ka metuosis ma C. elegans.
I loko o nā ilo i mālama ʻia me 5-iodoindole, ua ʻike ʻia ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana a me ka haki ʻana o nā vacuole (Kiʻi 5), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ke kūlou ʻana o nā ilo a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā vacuole i loko o ke kaiapuni. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o nā vacuole i loko o ka membrane eggshell, kahi i mālama mau ʻia e L2 i ka wā o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana (Kiʻi Hoʻohui S2). Kākoʻo kēia mau nānā ʻana i ke komo ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili wai a me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka osmoregulatory, a me ka hōʻeha cell reversible (RCI), i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā vacuole a me ka suppuration (Kiʻi 5).
Ma ke kuhiakau ʻana i ke kuleana o ka iodine i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka vacuole i ʻike ʻia, ua noiʻi mākou i ka hana nematicidal o ka sodium iodide (NaI) a me ka potassium iodide (KI). Eia naʻe, ma nā ʻano (0.1, 0.5 a i ʻole 1 mM), ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopilikia i ke ola ʻana o ka nematode a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka vacuole (Kiʻi Hoʻohui S5), ʻoiai he hopena nematicidal iki ko 1 mM KI. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo 7-iodoindole (1 a i ʻole 2 mM), e like me 5-iodoindole, i hoʻoulu i nā vacuole he nui a me nā deformations structural (Kiʻi Hoʻohui S6). Ua hōʻike nā iodoindoles ʻelua i nā ʻano phenotypic like i nā nematodes pine, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻo NaI a me KI. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻaʻole i hoʻoulu ka indole i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka vacuole ma B. xylophilus ma nā ʻano i hoʻāʻo ʻia (ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili). No laila, ua hōʻoia nā hopena ʻo ka indole-iodine complex ke kuleana no ka vacuolization a me ka metabolism o B. xylophilus.
Ma waena o nā indoles i hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka hana nematicidal, ʻo 5-iodoindole ka mea i loaʻa ka helu paheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o -5.89 kcal/mol, ukali ʻia e 7-iodoindole (-4.48 kcal/mol), 4-fluoroindole (-4.33), a me indole (-4.03) (Kiʻi 6). ʻO ka pilina hydrogen iwi kuamoʻo ikaika o 5-iodoindole i leucine 218 e hoʻopaʻa i kona nakinaki ʻana, ʻoiai nā mea ʻē aʻe a pau o ka indole e nakinaki i ka serine 260 ma o nā pilina hydrogen kaulahao ʻaoʻao. Ma waena o nā iodoindoles i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻo 2-iodoindole ka waiwai nakinaki o -5.248 kcal/mol, ma muli o kona pilina hydrogen nui me ka leucine 218. ʻO nā nakinaki ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ʻo 3-iodoindole (-4.3 kcal/mol), 4-iodoindole (-4.0 kcal/mol), a me 6-fluoroindole (-2.6 kcal/mol) (Kiʻi Hoʻohui S8). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā indoles halogenated a me ka indole ponoʻī, koe wale nō ka 5-iodoindole a me 2-iodoindole, e hana i kahi pilina me ka serine 260. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hydrogen me ka leucine 218 he hōʻailona ia o ka hoʻopaʻa pono ʻana o ka receptor-ligand, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia no ivermectin (Supplementary Fig. S7), e hōʻoia ana ua hoʻopaʻa pono ʻo 5-iodoindole a me 2-iodoindole, e like me ivermectin, i kahi hana o ka receptor GluCL ma o leucine 218 (Fig. 6 a me Supplementary Fig. S8). Manaʻo mākou e pono kēia hoʻopaʻa ʻana e mālama i ke ʻano o ka pore hāmama o ka GluCL complex a ma o ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana i kahi hana o ka receptor GluCL, 5-iodoindole, 2-iodoindole, avermectin a me ivermectin pēlā e mālama ai i ke kahawai ion e wehe a ʻae i ka lawe ʻana o ka wai.
ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka indole a me ka indole halogenated iā GluCL. Nā kuhikuhi hoʻopaʻa o (A) indole, (B) 4-fluoroindole, (C) 7-iodoindole, a me (D) 5-iodoindole ligands i kahi hana o GluCL. Hōʻike ʻia ka protein e kahi lipine, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā pilina hydrogen iwi kuamoʻo ma ke ʻano he mau laina kiko melemele. Hōʻike ʻo (A′), (B′), (C′), a me (D′) i nā pilina o nā ligands pili me nā koena amino acid a puni, a hōʻike ʻia nā pilina hydrogen kaulahao ʻaoʻao e nā pua kiko poni.
Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e loiloi i ka hopena ʻawahia o 5-iodoindole ma ka ulu ʻana o nā hua kāpeti a me ka radish. ʻAʻohe hopena nui o 5-iodoindole (0.05 a i ʻole 0.1 mM) a i ʻole avermectin (10 μg/mL) i ka ulu mua ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā mea kanu (Kiʻi 7). Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i loaʻa ma waena o ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā kaohi i mālama ʻole ʻia a me nā hua i mālama ʻia me 5-iodoindole a i ʻole avermectin. ʻAʻole nui ka hopena ma ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o ke aʻa a me ka helu o nā aʻa ʻaoʻao i hana ʻia, ʻoiai ua hoʻopaneʻe iki ka 1 mM (10 manawa o kona ʻano hana) o 5-iodoindole i ka ulu ʻana o nā aʻa ʻaoʻao. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena ʻaʻole ʻawahia ka 5-iodoindole i nā cell mea kanu a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i nā kaʻina hana ulu mea kanu ma nā ʻano i aʻo ʻia.
Ka hopena o ka 5-iodoindole ma ka ulu ʻana o ka hua. Ka ulu ʻana, ka ʻōpuʻu ʻana a me ke aʻa ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao o nā hua B. oleracea a me R. raphanistrum ma ka medium agar Murashige a me Skoog me a i ʻole me ka ʻole o ka avermectin a i ʻole 5-iodoindole. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ulu ʻana ma hope o 3 mau lā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma 22°C.
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i kekahi mau hihia o ka pepehi ʻana i nā nematode e nā indoles. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo kēia ka hōʻike mua o ka methylation i hoʻoulu ai i ka iodoindole (kahi hana i hana ʻia e ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā vacuoles liʻiliʻi e hui mālie ana i loko o nā vacuoles nunui, e alakaʻi ana i ka haki ʻana o ka membrane a me ka make) i loko o nā nila paina, me ka iodoindole e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai nematicidal koʻikoʻi e like me nā mea o ka nematicide avermectin kalepa.
Ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā Indoles e hoʻohana i nā hana hōʻailona he nui i nā prokaryotes a me nā eukaryotes, me ka pale ʻana/hoʻokumu ʻana o ka biofilm, ke ola ʻana o ka bacteria, a me ka pathogenicity19,32,33,34. I kēia manawa, ua huki ka hopena therapeutic o nā indoles halogenated, nā indole alkaloids, a me nā semisynthetic indole derivatives i ka hoihoi noiʻi nui35,36,37. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā indoles halogenated e pepehi i nā cell Escherichia coli a me Staphylococcus aureus mau loa37. Eia kekahi, he mea hoihoi ʻepekema ke aʻo ʻana i ka pono o nā indoles halogenated e kūʻē i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, nā genera, a me nā aupuni, a ʻo kēia haʻawina he ʻanuʻu ia e hoʻokō ai i kēia pahuhopu.
Maanei, ke hāpai nei mākou i kahi ʻano hana no ka make ʻana o 5-iodoindole i loko o C. elegans e pili ana i ka hōʻeha cell reversible (RCI) a me ka methylation (Nā Kiʻi 4C a me 5). ʻO nā loli Edematous e like me ka puffiness a me ka vacuolar degeneration he mau hōʻailona o RCI a me methylation, i hōʻike ʻia e like me nā vacuoles nunui i loko o ka cytoplasm48,49. Hoʻopilikia ʻo RCI i ka hana ikehu ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hana ATP, e hana ana i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pamu ATPase, a i ʻole e hoʻopilikia i nā membrane cell a me ke komo wikiwiki ʻana o Na+, Ca2+, a me ka wai50,51,52. Kū mai nā vacuoles intracytoplasmic i loko o nā cell holoholona ma muli o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka cytoplasm ma muli o ke komo ʻana o Ca2+ a me ka wai53. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia ʻano hana o ka hōʻino ʻana o nā cell inā he manawa pōkole ka hōʻino a hoʻomaka nā cell e hana i ka ATP no kekahi manawa, akā inā hoʻomau a ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka hōʻino, make nā cell.54 Hōʻike kā mākou mau nānā ʻana ʻaʻole hiki i nā nematodes i mālama ʻia me 5-iodoindole ke hoʻihoʻi i ka biosynthesis maʻamau ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kūlana kaumaha.
