ʻO ka emi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ka malaria ma Côte d'Ivoire ma muli nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻupena pepeke lōʻihi (LIN). Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia kēia holomua e ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pepeke pepeke, nā loli ʻano i nā heluna kanaka Anopheles gambiae, a me ke koena o ka laha ʻana o ka malaria, e pono ai ka pono no nā mea hana hou aʻe. No laila, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ke loiloi i ka pono o ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o LLIN a me Bacillus thuringiensis (Bti) a hoʻohālikelike iā ia me LLIN.
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana mai Malaki 2019 a Pepeluali 2020 ma waena o ʻelua mau lima aʻo (ʻo ka lima LLIN + Bti a me ka lima LLIN wale nō) ma ka ʻāina olakino ʻo Korhogo ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire. Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua mālama ʻia nā wahi noho larval Anopheles me Bti i kēlā me kēia ʻelua pule me ka LLIN. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika larval a me nā makika makua a ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka genus a me nā ʻano me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano maʻamau. Lālā Ann. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka paʻakikī Gambian me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana polymerase chain reaction. Maʻi me Plasmodium An. Ua loiloi ʻia hoʻi ka nui o ka malaria ma Gambia a me ka heluna kanaka kūloko.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o nā larval o Anopheles spp. ma ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui LLIN wale nō 0.61 [95% CI 0.41–0.81] larvae/luʻu (l/luʻu) 3.97 [95% CI 3.56–4 .38] l/luʻu (RR = 6.50; 95% CI 5.81–7.29 P < 0.001). ʻO ka wikiwiki holoʻokoʻa o ka nahu ʻana o An. ʻO ka nui o nā nahu ʻana o S. gambiae he 0.59 [95% CI 0.43–0.75] no ke kanaka/pō ma ka hui LLIN + Bti wale nō, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2.97 [95% CI 2.02–3.93] nahu no ke kanaka/pō ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (P < 0.001). ʻO Anopheles gambiae sl ka mea nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka makika Anopheles. ʻO Anopheles gambiae (ss) (95.1%; n = 293), a ukali ʻia e Anopheles gambiae (4.9%; n = 15). ʻO ka helu koko kanaka ma ka wahi i aʻo ʻia he 80.5% (n = 389). ʻO ka EIR no ka hui LLIN + Bti he 1.36 mau nahu i loaʻa i ka maʻi i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki (ib/p/y), ʻoiai ʻo ka EIR no ka hui LLIN wale nō he 47.71 ib/p/y. Ua emi nui ka nui o ka maʻi malaria mai 291.8‰ (n = 765) a i 111.4‰ (n = 292) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti (P < 0.001).
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o LLIN a me Bti ua hoʻemi nui i ka nui o ka maʻi malaria. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o LLIN a me Bti paha he ala hoʻohui maikaʻi no ka kaohi pono ʻana iā An. ʻAʻohe malaria ma Gambia.
ʻOiai ka holomua o ka kaohi ʻana i ka malaria i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ʻo ke kaumaha o ka malaria ke pilikia nui nei ma ʻApelika sub-Saharan [1]. Ua hōʻike koke aku nei ka World Health Organization (WHO) he 249 miliona mau hihia malaria a me kahi 608,000 mau make e pili ana i ka malaria ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i ka makahiki 2023 [2]. ʻO ka WHO African Region ka mea no 95% o nā hihia malaria o ka honua a me 96% o nā make malaria, me nā wahine hāpai a me nā keiki ma lalo o 5 mau makahiki i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia [2, 3].
ʻO nā ʻupena insecticidal lōʻihi (LLIN) a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā koena o loko (IRS) ua hoʻokani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha o ka malaria ma ʻApelika [4]. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kēia mau mea hana kaohi vector malaria i hopena i ka emi ʻana o 37% o ka hanana malaria a me ka emi ʻana o 60% o ka make ma waena o 2000 a me 2015 [5]. Eia nō naʻe, ua kū mālie a wikiwiki paha nā ʻano i ʻike ʻia mai ka makahiki 2015, me ka nui o nā make malaria e mau ana, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ʻApelika sub-Saharan [3]. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi i ka puka ʻana mai a me ka laha ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i waena o nā vector malaria nui ʻo Anopheles i nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia i ke olakino lehulehu ma ke ʻano he pale i ka pono o LLIN a me IRS i ka wā e hiki mai ana [6,7,8]. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā loli i ke ʻano nahu vector ma waho a ma mua o ka pō ke kuleana no ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka malaria koena a he hopohopo nui ia [9, 10]. ʻO nā palena o LLIN a me IRS i ka kaohi ʻana i nā vectors kuleana no ka hoʻoili koena he palena nui ia o nā hana hoʻopau malaria o kēia manawa [11]. Eia kekahi, ua wehewehe ʻia ke kūpaʻa o ka malaria e nā kūlana aniau a me nā hana a ke kanaka, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi noho larval [12].
ʻO ka hoʻokele kumu larval (LSM) kahi ʻano hana e pili ana i ka wahi hānau no ka kaohi ʻana i nā vector e manaʻo ana e hōʻemi i ka nui o nā wahi hānau a me ka nui o nā larvae makika a me nā pupae i loko o lākou [13]. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo LSM e kekahi mau haʻawina ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā hoʻohui hou no ka kaohi ʻana i nā vector malaria [14, 15]. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka pono o LSM e hāʻawi i kahi pōmaikaʻi pālua e kūʻē i nā nahu o nā ʻano vector malaria ma loko a ma waho [4]. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka kaohi vector me nā LSM e pili ana i ka larvicide e like me Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) hiki ke hoʻonui i ka laulā o nā koho kaohi malaria. I ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻokani ʻo LSM i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka kaohi kūleʻa o ka malaria ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Brazil, ʻAigupita, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia a me Zambia [16,17,18]. ʻOiai ua hoʻokani ʻo LSM i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokele pest i hoʻohui ʻia ma kekahi mau ʻāina i hoʻopau i ka malaria, ʻaʻole i hoʻohui nui ʻia ʻo LSM i nā kulekele a me nā hana kaohi vector malaria ma ʻApelika a hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā papahana kaohi vector ma kekahi mau ʻāina sub-Saharan. nā ʻāina [14,15,16,17,18,19]. ʻO kekahi kumu no kēia, ʻo ia ka manaʻoʻiʻo ākea he nui loa nā wahi hoʻoulu a paʻakikī hoʻi e loaʻa, e hoʻolilo ana i ka LSM i mea pipiʻi loa e hoʻokō [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14]. No laila, ua ʻōlelo ka World Health Organization no nā makahiki he ʻumi e pono e kālele nā kumuwaiwai i hoʻoulu ʻia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā vector malaria ma LLIN a me IRS [20, 21]. ʻAʻole a hiki i ka makahiki 2012 i ʻōlelo ai ka World Health Organization i ka hoʻohui ʻana o LSM, ʻoiai nā hana Bti, ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui iā LLIN a me IRS ma kekahi mau wahi ma sub-Saharan Africa [20]. Mai ka wā i hana ai ʻo WHO i kēia ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina hoʻāʻo ma ka hiki ke hana, ka pono a me ke kumukūʻai o nā biolarvicides ma sub-Saharan Africa, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o LSM i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā ʻano makika Anopheles a me ka pono o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka malaria ma ke ʻano o [22, 23]. . , 24].
