ʻO ka emi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ka maʻi maʻi ma Côte dʻIvoire ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻupena insecticidal mau loa (LIN).Eia nō naʻe, hoʻoweliweli ʻia kēia holomua e ka pale ʻana i nā iniseti, nā hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano o ka poʻe Anopheles gambiae, a me ke koena o ka maʻi maʻi malaria, e koi ana i ka pono o nā mea hana hou.No laila, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia ka loiloi i ka pono o ka hoʻohana hui ʻana o LLIN a me Bacillus thuringiensis (Bti) a hoʻohālikelike me LLIN.
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana mai Malaki 2019 a i Pepeluali 2020 ma waena o ʻelua mau lima aʻo (LLIN + Bti lima a me LLIN wale nō lima) ma ka ʻāina olakino Korhogo ma ka ʻĀkau Côte dʻIvoire.I loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua mālama ʻia nā wahi larval Anopheles me Bti i kēlā me kēia pule ʻelua me ka LLIN.Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā makika larval a me nā kanaka makua a ʻike ʻia i ka moʻo a me nā ʻano me nā ʻano maʻamau.Lala Ann.Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka paʻakikī Gambian me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻohālikelike kaulahao polymerase.ʻO ka maʻi me ka Plasmodium An.Ua loiloi pū ʻia ka nui o ka maʻi maʻi ma Gambia a me ka heluna kanaka.
ʻO ka laulā, ʻo Anopheles spp.ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka puʻupuʻu larva ma ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui LLIN wale nō 0.61 [95% CI 0.41-0.81] larvae/dive (l/dive) 3.97 [95% CI 3.56-4 .38] l/dive (RR = 6.50; 95% CI 5.81–7.29 P <0.001).ʻO ka māmā holo nahu o An.ʻO ka nui o ka S. gambiae bites he 0.59 [95% CI 0.43-0.75] i kēlā me kēia kanaka / pō i ka hui LLIN + Bti wale nō, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2.97 [95% CI 2.02-3.93] nahu i kēlā me kēia kanaka/pō ma ka hui LLIN-wale (P <0.001).Ua ʻike mua ʻia ʻo Anopheles gambiae sl ka makika Anopheles.Anopheles gambiae (ss) (95.1%; n = 293), ukali e Anopheles gambiae (4.9%; n = 15).ʻO 80.5% ka helu koko kanaka ma ka wahi aʻo (n = 389).ʻO ka EIR no ka hui LLIN + Bti he 1.36 nā maʻi maʻi i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki (ib/p/y), aʻo ka EIR no ka hui LLIN wale nō he 47.71 ib/p/y.Ua emi loa ka ma'i malaria mai 291.8‰ (n = 765) a i 111.4‰ (n = 292) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti (P <0.001).
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o LLIN a me Bti i hōʻemi nui i ka maʻi malaria.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o LLIN a me Bti he ala hoʻohui hoʻohiki maikaʻi no ka mālama pono ʻana o An.ʻAʻohe maʻi malaria ka Gambia.
ʻOiai ka holomua o ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ke kaumaha o ka maʻi maʻi he pilikia nui ma sub-Saharan Africa [1].Ua hōʻike mai nei ka World Health Organization (WHO) he 249 miliona mau maʻi maʻi malaria a he 608,000 mau make pili i ka maʻi malaria ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i 2023 [2].ʻO ka ʻĀina ʻApelika ʻo WHO ka 95% o nā maʻi malaria o ka honua a me 96% o ka make maʻi maʻi, me nā wahine hāpai a me nā keiki ma lalo o 5 mau makahiki i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia [2, 3].
Ua hana nui nā ʻupena insecticidal lōʻihi (LLIN) a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i loko o ka hale (IRS) i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kaumaha o ka maʻi maʻi ma ʻApelika [4].ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kēia mau mea hoʻokele malaria vector i hopena i ka 37% ka emi ʻana o ka maʻi malaria a me ka 60% ka emi ʻana o ka make ma waena o 2000 a me 2015 [5].Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻano i ʻike ʻia mai ka makahiki 2015 ua paʻa i ka weliweli a i ʻole ka wikiwiki ʻana, me ka make ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma sub-Saharan Africa [3].Ua ʻike kekahi mau haʻawina i ka puka ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana ma waena o ka malaria vector Anopheles nui i nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia i ke olakino lehulehu i mea e pale ai i ka hopena o ka wā e hiki mai ana o LLIN a me IRS [6,7,8].Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻano vector biting ma waho a ma mua o ka pō ke kuleana no ke koena o ka maʻi malaria a ke ulu nei ka hopohopo [9, 10].ʻO nā palena o LLIN a me IRS i ka mālama ʻana i nā vectors kuleana no ke koena o ka hoʻouna ʻana he palena nui ia o nā hana hoʻopau malaria o kēia manawa [11].Eia kekahi, ua wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi e nā kūlana climatic a me nā hana kanaka, e kōkua ana i ka hana ʻana i kahi noho larval [12].
ʻO ka larval source management (LSM) kahi ala hoʻohua e pili ana i ka hoʻokele vector e manaʻo e hōʻemi i ka helu o nā wahi hoʻohua a me ka helu o nā namu a me nā pupae i loko o lākou [13].Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo LSM e kekahi mau noiʻi ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā hoʻohui hou no ka hoʻokele vector malaria [14, 15].ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka maikaʻi o ka LSM e hāʻawi i kahi pōmaikaʻi pālua e kūʻē i nā nahu o nā ʻano vector malaria ma loko a ma waho [4].Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka laulā o nā koho hoʻomalu malaria e like me Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti).Ma ka mōʻaukala, ua hana nui ʻo LSM i ka hoʻokele kūleʻa o ka maʻi maʻi ma United States, Brazil, Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia a me Zambia [16,17,18].ʻOiai ua hana nui ʻo LSM i ka hoʻokele pest integrated i kekahi mau ʻāina i hoʻopau i ka maʻi malaria, ʻaʻole i hoʻohui nui ʻia ʻo LSM i nā kulekele a me nā hana hoʻomalu malaria vector ma ʻApelika a hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā polokalamu hoʻokele vector ma kekahi mau ʻāina sub-Saharan.ʻāina [14,15,16,17,18,19].ʻO kekahi kumu o kēia, ʻo ka manaʻo ākea he nui a paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kahua hoʻohua, no laila ke kumu kūʻai nui o LSM e hoʻokō [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14].No laila, ua ʻōlelo ka World Health Organization i nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā kumuwaiwai no ka hoʻokele vector malaria e nānā pono iā LLIN a me IRS [20, 21].ʻAʻole hiki i 2012 ka World Health Organization i paipai i ka hoʻohui ʻana o LSM, ʻoi aku ka Bti interventions, i mea hoʻohui i LLIN a me IRS i kekahi mau hoʻonohonoho ma sub-Saharan Africa [20].Mai ka manawa i hana ai ʻo WHO i kēia ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi pailaka e pili ana i ka hiki, ka maikaʻi a me ke kumukūʻai o nā biolarvicides ma sub-Saharan Africa, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o LSM i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā makika Anopheles a me ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana i ka malaria ma ke ʻano o [22, 23].., 24].