ʻO ke ʻano methylation i hoʻokumu ʻia e 5-iodoindole ma B. xylophilus paha ma muli o ke alo o ka iodine a me kona hoʻolaha molekala, ʻoiai ʻo 7-iodoindole ka hopena inhibitory liʻiliʻi ma B. xylophilus ma mua o 5-iodoindole (Papa 1 a me ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui S6). He kūlike iki kēia mau hopena me nā haʻawina a Maltese et al. (2014), nāna i hōʻike ua hoʻopau ka translocation o ka pyridyl nitrogen moiety i loko o ka indole mai ka para- a i ka meta-position i ka vacuolization, ka inhibition ulu, a me ka cytotoxicity i loko o nā pūnaewele U251, e hōʻike ana he mea koʻikoʻi ka pilina o ka mole me kahi wahi hana kikoʻī i loko o ka protein27,44,45. ʻO nā pilina ma waena o nā indole indole a i ʻole nā indoles halogenated a me nā mea loaʻa GluCL i ʻike ʻia ma kēia haʻawina e kākoʻo pū i kēia manaʻo, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ʻo 5- a me 2-iodoindole e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea loaʻa GluCL ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā indoles ʻē aʻe i nānā ʻia (Kiʻi 6 a me ke Kiʻi Hoʻohui S8). Ua ʻike ʻia ka iodine ma ke kūlana ʻelua a ʻelima paha o ka indole e hoʻopaʻa i ka leucine 218 o ka mea loaʻa GluCL ma o nā pilina hydrogen iwi kuamoʻo, ʻoiai ʻo nā indoles halogenated ʻē aʻe a me ka indole ponoʻī e hana i nā pilina hydrogen kaulahao ʻaoʻao nāwaliwali me ka serine 260 (Kiʻi 6). No laila ke kuhi nei mākou he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka localization o ka halogen i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka vacuolar degeneration, ʻoiai ʻo ka nakinaki paʻa o 5-iodoindole e mālama i ke kahawai ion e wehe ana, no laila e ʻae ana i ka kahe wikiwiki o ka wai a me ka haki ʻana o ka vacuole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano hana kikoʻī o 5-iodoindole.
Ma mua o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o 5-iodoindole, pono e kālailai ʻia kona hopena ʻawahia i nā mea kanu. Ua hōʻike kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua ulu hua ʻaʻohe hopena maikaʻi ʻole o 5-iodoindole i ka ulu hua a i ʻole nā kaʻina hana hoʻomohala ma hope ma nā ʻano i aʻo ʻia (Kiʻi 7). No laila, hāʻawi kēia haʻawina i kahi kumu no ka hoʻohana ʻana o 5-iodoindole i loko o ke kaiapuni kaiaola e kāohi i ka pōʻino o nā nematodes paina i nā lāʻau paina.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ma mua e hōʻike ana ka lāʻau lapaʻau indole i kahi ala kūpono e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia o ke kū'ē ʻana i ka antibiotic a me ka holomua o ka maʻi kanesa55. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā indoles nā hana antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, antiproliferative a me antituberculosis a hiki ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohiki no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau56,57. Hōʻike kēia haʻawina no ka manawa mua i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia o ka iodine ma ke ʻano he mea antiparasitic a me anthelmintic.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Avermectin i ʻekolu mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ua lanakila i ka Nobel Prize ma 2015, a ke hoʻomau nei kona hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he anthelmintic. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā avermectins i nā nematodes a me nā mea ʻino pepeke, pono kahi hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai, a aloha i ke kaiapuni e kāohi i ka maʻi PWN i nā lāʻau paina. Hōʻike pū kēia haʻawina i ke ʻano hana e pepehi ai ʻo 5-iodoindole i nā nematodes paina a he haʻahaʻa ka ʻawaʻawa o 5-iodoindole i nā cell mea kanu, kahi e wehe ai i nā manaʻolana maikaʻi no kāna noi kalepa e hiki mai ana.