ʻO Côte d'Ivoire kekahi o nā ʻāina he 15 me ke kaumaha malaria kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua [25]. ʻO ka laha o ka malaria ma Côte d'Ivoire e hōʻike ana i 3.0% o ke kaumaha malaria honua, me ka helu o nā hihia a me ka helu o nā hihia mai 300 a ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 no 1000 mau kamaʻāina [25]. ʻOiai ke kau maloʻo lōʻihi mai Nowemapa a Mei, laha ka malaria i loko o ka makahiki ma ka ʻāina savanna ʻākau o ka ʻāina [26]. ʻO ka laha ʻana o ka malaria ma kēia ʻāina e pili ana me ke alo o ka nui o nā mea lawe asymptomatic o Plasmodium falciparum [27]. Ma kēia ʻāina, ʻo ka mea lawe malaria maʻamau ʻo Anopheles gambiae (SL). Palekana kūloko. ʻO nā makika Anopheles gambiae i haku nui ʻia me Anopheles gambiae (SS), he kūpaʻa loa ia i nā insecticides a no laila ke kau nei i kahi pilikia nui o ka laha malaria koena [26]. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o LLIN he hopena palena paha i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka laha malaria ma muli o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā insecticide o nā vectors kūloko a no laila ke noho nei he wahi hopohopo nui. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina hoʻāʻo e hoʻohana ana iā Bti a i ʻole LLIN i ka pono i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā nui o nā mea lawe mai nā makika ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe haʻawina mua i loiloi i ka hopena o nā hoʻopili pinepine ʻana o Bti i hui pū ʻia me LLIN ma ka laha ʻana o ka malaria a me ka nui o ka maʻi malaria ma kēia ʻāina. No laila, ua manaʻo kēia haʻawina e loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o LLIN a me Bti ma ka laha ʻana o ka malaria ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hui LLIN + Bti me ka hui LLIN wale nō ma nā kauhale ʻehā ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire. Ua kuhiakau ʻia e hoʻohui ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi LSM e pili ana iā Bti ma luna o LLIN i ka waiwai ma ka hōʻemi hou ʻana i nā nui o nā makika malaria i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me LLIN wale nō. ʻO kēia ʻano hana i hoʻohui ʻia, e kuhikuhi ana i nā makika Anopheles ʻōpiopio e lawe ana i ka Bti a me nā makika Anopheles makua e lawe ana i ka LLIN, he mea koʻikoʻi paha ia no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka laha ʻana o ka malaria ma nā wahi o ka nui o ka maʻi malaria, e like me nā kauhale ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire. No laila, hiki i nā hopena o kēia haʻawina ke kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā e hoʻokomo i ka LSM i nā papahana kaohi maʻi malaria aupuni (NMCPs) ma nā ʻāina maʻi ma ka ʻākau o Sahara.
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa ma nā kauhale ʻehā o ka ʻoihana ʻo Napieldougou (i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo Napier) ma ka ʻāpana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻo Korhogo ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire (Kiʻi 1). Nā kauhale e aʻo ʻia nei: ʻo Kakologo (9° 14′ 2″ N, 5° 35′ 22″ E), Kolekakha (9° 17′ 24″ N, 5° 31′ 00″ E .), Lofinekaha (9° 17′ 31″). ) 5° 36′ 24″ N) a me Nambatiurkaha (9° 18′ 36″ N, 5° 31′ 22″ E). Ua manaʻo ʻia ka heluna kanaka o Napierledougou i ka makahiki 2021 he 31,000 mau kamaʻāina, a aia ka panalāʻau he 53 mau kauhale me ʻelua mau kikowaena olakino [28]. Ma ka moku ʻo Napyeledougou, kahi i loaʻa ai ka maʻi malaria ke kumu nui o nā kipa lapaʻau, ka hoʻokipa ʻana i ka haukapila a me ka make, ʻo LLIN wale nō ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā mea lawe ʻo Anopheles [29]. Loaʻa nā kauhale ʻehā ma nā hui aʻo ʻelua i lawelawe ʻia e ke kikowaena olakino hoʻokahi, nona nā moʻolelo lapaʻau o nā hihia malaria i nānā ʻia ma kēia haʻawina.
Palapala ʻāina o Côte d'Ivoire e hōʻike ana i ka wahi i aʻo ʻia. (Kumu palapala ʻāina a me ka polokalamu: ʻikepili GADM a me ArcMap 10.6.1. ʻUpena insecticidal lōʻihi LLIN, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
Ua hōʻea ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi malaria ma waena o ka heluna kanaka i manaʻo ʻia ma ke kikowaena olakino ʻo Napier i 82.0% (2038 mau hihia) (ʻikepili ma mua o Bti). Ma nā kauhale ʻehā a pau, hoʻohana wale nā ʻohana iā PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN, i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Ivorian NMCP i ka makahiki 2017, me ka uhi ʻana ma mua o 80% [25, 26, 27, 28, 30]. No ka ʻāina ʻo Korhogo nā kauhale, kahi e lawelawe ai ma ke ʻano he wahi nānā no ka ʻAha Koa Lahui o Ivory Coast a hiki ke komo i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kauhale ʻehā ma ka liʻiliʻi he 100 mau ʻohana a me ka heluna kanaka like, a e like me ke kākau inoa olakino (kahi palapala hana o ke Kuhina Ola o Ivorian), ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau hihia o ka malaria i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO ka malaria ke kumu nui o Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) a ua hoʻoili ʻia i nā kānaka e Plasmodium. Hoʻoili pū ʻia ka gambiae e nā makika Anopheles a me Anopheles nili ma ka ʻāina [28]. ʻO ka paʻakikī kūloko ʻo An. ʻO ka gambiae he mau makika Anopheles. Loaʻa i ka gambiae ss kahi alapine kiʻekiʻe o nā hoʻololi kdr (alapine: 90.70–100%) a me kahi alapine waena o nā alleles ace-1 (alapine: 55.56–95%) [29].