Aia ʻo Côte d'Ivoire ma waena o nā ʻāina he 15 me ke kaumaha maʻi malaria kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua [25].ʻO ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi ma Côte d'Ivoire he 3.0% o ke kaumaha o ka maʻi malaria honua, me ka helu ʻana a me ka helu o nā hihia mai 300 a ʻoi aku ma mua o 500 no 1000 mau kānaka [25].ʻOiai ka lōʻihi o ke kau maloʻo mai Nowemapa a Mei, laha ka maʻi malaria i ka makahiki ma ka ʻāina savanna ʻākau o ka ʻāina [26].Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka maʻi malaria ma kēia ʻāina me ka nui o nā mea lawe asymptomatic o Plasmodium falciparum [27].Ma kēia māhele, ʻo Anopheles gambiae (SL).Palekana kūloko.ʻO nā makika Anopheles gambiae ka mea nui o Anopheles gambiae (SS), ka mea kū'ē loa i nā insecticides a no laila ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke koena o ka maʻi malaria [26].ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka LLIN he hopena liʻiliʻi paha i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka lawe ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi ma muli o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā inikini o nā vectors kūloko a no laila ke waiho nei i kahi o ka hopohopo nui.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina pailaka e hoʻohana ana i ka Bti a i ʻole LLIN i ka maikaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka density vector namu ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe haʻawina mua i loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o Bti i hui pū ʻia me LLIN ma ka lawe ʻana i ka malaria a me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ma kēia wahi.No laila, ua manaʻo kēia noiʻi e loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana hui ʻana o LLIN a me Bti i ka lawe ʻana i ka maʻi malaria ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hui LLIN + Bti me ka hui LLIN wale nō ma nā kauhale ʻehā ma ka ʻāina ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi LSM i hoʻokumu ʻia Bti ma luna o LLIN e hoʻonui i ka waiwai ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hou ʻana i ka nui o nā makika malaria i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me LLIN wale nō.ʻO kēia ala hoʻohui, e ʻimi ana i nā makika Anopheles makua ʻole e lawe ana i nā namu Bti a me nā makika Anopheles makua e lawe ana i ka LLIN, he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi ma nā wahi o ka maʻi malaria kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā kauhale ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire.No laila, hiki i nā hopena o kēia haʻawina ke kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā e hoʻokomo ʻia ka LSM i nā papahana hoʻokele malaria vector control (NMCPs) i nā ʻāina endemic sub-Saharan.
Ua hana ʻia ka haʻawina i kēia manawa ma nā kauhale ʻehā o ke keʻena ʻo Napieldougou (ʻike ʻia ʻo Napier) ma ka ʻāpana hoʻomaʻemaʻe Korhogo ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire (Fig. 1).Nā kauhale e aʻo ʻia nei: Kakologo (9° 14′ 2″ N, 5° 35′ 22″ E), Kolekakha (9° 17′ 24″ N, 5° 31′ 00″ E .), Lofinekaha (9° 17′ 31 ″).) 5° 36′ 24″ N) a me Nambatiurkaha (9° 18′ 36″ N, 5° 31′ 22″ E).ʻO ka heluna kanaka o Napierledougou ma 2021 i manaʻo ʻia he 31,000 mau kānaka, a ʻo ka mokuʻāina he 53 mau kauhale me ʻelua mau kikowaena olakino [28].Ma ka mokuʻo Napyeledougou, kahi o ka maʻi malaria ke kumu nui o nā kipa lapaʻau, hoʻokipa a me ka make, ʻo LLIN wale nō ke hoʻohana ʻia e kāohi i nā vectors Anopheles [29].ʻO nā kauhale ʻehā ma nā pūʻulu aʻo ʻelua e lawelawe ʻia e ke kikowaena olakino like, nona nā moʻolelo lapaʻau o nā maʻi malaria i loiloi ʻia ma kēia haʻawina.
Palapala 'āina o Côte d'Ivoire e hōʻike ana i kahi e aʻo ai.(Map source and software: GADM data and ArcMap 10.6.1. LLIN long-lasting insecticidal net, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
ʻO ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ma waena o ka Napier Health Center i hōʻea i ka 82.0% (2038 mau hihia) (ʻike ma mua o Bti).Ma nā kauhale ʻehā, hoʻohana wale nā ʻohana i ka PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN, i puʻunaue ʻia e ka NMCP Ivorian ma 2017, me ka uhi ʻana he 80% [25, 26, 27, 28, 30].Aia nā kauhale i ka ʻāina ʻo Korhogo, kahi e nānā ai no ka ʻAha Koa Koa o Ivory Coast a hiki ke loaʻa i ka makahiki āpau.ʻO kēlā me kēia o nā kauhale ʻehā he 100 mau hale a ma kahi o ka heluna kanaka like, a e like me ke kākau inoa olakino (kahi palapala hana a ke Kuhina Ola ʻo Ivorian), ua hōʻike ʻia nā maʻi malaria i kēlā me kēia makahiki.ʻO ka maʻi malaria ka mea maʻamau e Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) a lawe ʻia i nā kānaka e Plasmodium.Hoʻouna ʻia ka gambiae e nā makika Anopheles a me Anopheles nili ma ka ʻāina [28].Paʻi kūloko An.Aia ka gambiae i nā makika Anopheles.Loaʻa i ka gambiae ss kahi alapine kiʻekiʻe o nā kdr mutations (frequency range: 90.70-100%) a me kahi alapine haʻahaʻa o nā ace-1 alleles (frequency range: 55.56-95%) [29].