Ua ʻāpono ʻia nā hoʻokolohua āpau e ke Kōmike Hoʻopono o ke Kulanui ʻo Yeungnam, Gyeongsan, Korea, a ua hana ʻia nā ʻano hana e like me nā alakaʻi o ke Kōmike Hoʻopono o ke Kulanui ʻo Yeungnam.
Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻoulu hua manu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana i hoʻokumu ʻia43. No ka loiloi ʻana i nā helu hoʻopuehu (HR), ua hoʻoili ʻia nā nematodes makua 1 lā (ma kahi o 100 wahine a me 100 kāne) i nā kīʻaha Petri i loaʻa ka fungus a ʻae ʻia e ulu no 24 hola. A laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua manu a mālama ʻia me 5-iodoindole (0.05 mM a me 0.1 mM) a i ʻole avermectin (10 μg/ml) ma ke ʻano he wai hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Ua hoʻoili ʻia kēia mau wai hoʻoheheʻe (500 μl; ma kahi o 100 hua manu) i nā lua o kahi pā moʻomeheu ʻiʻo 24-lua a hoʻoulu ʻia ma 22 °C. Ua hana ʻia nā helu L2 ma hope o 24 hola o ka hoʻoulu ʻana akā ua manaʻo ʻia ua make inā ʻaʻole neʻe nā cell i ka wā i hoʻoulu ʻia me kahi uea platinum maikaʻi. Ua hana ʻia kēia hoʻokolohua i ʻelua mau pae, kēlā me kēia me ʻeono mau hana hou. Ua hui pū ʻia a hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua. Ua helu ʻia ka pakeneka o HR penei:
Ua loiloi ʻia ka make ʻana o nā larval me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana i hoʻomohala mua ʻia. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā hua nematode a ua hoʻonohonoho like ʻia nā embryos ma ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i loko o ka wai distilled sterile e hana i nā larvae pae L2. Ua mālama ʻia nā larvae synchronized (ma kahi o 500 nematodes) me 5-iodoindole (0.05 mM a me 0.1 mM) a i ʻole avermectin (10 μg/ml) a hānai ʻia ma nā papa B. cinerea Petri. Ma hope o 48 hola o ka incubation ma 22 °C, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā nematodes i loko o ka wai distilled sterile a nānā ʻia no ke alo o nā pae L2, L3, a me L4. ʻO ke alo o nā pae L3 a me L4 i hōʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka larval, ʻoiai ʻo ke alo o ke kahua L2 i hōʻike ʻaʻohe hoʻololi. Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka iRiS™ Digital Cell Imaging System. Ua hana ʻia kēia hoʻokolohua ma ʻelua mau pae, kēlā me kēia me ʻeono mau hana hou. Ua hui pū ʻia a hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili mai nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua.
Ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻawahia o 5-iodoindole a me avermectin i nā hua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻāʻo germination ma nā papa agar Murashige a me Skoog.62 Ua hoʻomoʻa mua ʻia nā hua B. oleracea a me R. raphanistrum i loko o ka wai distilled sterile no hoʻokahi lā, holoi ʻia me 1 ml 100% ethanol, sterilized me 1 ml 50% commercial bleach (3% sodium hypochlorite) no 15 min, a holoi ʻia i ʻelima mau manawa me 1 ml sterile water. A laila ua kaomi ʻia nā hua sterilized ma luna o nā papa agar germination e loaʻa ana he 0.86 g/l (0.2X) Murashige a me Skoog medium a me 0.7% bacteriological agar me ka ʻole o 5-iodoindole a i ʻole avermectin. A laila ua hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā papa ma 22 °C, a ua lawe ʻia nā kiʻi ma hope o 3 mau lā o ka incubation. Ua hana ʻia kēia hoʻokolohua ma ʻelua mau pae, ʻeono mau hana hou i kēlā me kēia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Pepeluali-26-2025