ʻO ka awelika o ka ua makahiki a me ka mahana mai 1200 a 1400 mm a me 21 a 35 °C, a ua manaʻo ʻia ka haʻahaʻa pili (RH) ma 58%. Loaʻa i kēia wahi noiʻi ke aniau ʻano Sudanese me ke kau maloʻo 6 mahina (Nowemapa a ʻApelila) a me ke kau pulu 6 mahina (Mei a ʻOkakopa). Ke ʻike nei ka ʻāina i kekahi o nā hopena o ka loli o ke aniau, e like me ka nalowale ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ke kau maloʻo lōʻihi, i hōʻailona ʻia e ka maloʻo ʻana o nā kino wai (nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa, nā pā laiki, nā loko, nā puddles) hiki ke lilo i wahi noho no nā ʻenuhe makika Anopheles. Nā makika[26].
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, i hōʻike ʻia e nā kauhale ʻo Kakologo lāua ʻo Nambatiurkaha, a ma ka hui LLIN wale nō, i hōʻike ʻia e nā kauhale ʻo Kolekaha lāua ʻo Lofinekaha. I ka wā o kēia aʻo ʻana, ua hoʻohana wale ka poʻe ma kēia mau kauhale a pau iā PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN.
Ua loiloi ʻia ka pono o LLIN (PermaNet 2.0) i hui pū ʻia me Bti e kūʻē i nā makika Anopheles a me ka laha ʻana o ka malaria ma kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻomalu randomized (RCT) me ʻelua mau lima noiʻi: ka hui LLIN + Bti (hui lapaʻau) a me ka hui LLIN wale nō (hui kaohi). Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻūlū LLIN + Bti e Kakologo lāua ʻo Nambatiourkaha, ʻoiai ʻo Kolékaha lāua ʻo Lofinékaha i hoʻolālā ʻia he mau poʻohiwi LLIN wale nō. Ma nā kauhale ʻehā, ke hoʻohana nei nā kamaʻāina kūloko iā LLIN PermaNet® 2.0 i loaʻa mai ka Ivory Coast NMCP i ka makahiki 2017. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua like nā kūlana no ka hoʻohana ʻana iā PermaNet® 2.0 ma nā kauhale like ʻole no ka mea ua loaʻa iā lākou ka pūnaewele ma ke ʻano like. . Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua mālama ʻia nā wahi noho larval Anopheles me Bti i kēlā me kēia ʻelua pule ma waho aʻe o ka LLIN i hoʻohana mua ʻia e ka heluna kanaka. Ua mālama ʻia nā wahi noho larval i loko o nā kauhale a i loko o kahi radius 2 km mai ke kikowaena o kēlā me kēia kauhale e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka World Health Organization a me ka NMCP o Côte d'Ivoire [31]. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hui LLIN wale nō ka lāʻau lapaʻau larvicidal Bti i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano granular hoʻoheheʻe wai o Bti (Vectobac WG, 37.4% wt; helu lot 88–916-PG; 3000 International Toxicity Units IU/mg; Valent BioScience Corp, USA) ma kahi mahele o 0.5 mg/L. . E hoʻohana i kahi mea pīpī ʻeke 16L a me kahi pū pīpī fiberglass me ka lima a me ka nozzle hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia me ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o 52 ml i kekona (3.1 L/min). No ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi nebulizer e loaʻa ana he 10 L o ka wai, ʻo ka nui o Bti i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana he 0.5 mg/L × 10 L = 5 mg. No ka laʻana, no kahi wahi me ke kahe wai hoʻolālā o 10 L, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea pīpī 10 L e mālama i ka nui o ka wai, ʻo ka nui o Bti e pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia he 0.5 mg/L × 20 L = 10 mg. Ua ana ʻia he 10 mg Bti ma ke kahua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi unahi uila. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spatula, e hoʻomākaukau i kahi slurry ma ke kāwili ʻana i kēia nui o Bti i loko o kahi bākeke 10 L i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Ua koho ʻia kēia mahele ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua kahua o ka pono o Bti e kūʻē i nā instar like ʻole o Anopheles spp. a me Culex spp. ma nā kūlana kūlohelohe ma kahi ʻokoʻa, akā like me ka wahi o ka noiʻi hou [32]. Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka hoʻokuʻu larvicide a me ka lōʻihi o ka noi ʻana no kēlā me kēia wahi hoʻohua ma muli o ka nui o ka wai i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi hoʻohua [33]. E hoʻopili iā Bti me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi sprayer lima i calibrated. Hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia nā Nebulizers i ka wā o nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa pākahi a ma nā wahi like ʻole e hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka nui kūpono o Bti.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manawa kūpono loa e mālama ai i nā wahi hānau larval, ua ʻike ka hui i ka pīpī ʻana i ka puka makani. ʻO ka puka makani pīpī ka manawa e hoʻopili ʻia ai kahi huahana e hoʻokō ai i ka pono kūpono: ma kēia haʻawina, ua like ka puka makani pīpī mai 12 mau hola a 2 mau pule, ma muli o ke kūpaʻa o Bti. ʻIke ʻia, ʻo ka lawe ʻana o Bti e nā larvae ma kahi hānau e pono ai kahi manawa mai 7:00 a 18:00. Ma kēia ʻano, hiki ke pale ʻia nā wā ua nui ke ʻano o ka ua e hoʻōki i ka pīpī ʻana a hoʻomaka hou i ka lā aʻe inā kūlike ke aniau. Pili nā lā pīpī a me nā lā a me nā manawa kikoʻī i nā kūlana o ke aniau i nānā ʻia. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea pīpī ʻeke no ka nui o ka noi Bti i makemake ʻia, ua aʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia loea e nānā maka a hoʻonohonoho i ka nozzle sprayer a mālama i ke kaomi. Hoʻopau ʻia ka calibration ma ka hōʻoia ʻana ua hoʻopili like ʻia ka nui kūpono o ka mālama ʻana o Bti no kēlā me kēia wahi. E mālama i ka noho ʻana o nā larvae i kēlā me kēia ʻelua pule. Hana ʻia nā hana larvicidal me ke kākoʻo o ʻehā mau loea akamai a aʻo maikaʻi ʻia. Mālama ʻia nā hana larvicidal a me nā mea komo e nā luna nānā akamai. Ua hoʻomaka ka mālama ʻana iā Larvicidal i Malaki 2019 i ka wā maloʻo. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi mua ʻo ke kau maloʻo ka manawa kūpono loa no ka hana larvicidal ma muli o ke kūpaʻa o nā wahi hānau a me ka emi ʻana o ko lākou nui [27]. Manaʻo ʻia ka kaohi ʻana i nā larvae i ka wā maloʻo e pale i ka huki ʻana o nā makika i ka wā ua. ʻElua (02) kilokani o Bti ke kumukūʻai US$99.29 e ʻae i ka hui noiʻi e loaʻa ana ka lāʻau lapaʻau e uhi i nā wahi āpau. Ma ka hui LLIN+Bti, ua mau ka hana larvicidal i hoʻokahi makahiki piha, mai Malaki 2019 a hiki i Pepeluali 2020. He 22 mau hihia o ka lāʻau larvicidal i hana ʻia ma ka hui LLIN+Bti.