ʻO ka awelika o ka ua a me ka wela o ka makahiki mai 1200 a 1400 mm a me 21 a 35 °C, a ʻo ka haʻahaʻa pili (RH) i manaʻo ʻia ma 58%.He ʻano ʻano Sudanese kēia wahi aʻo me kahi kau maloʻo 6 mahina (Novema a ʻApelila) a me 6 mau mahina wai (Mei a ʻOkakopa).Ke ʻike nei ka ʻāina i kekahi o nā hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, e like me ka nalo ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka lōʻihi o ke kau maloʻo, i hōʻike ʻia e ka maloʻo ʻana o nā kino wai (nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa, nā pā raiki, nā loko, nā puddles) hiki ke lilo i wahi noho no nā ʻōpala namu Anopheles. .Namu[26].
Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, i pani ʻia e nā kauhale o Kakologo a me Nambatiurkaha, a ma ka hui LLIN wale nō, i pani ʻia e nā kauhale o Kolekaha a me Lofinekaha.I loko o ka manawa o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana wale ka poʻe ma kēia mau kauhale a pau i ka PermaNet® 2.0 LLIN wale nō.
Ua loiloi ʻia ka maikaʻi o LLIN (PermaNet 2.0) i hui pū ʻia me Bti e kūʻē i nā makika Anopheles a me ka lawe ʻana i ka maʻi malaria i kahi hoʻokolokolo hoʻokele randomized (RCT) me ʻelua mau lima haʻawina: ʻo ka hui LLIN + Bti (hui mālama) a me ka hui LLIN wale nō (hui mana. ).Hōʻike ʻia nā lima lima LLIN + Bti e Kakologo a me Nambatiourkaha, ʻoiai ʻo Kolékaha a me Lofinékaha i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā poʻohiwi LLIN wale nō.Ma nā kauhaleʻehā a pau, hoʻohana nā kama'āina i ka LLIN PermaNet® 2.0 i loaʻa mai ka Ivory Coast NMCP ma 2017. Ua manaʻoʻia he like nā kūlana no ka hoʻohanaʻana i PermaNet® 2.0 ma nā kauhale likeʻole no ka mea ua loaʻa iā lākou ka pūnaewele ma keʻano like..Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua mālama ʻia nā wahi noho larval Anopheles me Bti i kēlā me kēia pule ʻelua me ka LLIN i hoʻohana mua ʻia e ka lehulehu.Ua mālama ʻia nā wahi noho larval i loko o nā kauhale a i loko o kahi radius 2 km mai ke kikowaena o kēlā me kēia kauhale e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka World Health Organization a me ka NMCP o Côte d'Ivoire [31].I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hui LLIN-wale nō ka lāʻau larvicidal Bti i ka wā aʻo.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano kikoʻī o Bti (Vectobac WG, 37.4% wt; helu nui 88-916-PG; 3000 International Toxicity Units IU/mg; Valent BioScience Corp, USA) ma kahi ʻano o 0.5 mg/L..E hoʻohana i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe backpack 16L a me kahi pū puhi fiberglass me ka lima a me ka nozzle hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia me ka kahe kahe o 52 ml no kekona (3.1 L/min).No ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi nebulizer me 10 L o ka wai, ʻo ka nui o Bti i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana he 0.5 mg / L × 10 L = 5 mg.No ka laʻana, no kahi wahi me kahi kahe wai hoʻolālā o 10 L, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sprayer 10 L e mālama i ka nui o ka wai, ʻo ka nui o Bti e pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo 0.5 mg / L × 20 L = 10 mg.Ua ana ʻia ʻo 10 mg Bti ma ke kula me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea uila uila.Me ka spatula, e hoʻomākaukau i kahi slurry ma ka hui ʻana i kēia nui o Bti i loko o kahi bākeke 10 L puka.Ua koho ʻia kēia maʻa ma hope o nā hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke kahua o ka pono o Bti e kūʻē i nā instars like ʻole o Anopheles spp.a me Culex spp.i nā kūlana kūlohelohe i kahi ʻokoʻa, akā like me ka wahi o ka noiʻi hou [32].ʻO ka helu o ka noi ʻana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka larvicide a me ka lōʻihi o ka noi no kēlā me kēia kahua hoʻohua i helu ʻia ma muli o ka nui o ka wai ma ka wahi hānau [33].E noi i ka Bti me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe lima i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.Hoʻopili ʻia nā Nebulizers a hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka wā hoʻomaʻamaʻa pilikino a ma nā wahi like ʻole e hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o ka nui o Bti.