Ua nānā ʻia nā hopena ʻaoʻao kūpono (e like me ka maneʻo, ka poniuniu a i ʻole ka ihu wai) ma o nā noiʻi pākahi o nā nebulizers biolarvicide Bti a me nā kamaʻāina o ka ʻohana e komo ana i ka hui LIN + Bti.
Ua mālama ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻohana ma waena o 400 mau ʻohana (200 mau ʻohana no kēlā me kēia hui noiʻi) e kuhi i ka pakeneka o ka hoʻohana ʻana o LLIN i waena o ka heluna kanaka. I ke ana ʻana i nā ʻohana, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano nīnau nīnau helu. Ua māhele ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o LLIN i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu makahiki: 15 mau makahiki. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka nīnau nīnau a wehewehe ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Senoufo kūloko i ke poʻo o ka ʻohana a i ʻole kekahi kanaka makua ma luna o 18 mau makahiki.
Ua helu ʻia ka nui liʻiliʻi loa o ka ʻohana i ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia e Vaughan lāua ʻo Morrow [34].
ʻO n ka nui o ka laʻana, ʻo e ka palena o ka hewa, ʻo t ka mea palekana i loaʻa mai ka pae hilinaʻi, a ʻo p ka hapa o nā mākua o ka heluna kanaka me ka ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia element o ka hakina kahi waiwai kūlike, no laila (t) = 1.96; ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka ʻohana ma kēia kūlana ma ke anamanaʻo he 384 mau ʻohana.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua o kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano nohona like ʻole no nā ʻenuhe Anopheles i loko o nā hui LLIN+Bti a me LLIN, ua laʻana ʻia, ua wehewehe ʻia, ua kuhikuhi ʻia i ka honua a ua lepili ʻia. E hoʻohana i kahi ana lipine e ana i ka nui o ke kolone pūnana. A laila ua loiloi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻenuhe namu i kēlā me kēia mahina no 12 mau mahina ma 30 mau wahi hānau i koho ʻia ma ke ʻano random no kēlā me kēia kauhale, no ka huina o 60 mau wahi hānau no kēlā me kēia hui aʻo. He 12 mau laʻana ʻenuhe no kēlā me kēia wahi aʻo, e kūlike ana me 22 mau lāʻau Bti. ʻO ke kumu o ke koho ʻana i kēia mau wahi hānau 30 no kēlā me kēia kauhale, ʻo ia ka hopu ʻana i kahi helu lawa o nā wahi hōʻiliʻili ʻenuhe ma nā kauhale a me nā ʻāpana aʻo e hōʻemi i ka manaʻo kūʻē. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻenuhe ma ke kuʻu ʻana me kahi puna 60 ml [35]. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi loa a me ka pāpaʻu o kekahi mau hale hānai, pono e hoʻohana i kahi bākeke liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka bākeke WHO maʻamau (350 ml). Ua hana ʻia he 5, 10 a i ʻole 20 mau luʻu mai nā wahi pūnana me ka anapuni o 10 m, kēlā me kēia. Ua hoʻokō pololei ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o nā larvae i hōʻiliʻili ʻia (e like me Anopheles, Culex a me Aedes) ma ke kula [36]. Ua māhele ʻia nā larvae i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ʻelua mau māhele e pili ana i ke kahua hoʻomohala: nā larvae instar mua (nā kahua 1 a me 2) a me nā larvae instar hope (nā kahua 3 a me 4) [37]. Ua helu ʻia nā larvae ma nā genera a ma kēlā me kēia pae hoʻomohala. Ma hope o ka helu ʻana, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā larvae makika i ko lākou mau wahi hānau a hoʻopiha hou ʻia i ko lākou nui mua me ka wai kumu i hoʻohui ʻia me ka wai ua.
Ua manaʻo ʻia he maikaʻi kahi hoʻoulu inā aia ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi larva a pupa paha o kekahi ʻano makika. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka larva ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka helu o nā larva o ka genus like me ka helu o nā luʻu ʻana.
ʻElua lā ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia haʻawina, a i kēlā me kēia ʻelua mahina, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika makua mai 10 mau ʻohana i koho ʻia mai kēlā me kēia kauhale. Ma loko o ke aʻo ʻana, ua hana kēlā me kēia hui noiʻi i nā noiʻi laʻana o 20 mau ʻohana i ʻekolu lā ka lōʻihi. Ua hopu ʻia nā makika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahele puka makani maʻamau (WT) a me nā pahele pīpī pyrethrum (PSC) [38, 39]. I ka wā mua, ua helu ʻia nā hale āpau o kēlā me kēia kauhale. A laila ua koho ʻia ʻehā mau hale o kēlā me kēia kauhale ma ke ʻano he mau wahi hōʻiliʻili no nā makika makua. Ma kēlā me kēia hale i koho ʻia, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika mai ka lumi moe nui. Loaʻa i nā lumi moe i koho ʻia nā puka a me nā puka makani a ua noho ʻia i ka pō ma mua. Noho pani ʻia nā lumi moe ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana a i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā makika e pale aku i nā makika mai ka lele ʻana i waho o ka lumi. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi WT ma kēlā me kēia puka makani o kēlā me kēia lumi moe ma ke ʻano he wahi laʻana makika. I ka lā aʻe, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika i komo i ka wahi hana mai nā lumi moe ma waena o 06:00 a me 08:00 am. E hōʻiliʻili i nā makika mai kāu wahi hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi waha a mālama iā lākou i loko o kahi kīʻaha pepa hoʻolei i uhi ʻia me kahi ʻāpana maka. ʻUpena makika. Ua hopu koke ʻia nā makika e hoʻomaha ana ma ka lumi moe hoʻokahi ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o WT me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka PSC pyrethroid. Ma hope o ka hohola ʻana i nā pepa keʻokeʻo ma ka papahele o ka lumi moe, e pani i nā puka a me nā puka makani a pīpī i ka insecticide (nā mea hana: 0.25% transfluthrin + 0.20% permethrin). Ma kahi o 10 a 15 mau minuke ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana, e wehe i ka uhi moe mai ka lumi moe i mālama ʻia, e hoʻohana i nā tweezers e ʻohi i nā makika i pae ma luna o nā pepa keʻokeʻo, a mālama iā lākou i loko o kahi kīʻaha Petri i piha i ka pulupulu i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka wai. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia hoʻi ka nui o ka poʻe i noho i ka pō ma nā lumi moe i koho ʻia. Hoʻoneʻe koke ʻia nā makika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua ma kahi no ka hana hou aku.
Ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike ʻia nā makika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ke ʻano morphological i ka genus a me nā ʻano [36]. ʻO nā ovaries a Anna. gambiae SL me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope dissecting binocular me kahi kulu o ka wai distilled i kau ʻia ma luna o kahi slide aniani [35]. Ua loiloi ʻia ke kūlana Parity e hoʻokaʻawale i nā wahine multiparous mai nā wahine nulliparous ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ovarian a me ka tracheal, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka hānau ʻana a me ka makahiki physiological [35].
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka helu kuhikuhi pili ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kumu o ka ʻai koko i hōʻiliʻili hou ʻia. gambiae e ka enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koko mai nā kānaka, nā holoholona (nā bipi, nā hipa, nā kao) a me nā mea hoʻokipa moa [40]. Ua helu ʻia ka infestation Entomological (EIR) me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā An. Estimates o nā wahine SL ma The Gambia [41] Eia kekahi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka maʻi An. me Plasmodium gambiae ma ke kālailai ʻana i ke poʻo a me ka umauma o nā wahine multiparous me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano circumsporozoite antigen ELISA (CSP ELISA) [40]. ʻO ka hope loa, aia nā lālā o Ann. Ua ʻike ʻia ka gambiae ma ka nānā ʻana i kona mau wāwae, nā ʻēheu a me ka ʻōpū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [34].
Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili lapaʻau e pili ana i ka malaria mai ka papa inoa kūkākūkā lapaʻau o ke Kikowaena Ola ʻo Napyeledugou, kahi e uhi ana i nā kauhale ʻehā i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Kakologo, Kolekaha, Lofinekaha a me Nambatiurkaha). Ua kālele ka loiloi papa inoa ma nā moʻolelo mai Malaki 2018 a i Pepeluali 2019 a mai Malaki 2019 a i Pepeluali 2020. ʻO ka ʻikepili lapaʻau mai Malaki 2018 a i Pepeluali 2019 e hōʻike ana i ka ʻikepili kumu a i ʻole ma mua o ke komo ʻana o Bti, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻikepili lapaʻau mai Malaki 2019 a i Pepeluali 2020 e hōʻike ana i ka ʻikepili komo mua o Bti. ʻIkepili ma hope o ke komo ʻana o Bti. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻike lapaʻau, ka makahiki a me ke kauhale o kēlā me kēia maʻi ma nā hui aʻo LLIN+Bti a me LLIN i loko o ka papa inoa olakino. No kēlā me kēia maʻi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻike e like me ke kumu o ke kauhale, ka makahiki, ka ʻike, a me ka pathology. I nā hihia i loiloi ʻia ma kēia haʻawina, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka malaria e ka hoʻāʻo diagnostic wikiwiki (RDT) a/a i ʻole ka microscopy malaria ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hui pū ʻia me artemisinin (ACT) e kahi mea mālama ola. Ua māhele ʻia nā hihia malaria i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu makahiki (ʻo ia hoʻi he 15 mau makahiki). Ua kuhi ʻia ka nui o ka malaria i kēlā me kēia makahiki no 1000 mau kamaʻāina ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka nui o ka malaria no 1000 mau kamaʻāina e ka heluna kanaka o ke kauhale.
Ua hoʻokomo pālua ʻia nā ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kēia haʻawina i loko o kahi waihona ʻikepili Microsoft Excel a laila lawe ʻia mai i loko o ka polokalamu open source R [42] mana 3.6.3 no ka loiloi helu. Hoʻohana ʻia ka pūʻolo ggplot2 e kaha kiʻi i nā kiʻi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona linear laulā e hoʻohana ana i ka regression Poisson e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka larval a me ka helu awelika o nā nahu makika i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēlā me kēia pō ma waena o nā hui aʻo. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ana o ka ratio relevance (RR) e hoʻohālikelike i ka awelika o nā larval densities a me nā helu nahu o nā makika Culex a me Anopheles. Ua kau ʻia ʻo Gambia SL ma waena o nā hui aʻo ʻelua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui LLIN + Bti ma ke ʻano he baseline. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā nui o ka hopena ma ke ʻano he odds ratios a me 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ratio (RR) o ka hoʻāʻo Poisson e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻāpana a me nā helu hanana o ka malaria ma mua a ma hope o ke komo ʻana o Bti i kēlā me kēia hui aʻo. ʻO ka pae koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia he 5%.