No ka ʻimi ʻana i ka manawa maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi hoʻohua larval, ua ʻike ka hui i ka pulu ʻana i ka puka makani.ʻO ka puka aniani ka manawa e hoʻohana ʻia ai kahi huahana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi loa: ma kēia haʻawina, ʻo ka puka aniani mai 12 mau hola a i 2 pule, ma muli o ka hoʻomau ʻana o Bti.ʻIke ʻia, ʻo ka lawe ʻana o Bti e nā larvae ma ke kahua hoʻohua e pono ai ka manawa mai 7:00 a 18:00.Ma kēia ʻano, hiki ke pale ʻia nā manawa o ka ua nui i ka wā o ka ua ʻo ia ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka pulupulu ʻana a hoʻomaka hou i ka lā aʻe inā e hui like ke ʻano.ʻO nā lā a me nā lā a me nā manawa kūpono e pili ana i nā kūlana o ka wā i ʻike ʻia.No ka calibrate i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe backpack no ka helu noi Bti i makemake ʻia, ua aʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia technician e nānā maka a hoʻonohonoho i ka nozzle sprayer a mālama i ke kaomi.Hoʻopau ʻia ka calibration ma ka hōʻoia ʻana ua hoʻopili like ʻia ka nui kūpono o ka lāʻau Bti i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana.E mālama i ka noho ʻana o nā larva i kēlā me kēia pule ʻelua.Hoʻokō ʻia nā hana Larvicidal me ke kākoʻo o ʻehā mau loea loea a hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia.Mālama ʻia nā hana Larvicidal a me nā mea komo e nā luna hoʻokele akamai.Hoʻomaka ka mālama ʻana o Larvicidal i Malaki 2019 i ka wā maloʻo.ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina mua i ka wā maloʻo ka manawa kūpono loa no ka larvicidal intervention ma muli o ke kūpaʻa o nā wahi hānai a me ka emi ʻana o kā lākou nui [27].ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā elo i ke kau maloʻo e manaʻo ʻia e pale i ka huki ʻana o nā makika i ka wā wai.ʻElua (02) kilokani o Bti ke kumu kūʻai ʻo US $99.29 e hiki ai i ka hui noiʻi e loaʻa ana ka lapaʻau e uhi i nā wahi āpau.Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, hoʻokahi makahiki piha ka hana larvicidal, mai Malaki 2019 a Pepeluali 2020. He 22 mau hihia o ka mālama ʻana i ka larvicidal i loaʻa i ka hui LLIN + Bti.
Ua nānā ʻia nā hopena ʻaoʻao kūpono (e like me ka ʻāʻī, ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka ihu holo) ma o ka nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia o nā nebulizers biolarvicide Bti a me nā poʻe noho hale e komo ana i ka hui LIN + Bti.
Ua mālama ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻohana ma waena o nā ʻohana 400 (200 ʻohana ma kēlā me kēia hui noiʻi) e koho i ka pākēneka o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka LLIN ma waena o ka heluna kanaka.I ka nānā ʻana i nā hale, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano nīnau nīnau quantitative.Ua māhele ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o LLIN i ʻekolu mau makahiki: 15 mau makahiki.Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka nīnau nīnau a wehewehe ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Senoufo kūloko i ke poʻo o ka ʻohana a i ʻole kekahi kanaka makua ma mua o 18 mau makahiki.
Ua helu ʻia ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hale i ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia e Vaughan a me Morrow [34].
ʻO n ka nui o ka laʻana, ʻo ia ka palena o ka hewa, ʻo ia ke kumu palekana i loaʻa mai ka pae hilinaʻi, a ʻo ka p ka hapa o nā mākua o ka heluna kanaka me ka ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia.He waiwai kūlike ko kēlā me kēia māhele o ka hakina, no laila (t) = 1.96;ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana ma kēia kūlana ma ka anana he 384 mau hale.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua o kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano noho like ʻole no nā larvae Anopheles i loko o nā pūʻulu LLIN+Bti a me LLIN.E hoʻohana i ka lipine e ana i ka nui o ka pūnana pūnana.A laila loiloi ʻia ka nui o nā namu i kēlā me kēia mahina no 12 mahina ma 30 mau wahi hānai i koho ʻia i kēlā me kēia kauhale, no ka huina o 60 mau wahi hānai no kēlā me kēia hui noiʻi.He 12 mau larval sampling no kēlā me kēia wahi aʻo, e like me 22 Bti lapaʻau.ʻO ke kumu o ke koho ʻana i kēia mau wahi hānai he 30 i kēlā me kēia kauhale, ʻo ia ka hopu ʻana i ka nui o nā wahi hōʻiliʻili larva ma waena o nā kauhale a me nā ʻāpana noiʻi e hōʻemi i ka manaʻo.Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā larvae ma ke kaomi ʻana me kahi puna 60 ml [35].Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka pāpaʻu o kekahi mau kahu hānai, pono ia e hoʻohana i kahi bakeke liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka bakeke WHO maʻamau (350 ml).He 5, 10 a i ʻole 20 luʻu i hana ʻia mai nā wahi pūnana me ke anapuni o 10 m.Ua hana pololei ʻia ka ʻike morphological o nā larvae i hōʻiliʻili ʻia (eg Anopheles, Culex a me Aedes) ma ke kula [36].Ua māhele ʻia nā ʻōpala i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana e pili ana i ka pae hoʻomohala ʻana: nā ʻōpala instar mua (pae 1 a me 2) a me nā larvae instar hope (pae 3 a me 4) [37].Ua helu ʻia nā ʻōpala e nā genera a i kēlā me kēia pae ulu.Ma hope o ka helu ʻana, hoʻokomo hou ʻia nā ʻōpala makika i ko lākou wahi hānau a hoʻopiha ʻia i ko lākou leo kumu me ka wai kumu i hoʻohui ʻia me ka wai ua.
Manaʻo ʻia kahi kahua hoʻohua maikaʻi inā loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi larva a i ʻole pupa o kekahi ʻano namu.Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka larva ma o ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka helu o nā ʻanoʻano like me ka helu o nā luʻu.