Ua ʻāpono ʻia ke kaʻina hana noiʻi e ke Komite Hoʻonaʻauao Noiʻi Lahui o ke Kuhina Ola a me ke Ola Kino o Côte d'Ivoire (N/Ref: 001//MSHP/CNESVS-kp), a me ka ʻāpana olakino ʻāpana a me ka hoʻomalu o Korhogo. Ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ʻenuhe makika a me nā mākua, ua loaʻa ka ʻae ʻia i kau inoa ʻia mai nā mea komo i ka noiʻi ʻohana, nā mea nona, a/a i ʻole nā mea noho. He inoa ʻole a pilikino nā ʻikepili ʻohana a me nā ʻikepili lapaʻau a loaʻa wale nō i nā mea noiʻi i koho ʻia.
Ua kipa ʻia he 1198 mau wahi hoʻopūnana. No kēia mau wahi hoʻopūnana i noiʻi ʻia ma ka wahi noiʻi, 52.5% (n = 629) no ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 47.5% (n = 569) no ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1.10 [95% CI 0 .98–1.24], P = 0.088). Ma ke ʻano laulā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahi noho larval kūloko i 12 mau ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hapa nui o nā wahi noho larval he mau māla laiki (24.5%, n=294), ukali ʻia e ka hoʻokahe ʻino (21.0%, n=252) a me nā ipu lepo (8.3). %, n = 99), kapa muliwai (8.2%, n = 100), lua wai (7.2%, n = 86), lua wai (7.0%, n = 84), pamu wai o ke kauhale (6.8%, n = 81), nā kapuaʻi wāwae (4.8%, n = 58), nā ʻūpā (4.0%, n = 48), nā ipu hao (5.2%, n = 62), nā loko (1.9%, n = 23) a me nā luawai (0.9%, n = 11). ).
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 47,274 mau ʻenuhe makika mai kahi i aʻo ʻia ai, me ka hapa o 14.4% (n = 6,796) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 85.6% (n = 40,478) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō ((RR = 5.96) [95% CI 5.80–6.11], P ≤ 0.001). Aia kēia mau ʻenuhe i ʻekolu ʻano makika, ʻo Anopheles ka ʻano nui. (48.7%, n = 23,041), ukali ʻia e Culex spp. (35.0%, n = 16,562) a me Aedes spp. (4.9%, n = 2340). ʻO nā pupae he 11.3% o nā nalo ʻōpiopio (n = 5344).
ʻO ka awelika holoʻokoʻa o ka nui o nā ʻūlū Anopheles spp. Ma kēia haʻawina, ʻo ka nui o nā ʻūlū i kēlā me kēia scoop he 0.61 [95% CI 0.41–0.81] L/dip i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 3.97 [95% CI 3.56–4.38] L/luʻu i loko o ka hui LLIN wale nō (koho). faila 1: Kiʻi S1). ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o Anopheles spp. ʻO ka hui LLIN wale nō he 6.5 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (HR = 6.49; 95% CI 5.80–7.27; P < 0.001). ʻAʻohe makika Anopheles i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻūlū ma ka hui LLIN + Bti e hoʻomaka ana i Ianuali, e like me ka mālama ʻana o ka Bti iwakālua. Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua emi nui ka nui o ka ʻūlū mua a me ka hope.
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti (Malaki), ua manaʻo ʻia ka awelika o ka nui o nā makika Anopheles instar mua he 1.28 [95% CI 0.22–2.35] L/luʻu i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 1.37 [95% CI 0.36–2.36] l/luʻu i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti. l/luʻu. /luʻu wale nō i ka lima LLIN (Kiʻi 2A). Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti, ua emi mālie ka awelika o ka nui o nā makika Anopheles mua i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti mai 0.90 [95% CI 0.19–1.61] a i 0.10 [95% CI – 0.03–0.18] l/luʻu. Ua noho haʻahaʻa nā nui o nā larval Anopheles instar mua i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti. I loko o ka hui LLIN wale nō, ua loli ka nui o nā Anopheles spp. Ua ʻike ʻia nā larvae instar mua me ka awelika o ka nui mai 0.23 [95% CI 0.07–0.54] L/luʻu a i 2.37 [95% CI 1.77–2.98] L/luʻu. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka awelika o ka nui o nā larvae Anopheles mua i ka hui LLIN wale nō ma 1.90 [95% CI 1.70–2.10] L/luʻu, ʻoiai ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o nā larvae Anopheles mua i ka hui LLIN he 0.38 [95% CI 0.28–0.47]) l/luʻu. + hui Bti (RR = 5.04; 95% CI 4.36–5.85; P < 0.001).
Nā loli i ka awelika o ka nui o nā ʻenuhe Anopheles. Nā ʻupena makika mua (A) a me ka hope o ka instar (B) i loko o kahi hui noiʻi mai Malaki 2019 a hiki i Pepeluali 2020 ma ka ʻāina ʻo Napier, ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire. LLIN: ʻupena pepehi pepeke lōʻihi Bti: Bacillus thuringiensis, Israel TRT: lāʻau lapaʻau;
ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o nā larvae Anopheles spp. i ka wā ʻōpiopio ma ka hui LLIN + Bti. ʻO ka nui o ka Bti ma mua o ka mālama ʻana he 2.98 [95% CI 0.26–5.60] L/dip, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui ma ka hui LLIN-alone he 1.46 [95% CI 0.26–2.65] l/lā Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o Bti, ua emi ka nui o nā larvae Anopheles instar hope loa ma ka hui LLIN + Bti mai 0.22 [95% CI 0.04–0.40] a i 0.03 [95% CI 0.00–0.06] L/dip (Kiʻi 2B). I loko o ka hui LLIN wale nō, ua piʻi ka nui o nā larvae Anopheles hope mai 0.35 [95% CI - 0.15-0.76] a i 2.77 [95% CI 1.13-4.40] l/luʻu me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa i ka nui o nā larval ma muli o ka lā laʻana. ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o nā larvae Anopheles hope loa i ka hui LLIN wale nō he 2.07 [95% CI 1.84–2.29] L/luʻu, ʻeiwa manawa ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 0.23 [95% CI 0.11–0.36] l/luʻu ʻana i loko o ka hui LLIN. + Bti (RR = 8.80; 95% CI 7.40–10.57; P < 0.001).
ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o Culex spp. ʻO nā waiwai he 0.33 [95% CI 0.21–0.45] L/dip i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 2.67 [95% CI 2.23–3.10] L/dip i ka hui LLIN wale nō (faila hou 2: Kiʻi S2). ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o Culex spp. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hui LLIN wale nō ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (HR = 8.00; 95% CI 6.90–9.34; P < 0.001).
ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o ka genus Culex Culex spp. Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana, ʻo Bti l/dip he 1.26 [95% CI 0.10–2.42] l/dip i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 1.28 [95% CI 0.37–2.36] i ka hui LLIN wale nō (Kiʻi 3A). Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti, ua emi nā nui o nā larvae Culex mua mai 0.07 [95% CI - 0.001–0.] a i 0.25 [95% CI 0.006–0.51] L/dip. ʻAʻohe larvae Culex i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā wahi larval i mālama ʻia me Bti e hoʻomaka ana i Dekemaba. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā larvae Culex mua i 0.21 [95% CI 0.14–0.28] L/dip i ka hui LLIN + Bti, akā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma ka hui LLIN wale nō ma 1.30 [95% CI 1.10–1.50] l/immersion. drop/d. ʻO ka nui o nā larvae Culex mua ma ka hui LLIN wale nō he 6 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (RR = 6.17; 95% CI 5.11–7.52; P < 0.001).
Nā loli i ka awelika o ka nui o nā ʻōpeʻapeʻa Culex spp. Nā hoʻokolohua o ke ola mua (A) a me ke ola mua (B) i loko o kahi hui noiʻi mai Malaki 2019 a hiki i Pepeluali 2020 ma ka ʻāina ʻo Napier, ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire. ʻUpena insecticidal lōʻihi LLIN, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, mālama ʻana iā Trt
Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti, ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o nā larvae Culex instar hope loa i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me ka hui LLIN he 0.97 [95% CI 0.09–1.85] a me 1.60 [95% CI – 0.16–3.37] l/luʻu ʻana e like me ia (Kiʻi 3B)). ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o nā ʻano Culex instar hope loa ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti. Ua emi mālie ka nui o ka nui ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a ua haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō, ka mea i noho kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o nā larvae Culex instar hope loa he 0.12 [95% CI 0.07–0.15] L/luʻu ʻana ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 1.36 [95% CI 1.11–1.61] L/luʻu ʻana ma ka hui wale nō LLIN. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka awelika o ka nui o nā larvae Culex instar hope loa ma ka hui LLIN wale nō ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (RR = 11.19; 95% CI 8.83–14.43; P < 0.001).
Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti, ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o nā pupae no kēlā me kēia ladybug he 0.59 [95% CI 0.24–0.94] ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 0.38 [95% CI 0.13–0.63] ma ka LLIN wale nō (Kiʻi 4). ʻO ka nui o nā pupal holoʻokoʻa he 0.10 [95% CI 0.06–0.14] ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 0.84 [95% CI 0.75–0.92] ma ka hui LLIN wale nō. Ua hoʻemi nui ka mālama ʻana iā Bti i ka awelika o ka nui o nā pupal ma ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui LLIN wale nō (OR = 8.30; 95% CI 6.37–11.02; P < 0.001). Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ʻaʻohe pupae i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma hope o Nowemapa.
Nā loli i ka awelika o ka nui o nā pupae. Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana mai Malaki 2019 a Pepeluali 2020 ma ka ʻāina ʻo Napier ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire. ʻUpena insecticidal lōʻihi LLIN, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, Trt treatment
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 3456 mau makika makua mai ka wahi i aʻo ʻia. No 17 mau ʻano o 5 mau genera nā makika (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Eretmapodites) (Papa 1). I nā mea lawe malaria ʻo An. gambiae sl ka ʻano nui loa me ka hapa o 74.9% (n = 2587), ukali ʻia e An. gambiae sl. funestus (2.5%, n = 86) a me An null (0.7%, n = 24). ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai o Anna. gambiae sl ma ka hui LLIN + Bti (10.9%, n = 375) ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (64%, n = 2212). ʻAʻohe maluhia. ua hui pū ʻia nā kānaka nli me LLIN wale nō. Eia nō naʻe, aia ʻo An. gambiae lāua ʻo An. funestus ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me ka hui LLIN wale nō.
Ma nā haʻawina i hoʻomaka ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana o Bti ma kahi hoʻouluulu (3 mahina), ʻo ka awelika o ka nui o nā makika nocturnal no kēlā me kēia kanaka (b/p/n) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti ua manaʻo ʻia he 0.83 [95% CI 0.50–1.17], ʻoiai ma ka hui LLIN + Bti he 0.72 ma ka hui LLIN wale nō [95% CI 0.41–1.02] (Kiʻi 5). Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua emi ka pōʻino o nā makika Culex a ua noho haʻahaʻa ʻoiai ka piko o 1.95 [95% CI 1.35–2.54] bpp i Kepakemapa ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o Bti 12. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka hui LLIN wale nō, ua piʻi mālie ka awelika o ka nahu ʻana o nā makika ma mua o ka piko ʻana i Kepakemapa ma 11.33 [95% CI 7.15–15.50] bp/n. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o nā nahu makika ma ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui LLIN wale nō i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana (HR = 3.66; 95% CI 3.01–4.49; P < 0.001).