ʻO kēlā me kēia noiʻi ʻana no ʻelua mau lā, a i kēlā me kēia ʻelua mahina, ʻohi ʻia nā makika makua mai 10 mau ʻohana i koho ʻole ʻia mai kēlā me kēia kauhale.I loko o ke aʻo ʻana, ua hana kēlā me kēia hui noiʻi i nā noiʻi laʻana o 20 mau hale i ʻekolu mau lā.Ua hopu ʻia nā makika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahele puka puka maʻamau (WT) a me nā pahele hoʻoheheʻe pyrethrum (PSC) [38, 39].I ka wā mua, helu ʻia nā hale a pau o kēlā me kēia kauhale.ʻEhā hale o kēlā me kēia kauhale i koho ʻia i wahi ohi no nā makika makua.I kēlā me kēia hale i koho ʻia, ʻohi ʻia nā makika mai ka lumi moe nui.ʻO nā lumi moe i koho ʻia he mau puka a me nā puka makani a ua noho ʻia i ka pō ma mua.Paʻa nā lumi moe ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana a i ka wā o ka ʻohi namu e pale aku i ka lele ʻana o nā makika i waho o ka lumi.Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi WT ma kēlā me kēia pukaaniani o kēlā me kēia lumi moe ma ke ʻano he wahi laʻana namu.I kekahi lā aʻe, ua ʻohi ʻia nā makika i komo i ka wahi hana mai nā lumi moe ma waena o 06:00 a me 08:00 am.E hōʻiliʻili i nā makika mai kāu wahi hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waha a mālama iā lākou i loko o kahi kīʻaha pepa i uhi ʻia me kahi ʻāpana maka.ʻupena makika.Ua hopu ʻia nā makika e hoʻomaha ana i loko o ka lumi moe hoʻokahi ma hope koke o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o WT me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka PSC pili pyrethroid.Ma hope o ka hohola ʻana i nā pāpaʻi keʻokeʻo ma ka papahele o ke keʻena moe, e pani i nā puka a me nā puka makani a kāpīpī i ka lāʻau insecticide (mea hana ikaika: 0.25% transfluthrin + 0.20% permethrin).Ma kahi o 10 a 15 mau minuke ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana, e wehe i ka uhi moe mai ka lumi moe i mālama ʻia, e hoʻohana i nā tweezers e ʻohi ai i nā makika i pae ma luna o nā ʻili keʻokeʻo, a mālama iā lākou i loko o kahi pā Petri i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka pulupulu pulupulu i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka wai.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nui o ka poʻe i noho i ka pō ma nā lumi moe i koho ʻia.Hoʻouna koke ʻia nā makika i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i kahi keʻena hana ma ka pūnaewele no ka hana hou ʻana.
I loko o ka hale hana, ua ʻike ʻia nā makika a pau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka genus a me nā ʻano [36].Nā ovaries o Anna.gambiae SL me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope dissecting binocular me kahi kulu o ka wai distilled i kau ʻia ma kahi paheʻe aniani [35].Ua loiloi ʻia ke kūlana parity e hoʻokaʻawale i nā wahine multiparous mai nā wahine nulliparous e pili ana i ka ovarian a me ka tracheal morphology, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka helu fertility a me ka makahiki physiological [35].
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka papa kuhikuhi pili ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kumu o ka ʻai koko i hōʻiliʻili hou ʻia.gambiae e ka enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koko mai ke kanaka, nā holoholona (pipi, hipa, kao) a me nā pūʻali moa [40].Ua helu ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi Entomological (EIR) me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā An.Manao o na wahine SL ma The Gambia [41] Eia hou, An.Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka maʻi me Plasmodium gambiae ma ka nānā ʻana i ke poʻo a me ka umauma o nā wahine multiparous me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano circumsporozoite antigen ELISA (CSP ELISA) [40].ʻO ka hope, aia nā lālā o Ann.Ua ʻike ʻia ka gambiae ma ka nānā ʻana i kona mau wāwae, nā ʻēheu a me ka ʻōpū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [34].
Ua loaʻa mai ka ʻikepili lapaʻau no ka maʻi maʻi mai ka papa inoa kūkākūkā o Napyeledugou Health Center, e uhi ana i nā kauhale ʻehā i komo i loko o kēia haʻawina (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Kakologo, Kolekaha, Lofinekaha a me Nambatiurkaha).Hoʻopili ka loiloi kākau inoa i nā moʻolelo mai Malaki 2018 a hiki i Pepeluali 2019 a mai Malaki 2019 a Pepeluali 2020. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili maʻi mai Malaki 2018 a hiki i Pepeluali 2019 i ka baseline a i ʻole pre-Bti intervention data, aʻo ka ʻikepili lapaʻau mai Malaki 2019 a Pepeluali 2020 e hōʻike ana ma mua o Bti ʻikepili hana.ʻIkepili ma hope o ke komo ʻana o Bti.Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻike pili kino, ka makahiki a me ke kauhale o kēlā me kēia maʻi ma ka LLIN+Bti a me LLIN pūʻulu noiʻi ma ka papa inoa olakino.No kēlā me kēia maʻi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻike e like me ke kumu o ke kauhale, ka makahiki, ka maʻi maʻi, a me ka pathology.Ma nā hihia i loiloi ʻia i loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hōʻoia ʻia ka maʻi maʻi e ka hoʻāʻo diagnostic wikiwiki (RDT) a/a i ʻole ka microscopy malaria ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) e kahi mea mālama ola.Ua māhele ʻia nā maʻi malaria i ʻekolu mau makahiki (ʻo ia hoʻi, 15 mau makahiki).Ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ka maʻi malaria i kēlā me kēia 1000 mau kānaka ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka nui o ka maʻi malaria i kēlā me kēia 1000 mau kānaka e ka heluna kauhale.
Ua hoʻokomo pālua ʻia ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ʻana i loko o kahi waihona Microsoft Excel a laila lawe ʻia i loko o ka polokalamu open source R [42] version 3.6.3 no ka ʻikepili helu.Hoʻohana ʻia ka pūʻolo ggplot2 e kaha kiʻi i nā ʻāpana.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona laina laulā e hoʻohana ana i ka Poisson regression no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o ka larval a me ka nui o nā nahu namu i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēlā me kēia pō ma waena o nā hui aʻo.Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ana pili pili (RR) no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka density larval mean a me ka nahu o nā makika Culex a me Anopheles.Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻo Gambia SL ma waena o nā pūʻulu aʻo ʻelua e hoʻohana ana i ka hui LLIN + Bti ma ke ʻano kumu.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka hopena ma ke ʻano he lakiō a me 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi (95% CI).Ua hoʻohanaʻia ka ratio (RR) o ka ho'āʻo Poisson e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui a me ka nui o ka maʻi malaria ma mua a ma hope o ka hana Bti i kēlā me kēia hui aʻo.ʻO ka pae koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia he 5%.
Ua ʻae ʻia ka protocol study e ka National Research Ethics Committee o ka Ministry of Health and Public Health of Côte d'Ivoire (N/Ref: 001//MSHP/CNESVS-kp), a me ka ʻāpana olakino kūloko a me ka hoʻokele. o Korhogo.Ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā elo makika a me nā mākua, ua loaʻa ka ʻae i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia mai ka poʻe i komo i ka noiʻi home, nā mea nona, a/a i nā mea noho.ʻO ka ʻohana a me ka ʻikepili lapaʻau he inoa ʻole a hūnā ʻia a loaʻa wale i nā mea noiʻi i koho ʻia.
He 1198 mau wahi pūnana i kipa ʻia.ʻO kēia mau pūnaewele pūnana i noiʻi ʻia ma ka wahi aʻo, 52.5% (n = 629) no ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 47.5% (n = 569) i ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1.10 [95% CI 0 .98–1.24. ], P = 0.088).Ma keʻano laulā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻano larval kūloko i 12 ʻano, a ʻo ka hapa nui loa o nā wahi noho larval ʻo ia nā māla raiki (24.5%, n=294), a ukali ʻia e ka wai ʻino (21.0%, n=252) a me ka ipu lepo (8.3).%, n = 99), kapa muliwai (8.2%, n = 100), puddle (7.2%, n = 86), puddle (7.0%, n = 84), pauma wai kauhale (6.8 %, n = 81), Nā paʻi maiuu (4.8%, n = 58), nā poho (4.0%, n = 48), nā ipu (5.2%, n = 62), nā loko (1.9%, n = 23) a me nā pūnāwai (0.9%, n = 11) .).
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka nui o 47,274 namu namu mai ka wahi aʻo, me ka hapa o 14.4% (n = 6,796) i ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 85.6% (n = 40,478) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō ((RR = 5.96) [95% CI 5.80–6.11], P ≤ 0.001).He ʻekolu mau ʻano makika i loko o kēia mau larva, ʻo Anopheles ka mea nui.(48.7%, n = 23,041), ukali ʻia e Culex spp.(35.0%, n = 16,562) a me Aedes spp.(4.9%, n = 2340).He 11.3% o nā nalo makua ʻole (n = 5344).
Ka awelika nui o Anopheles spp.nā ʻōhua.Ma kēia haʻawina, ʻo 0.61 ka helu o nā larvae i kēlā me kēia scoop.waihona 1: Kiʻi S1).ʻAwelika mānoanoa o Anopheles spp.ʻO ka hui LLIN wale nō he 6.5 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (HR = 6.49; 95% CI 5.80-7.27; P <0.001).ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā makika Anopheles i ka wā lapaʻau.Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā larvae i ka hui LLIN + Bti e hoʻomaka ana i Ianuali, e pili ana i ka lāʻau Bti iwakālua.Ma ka pūʻulu LLIN + Bti, ua emi nui ka nui o ka nui o ka larval pae mua a me ka hope.
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka Bti (Malaki), ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 1.28 [95% CI 0.22-2.35] L / dive i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 1.37 [95% CI 0.36-2.36] l/luu i ka hui LLIN + Bti.l/luu./luu wale i ka lima LLIN (Fig. 2A).Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau Bti, ua emi mālie ka nui o nā makika Anopheles mua i ka hui LLIN + Bti mai 0.90 [95% CI 0.19–1.61] a i 0.10 [95% CI - 0.03–0.18] l/dip.Ua noho haʻahaʻa ka density larval Anopheles instar ma ka hui LLIN + Bti.I loko o ka pūʻulu LLIN-wale nō, fluctuations i ka nui o Anopheles spp.Ua ʻike ʻia nā larva instar mua me ka mean density mai ka 0.23 [95% CI 0.07–0.54] L/dive a i 2.37 [95% CI 1.77–2.98] L/dive.Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā larvae Anopheles mua i ka hui LLIN-wale i ka 1.90 [95% CI 1.70-2.10] L/dive, ʻoiai ʻo ka mean density o nā larvae Anopheles mua i ka hui LLIN he 0.38 [95% CI 0.28. –0.47]) l/luu.+ Hui Bti (RR = 5.04; 95% CI 4.36-5.85; P <0.001).
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mānoanoa awelika o nā larvae Anopheles.ʻO nā ʻupena makika mua (A) a me ka hope instar (B) i kahi hui noiʻi mai Malaki 2019 a i Pepeluali 2020 ma ka ʻāina ʻo Napier, ʻĀkau Côte d'Ivoire.LLIN: upena insecticidal mau loa Bti: Bacillus thuringiensis, Israel TRT: lapaau;
ʻAwelika mānoanoa o Anopheles spp.nā ʻōhua.makahiki hope ma ka hui LLIN + Bti.ʻO ka nui o ka Bti ma mua o ka mālamaʻana he 2.98 [95% CI 0.26-5.60] L / dip, akāʻo ka nui i loko o ka hui LLIN-hoʻokahi wale nō he 1.46 [95% CI 0.26-2.65] l / lā Ma hope o ka noi Bti, ka nui o ka hope- instar Anopheles larvae i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti i emi iho mai 0.22 [95% CI 0.04-0.40] i 0.03 [95% CI 0.00-0.06] L / dip (Fig. 2B).I loko o ka hui LLIN wale nō, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mānoanoa o nā larvae Anopheles hope loa mai ka 0.35 [95% CI - 0.15-0.76] a i ka 2.77 [95% CI 1.13-4.40] l/dive me kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o ka larval ma muli o ka lā hoʻohālike.ʻO ka mean density o nā larvae Anopheles late-instar i ka hui LLIN-wale nō he 2.07 [95% CI 1.84-2.29] L/dive, ʻeiwa manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 0.23 [95% CI 0.11-0.36] l/immersion ma LLIN.+ Hui Bti (RR = 8.80; 95% CI 7.40-10.57; P <0.001).
ʻAwelika mānoanoa o Culex spp.ʻO nā waiwai he 0.33 [95% CI 0.21–0.45] L / dip i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 2.67 [95% CI 2.23-3.10] L / dip i ka hui LLIN wale nō (faila hou 2: Kiʻi S2).ʻAwelika mānoanoa o Culex spp.ʻO ka hui LLIN wale nō iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (HR = 8.00; 95% CI 6.90-9.34; P <0.001).