ʻO ka nui o nā nahu o nā holoholona makika ma ka wahi noiʻi o ka ʻāina ʻo Napier ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire mai Malaki 2019 a hiki i Pepeluali 2020 LLIN ʻUpena insecticidal lōʻihi, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, mālama Trt, nahu b/p/pō/kanaka/pō
ʻO Anopheles gambiae ka mea lawe malaria maʻamau ma ka wahi aʻo. Ka wikiwiki o ka nahu ʻana o An. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, he mau waiwai b/p/n ko nā wāhine Gambian he 0.64 [95% CI 0.27–1.00] ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 0.74 [95% CI 0.30–1.17] ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (Kiʻi 6). I ka wā o ke komo ʻana o Bti, ua ʻike ʻia ka hana nahu kiʻekiʻe loa i Kepakemapa, e pili ana i ka papa ʻumikūmālua o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti, me ka piko o 1.46 [95% CI 0.87–2.05] b/p/n ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me ka piko o 9 .65 [95% CI 0.87–2.05] w/n 5.23–14.07] LLIN hui wale nō. ʻO ka wikiwiki holoʻokoʻa o ka nahu ʻana o An. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka maʻi ma Gambia ma ka hui LLIN + Bti (0.59 [95% CI 0.43–0.75] b/p/n) ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (2.97 [95% CI 2, 02–3.93] b/p/no). (RR = 3.66; 95% CI 3.01–4.49; P < 0.001).
ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka nahu ʻana o Anna. gambiae sl, keʻena noiʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Napier, ʻākau o Cote d'Ivoire, mai Malaki 2019 a hiki i Pepeluali 2020 LLIN ʻupena moe lōʻihi i mālama ʻia me ka insecticide, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, mālama Trt, nahu b/p/pō/kanaka/pō
Huina 646 amps. Ua ʻokiʻoki ʻia ʻo Gambia. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ka pakeneka o ka palekana kūloko. ʻO nā helu like ma Gambia ma ke ʻano laulā he >70% i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana, koe wale nō ʻo Iulai, i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka hui LLIN wale nō (Faila hou 3: Kiʻi S3). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka awelika o ka hānau keiki ma kahi o ke aʻo ʻana he 74.5% (n = 481). Ma ka hui LLIN+Bti, ua noho ka helu like ma kahi kiʻekiʻe, ma luna o 80%, koe wale nō ʻo Kepakemapa, i ka wā i hāʻule ai ka helu like i 77.5%. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o nā helu hānau keiki maʻamau ma ka hui LLIN wale nō, me ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka helu hānau keiki maʻamau he 64.5%.
Mai 389 Ann. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi o nā ʻāpana koko pākahi mai The Gambia he 80.5% (n = 313) no ke kanaka, 6.2% (n = 24) o nā wahine i ʻai i ke koko hui ʻia (kanaka a me ka home) a 5.1% (n = 20) i ʻai i ke koko. ʻO ka meaʻai mai nā holoholona (pipi, hipa a me nā kao) a me 8.2% (n = 32) o nā laʻana i kālailai ʻia he maikaʻi ʻole no ka ʻai koko. Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ʻo ka hapa o nā wahine e loaʻa ana i ke koko kanaka he 25.7% (n = 100) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 54.8% (n = 213) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (Faila Hou 5: Papa S5).
Huina 308 amps. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻo P. gambiae e ʻike i nā lālā o ka paʻakikī ʻano a me ka maʻi P. falciparum (Faila Hou 4: Papa S4). ʻElua mau "ʻano pili" e noho pū ana ma kahi noiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo An. gambiae ss (95.1%, n = 293) a me An. coluzzii (4.9%, n = 15). ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o Anopheles gambiae ss ma ka hui LLIN + Bti ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (66.2%, n = 204) (RR = 2.29 [95% CI 1.78–2.97], P < 0.001). Ua loaʻa kahi hapa like o nā makika Anopheles i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti (3.6%, n = 11) a me ka hui LLIN wale nō (1.3%, n = 4) (RR = 2.75 [95% CI 0.81–11 .84], P = .118). ʻO ka laha o ka maʻi Plasmodium falciparum ma waena o An. SL ma Gambia he 11.4% (n = 35). ʻO nā helu maʻi Plasmodium falciparum. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka helu maʻi ma Gambia ma ka hui LLIN + Bti (2.9%, n = 9) ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (8.4%, n = 26) (RR = 2.89 [95% CI 1. 31–7.01], P = 0.006). ). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makika Anopheles, ʻo nā makika Anopheles gambiae ka hapa nui loa o ka maʻi Plasmodium ma 94.3% (n=32). coluzzii wale nō 5.7% (n = 5) (RR = 6.4 [95% CI 2.47–21.04], P < 0.001).
Ua anamanaʻo ʻia he 2,435 kānaka mai 400 mau ʻohana. ʻO ka awelika o ka nui o ka poʻe ma kēlā me kēia ʻohana he 6.1 kānaka. ʻO ka nui o ka poʻe nona ka LLIN ma waena o nā ʻohana he 85% (n = 340), ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 15% (n = 60) no nā ʻohana me ka ʻole o ka LLIN (RR = 5.67 [95% CI 4.29–7.59], P < 0.001) (Faila hou 5: Papa S5). . ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o LLIN he 40.7% (n = 990) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 36.2% (n = 882) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1.12 [95% CI 1.02–1.23], P = 0.013). ʻO ka awelika o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻupena ma kahi i aʻo ʻia he 38.4% (n = 1842). Ua like ka nui o nā keiki ma lalo o ʻelima mau makahiki e hoʻohana ana i ka Pūnaewele ma nā hui aʻo ʻelua, me nā helu hoʻohana ʻupena he 41.2% (n = 195) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 43.2% (n = 186) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō. (HR = 1.05 [95% CI 0.85–1.29], P = 0.682). Ma waena o nā keiki 5 a 15 mau makahiki, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa ma nā helu hoʻohana ʻupena ma waena o 36.3% (n = 250) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 36.9% (n = 250) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1.02 [95% CI 1.02–1.23], P = 0.894). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka poʻe ma luna o 15 mau makahiki i hoʻohana i nā ʻupena moe 42.7% (n = 554) ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ka hui LLIN + Bti ma mua o 33.4% (n = 439) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.11–1.43], P <0.001).
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 2,484 mau hihia lapaʻau ma ke Kikowaena Ola ʻo Napier ma waena o Malaki 2018 a me Pepeluali 2020. ʻO ka nui o ka maʻi malaria lapaʻau i ka heluna kanaka maʻamau he 82.0% o nā hihia āpau o ka pathology lapaʻau (n = 2038). ʻO nā helu hanana kūloko makahiki o ka malaria ma kēia wahi noiʻi he 479.8‰ a me 297.5‰ ma mua a ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti (Papa 2).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-01-2024