ʻAwelika ʻano nui o ka genus Culex Culex spp.Ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻo Bti l / dip he 1.26 [95% CI 0.10-2.42] l / dip i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 1.28 [95% CI 0.37-2.36] i ka hui LLIN wale nō (Fig. 3A).Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau Bti, ua emi mai ka densities o nā ʻōhua Culex mua mai 0.07 [95% CI - 0.001–0.] i 0.25 [95% CI 0.006–0.51] L/dip.ʻAʻole i hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā larvae Culex mai nā wahi noho larval i mālama ʻia me Bti e hoʻomaka ana i Dekemaba.Ua ho'emi 'ia ka density o nā larvae Culex mua i 0.21 [95% CI 0.14-0.28] L / dip i ka hui LLIN + Bti, akā ua ki'eki'e ma ka hui LLIN wale nō ma 1.30 [95% CI 1.10- 1.50] l/immersion.hāʻule/d.ʻO ka nui o nā larvae Culex mua i ka hui LLIN wale nō he 6 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (RR = 6.17; 95% CI 5.11-7.52; P <0.001).
ʻO nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻawelike nui o Culex spp.nā ʻōhua.ʻO nā ho'āʻo o ke ola mua (A) a me ke ola mua (B) i kahi hui noiʻi mai Malaki 2019 a i Pepeluali 2020 ma ka ʻāina Napier, ʻĀkau Côte d'Ivoire.LLIN, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, mālama Trt
Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o nā larvae Culex instar hope loa i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me ka hui LLIN ʻo 0.97 [95% CI 0.09-1.85] a me 1.60 [95% CI - 0.16-3.37] l / immersion e like me (Fig. 3B) ).Mean density o nā ʻano Culex late-instar ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mālama Bti.Ua emi mālie ka mānoanoa o ka hui LLIN + Bti a ua emi iho ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō, i noho kiʻekiʻe loa.He 0.12 [95% CI 0.07–0.15] L/dive i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 1.36 [95% CI 1.11–1.61] L/dive i loko o ka hui LLIN wale nō ka mānoanoa o nā larvae Culex instar hope loa.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā larvae Culex late-instar ma ka hui LLIN-wale nō ma mua o ka hui LLIN + Bti (RR = 11.19; 95% CI 8.83-14.43; P <0.001).
Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka Bti, ʻo 0.59 [95% CI 0.24-0.94] ka nui o nā pupae ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 0.38 [95% CI 0.13-0.63] i ka LLIN wale nō (Fig. 4).ʻO ka nui o ka pupal density he 0.10 [95% CI 0.06-0.14] ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 0.84 [95% CI 0.75-0.92] i ka hui LLIN wale nō.ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa Bti i hoʻemi nui i ka pupal density ma ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui LLIN wale nō (OR = 8.30; 95% CI 6.37-11.02; P <0.001).Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ʻaʻohe pupae i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma hope o Nowemapa.
Nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka mānoanoa awelika o nā pupae.Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana mai Malaki 2019 a i Pepeluali 2020 ma ka ʻāina ʻo Napier ma ka ʻākau o Côte d'Ivoire.LLIN, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, mālama Trt
He 3456 mau makika makua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka wahi aʻo.Aia nā makika i 17 mau ʻano o 5 genera (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Eretmapodites) (Papa 1).I ka malaria vectors An.ʻO gambiae sl ka mea nui loa me ka hapa o 74.9% (n = 2587), a ukali ʻia e An.gambiae sl.funestus (2.5%, n = 86) a me An null (0.7%, n = 24).Ka waiwai o Anna.ʻO ka gambiae sl ma ka hui LLIN + Bti (10.9%, n = 375) he haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (64%, n = 2212).ʻAʻohe maluhia.nli kanaka i hui pū me LLIN wale nō.Eia naʻe, ʻo An.gambiae a me An.funestus i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti a me ka hui LLIN wale nō.
Ma nā haʻawina e hoʻomaka ana ma mua o ka noi ʻana o Bti ma ke kahua hoʻohua (3 mau mahina), ʻo ka nui o ka nui o nā makika pō i kēlā me kēia kanaka (b/p/n) i loko o ka hui LLIN + Bti i manaʻo ʻia he 0.83 [95% CI 0.50-1.17] , akā ma ka hui LLIN + Bti he 0.72 i ka hui LLIN wale nō [95% CI 0.41-1.02] (Fig. 5).Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua emi iho ka poino namu o Culex a noho haʻahaʻa ʻoiai he kiʻekiʻe o 1.95 [95% CI 1.35–2.54] bpp i Kepakemapa ma hope o ka noi 12th Bti.Eia naʻe, i loko o ka hui LLIN-wale nō, piʻi mālie ka nui o ka namu namu ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana i Kepakemapa ma 11.33 [95% CI 7.15–15.50] bp/n.ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka nahu namu i haʻahaʻa loa i ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui LLIN wale nō i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana (HR = 3.66; 95% CI 3.01-4.49; P <0.001).
ʻO ka nui o ka nahu ʻana o nā namu manu i ka wahi aʻo o ka ʻāina ʻo Napier ma ka ʻĀkau Côte d'Ivoire mai Malaki 2019 a Pepeluali 2020 LLIN ʻupena insecticidal mau loa, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, mālama Trt, nahu b/p/pō/kanaka/ pō
ʻO Anopheles gambie ka maʻi malaria maʻamau i ka wahi aʻo.Nahu wikiwiki o An.Ma ka papa kuhikuhi, ua loaʻa i nā wahine Gambian nā waiwai b / p / n o 0.64 [95% CI 0.27-1.00] i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 0.74 [95% CI 0.30-1.17] i ka hui LLIN wale nō (Fig. 6) .I ka wā o ka manawa o ka Bti intervention, ua ʻike ʻia ka hana biting kiʻekiʻe loa i Kepakemapa, e like me ka papa ʻumikumamālua o ka mālama ʻana i ka Bti, me kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1.46 [95% CI 0.87-2.05] b / p / n i ka hui LLIN + Bti a me kahi hui. kiʻekiʻe o 9 .65 [95% CI 0.87-2.05] w / n 5.23-14.07] hui LLIN wale nō.ʻO ka māmā holo nahu o An.Ua emi loa ka maʻi maʻi ma Gambia ma ka hui LLIN + Bti (0.59 [95% CI 0.43-0.75] b / p / n) ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (2.97 [95% CI 2, 02-3.93] b /p/ʻaʻole).(RR = 3.66; 95% CI 3.01–4.49; P <0.001).
Ka nahu wikiwiki o Anna.gambiae sl, hui noiʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Napier, ʻĀkau Cote d'Ivoire, mai Malaki 2019 a Pepeluali 2020 LLIN ʻupena moe lōʻihi i mālama ʻia i ka lāʻau insecticide, Bti Bacillus thuringiensis Israel, mālama Trt, nahu b/p/pō/kanaka/po
Huina 646 amps.Ua ʻoki ʻia ka Gambia.ʻO ka nui, ka pakeneka o ka palekana kūloko.ʻO ka helu parity ma Gambia ma ke ʻano he 70% i loko o ka wā aʻo, koe wale nō ʻo Iulai, i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka hui LLIN wale nō (Faila hou 3: Kiʻi S3).Eia nō naʻe, ʻo 74.5% ka awelika o ka ulu ʻana o ka momona ma ka wahi aʻo (n = 481).Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ua mau ka helu parity ma kahi kiʻekiʻe, ma luna o 80%, koe naʻe ʻo Kepakemapa, i ka wā i hāʻule ai ka helu parity i 77,5%.Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nui o ka momona ma ka hui LLIN-wale, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i manaʻo ʻia he 64.5%.
Mai 389 Ann.Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina o nā ʻāpana koko hoʻokahi mai The Gambia he 80.5% (n = 313) no ke kanaka, 6.2% (n = 24) o nā wahine i ʻai i ke koko hui ʻia (kanaka a me ka home) a me 5.1% (n = 20) i ʻai i ke koko. .ʻO ka hānai ʻana mai nā holoholona (pipi, hipa a me nā kao) a me 8.2% (n = 32) o nā laʻana i kālai ʻia ʻaʻole maikaʻi no ka ʻai koko.Ma ka hui LLIN + Bti, ʻo ka hapa o nā wahine e loaʻa ana i ke koko kanaka he 25.7% (n = 100) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 54.8% (n = 213) i ka hui LLIN wale nō (File hou 5: Papa S5).
Huina 308 amps.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻo P. gambiae e ʻike i nā lālā o ka paʻakikī o nā ʻano a me ka maʻi P. falciparum (Faila hou 4: Papa S4).ʻElua mau "mea pili" e noho pū ana ma ka wahi aʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo An.gambiae ss (95.1%, n = 293) a me An.coluzzii (4.9%, n = 15).Ua emi loa ka Anopheles gambiae ss i ka hui LLIN + Bti ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (66.2%, n = 204) (RR = 2.29 [95% CI 1.78-2.97], P <0.001).Loaʻa kahi ʻāpana like o nā makika Anopheles i ka hui LLIN + Bti (3.6%, n = 11) a me ka hui LLIN wale nō (1.3%, n = 4) (RR = 2.75 [95% CI 0.81-11 .84], P = .118).ʻO ka prevalence o ka maʻi Plasmodium falciparum ma waena o An.ʻO SL ma Gambia he 11.4% (n = 35).ʻO ka nui o ka maʻi Plasmodium falciparum.Ua emi loa ka nui o ka maʻi ma Gambia i ka hui LLIN + Bti (2.9%, n = 9) ma mua o ka hui LLIN wale nō (8.4%, n = 26) (RR = 2.89 [95% CI 1. 31-7.01 ], P = 0.006).).Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makika Anopheles, loaʻa i nā makika Anopheles gambiae ka hapa kiʻekiʻe loa o ka maʻi Plasmodium ma 94.3% (n=32).coluzzii wale nō 5.7% (n = 5) (RR = 6.4 [95% CI 2.47-21.04], P <0.001).
He 2,435 ka nui o na kanaka mai 400 mau hale i nanaia.He 6.1 kanaka no ka hale ka awelika.ʻO 85% (n = 340) ka nui o ka noho ʻana o LLIN ma waena o nā ʻohana, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 15% (n = 60) no nā hale me ka ʻole o LLIN (RR = 5.67 [95% CI 4.29–7.59], P <0.001) (Faila hou 5 : Papa S5)..ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o LLIN he 40.7% (n = 990) i ka hui LLIN + Bti i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 36.2% (n = 882) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1.12 [95% CI 1.02-1.23], P = 0.013).ʻO ka awelika ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻupena ma ka wahi aʻo he 38.4% (n = 1842).ʻO ka hapa o nā keiki ma lalo o ʻelima mau makahiki o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ua like ia ma nā hui aʻo ʻelua, me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻupena o 41.2% (n = 195) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 43.2% (n = 186) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō.(HR = 1.05 [95% CI 0.85–1.29], P = 0.682).Ma waena o nā keiki i piha i ka makahiki 5 a hiki i ka 15, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻupena ma waena o 36.3% (n = 250) ma ka hui LLIN + Bti a me 36.9% (n = 250) ma ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1. 02 [ 95% CI 1.02–1.23], P = 0.894).Eia naʻe, ʻo ka poʻe ma luna o 15 mau makahiki i hoʻohana i nā ʻupena moe 42.7% (n = 554) emi pinepine i ka hui LLIN + Bti ma mua o 33.4% (n = 439) i ka hui LLIN wale nō (RR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.11-1.43 ], P <0.001).
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka huina o 2,484 mau maʻi maʻi ma Napier Health Center ma waena o Malaki 2018 a me Pepeluali 2020. ʻO ka prevalence o ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ma ka heluna lehulehu he 82.0% o nā hihia āpau o ka maʻi pathology (n = 2038).ʻO ka nui o ka maʻi malaria i kēlā me kēia makahiki he 479.8 ‰ a me 297.5 ‰ ma mua a ma hope o ka mālama ʻana iā Bti (Table 2).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-01-2024