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Hiki i nā hui pū ʻana o nā hui insecticidal i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu ke hōʻike i nā pilina synergistic a antagonistic paha e kūʻē i nā mea ʻino. Ma muli o ka laha wikiwiki ʻana o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika Aedes a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana o nā heluna makika Aedes i nā insecticides kuʻuna, ua hoʻokumu ʻia he iwakāluakūmāwalu mau hui o nā hui terpene e pili ana i nā aila koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e kūʻē i nā pae larval a me nā mākua o Aedes aegypti. Ua loiloi mua ʻia ʻelima mau aila koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu (EO) no ko lākou larvicidal a me ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pākeke, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau hui nui i kēlā me kēia EO e pili ana i nā hopena GC-MS. Ua kūʻai ʻia nā hui nui i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol a me ka makika alpha-pinene. A laila ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā hui binary o kēia mau hui me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā dosis sublethal a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia a hoʻoholo ʻia ko lākou hopena synergistic a me antagonistic. Loaʻa nā ʻano larvicidal maikaʻi loa ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka limonene me ka diallyl disulfide, a loaʻa nā ʻano adulticidal maikaʻi loa ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka carvone me ka limonene. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka larvicide synthetic Temphos i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kālepa a me ka lāʻau makua ʻo Malathion ma ke kaʻawale a ma nā hui binary me nā terpenoids. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o temephos a me diallyl disulfide a me malathion a me eudesmol ka hui kūpono loa. Loaʻa i kēia mau hui ikaika ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti.
ʻO nā aila koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu (EO) he mau metabolites lua e loaʻa ana nā hui bioactive like ʻole a ke lilo nei i mea nui loa ma ke ʻano he koho ʻē aʻe i nā pesticides synthetic. ʻAʻole wale lākou he launa maikaʻi i ke kaiapuni a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻohana, akā he hui pū lākou o nā hui bioactive like ʻole, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau1. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana GC-MS, ua nānā nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻāpana o nā aila koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu like ʻole a ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o 3,000 mau hui mai 17,500 mau mea kanu ʻala2, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia no nā waiwai insecticidal a ua hōʻike ʻia he hopena insecticidal3,4. Hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina ua like ka ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻāpana nui o ka hui me a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o kona ethylene oxide crude. Akā ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui pākahi e waiho hou i kahi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana, e like me ke ʻano me nā insecticides kemika5,6. No laila, ʻo ka manaʻo nui o kēia manawa ma ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā hui o nā hui ethylene oxide-based e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka insecticidal a hōʻemi i ka hiki ke kūʻē i nā heluna pest target. Hiki i nā pūhui hana pākahi i loko o nā EO ke hōʻike i nā hopena synergistic a antagonistic paha i nā hui pū ʻana e hōʻike ana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka EO, kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo i hoʻokūpaʻa maikaʻi ʻia i nā haʻawina i hana ʻia e nā mea noiʻi mua7,8. Hoʻokomo pū ka papahana kaohi vector i ka EO a me kāna mau ʻāpana. Ua aʻo nui ʻia ka hana mosquitocidal o nā aila koʻikoʻi ma nā makika Culex a me Anopheles. Ua hoʻāʻo kekahi mau haʻawina e hoʻomohala i nā pesticides kūpono ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kanu like ʻole me nā pesticides synthetic i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kālepa e hoʻonui i ka ʻawaʻawa holoʻokoʻa a hoʻemi i nā hopena ʻaoʻao9. Akā, he mea kakaikahi nā haʻawina o ia mau pūhui e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti. Ua kōkua nā holomua i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau pale i ke kaua ʻana i kekahi mau maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka vector. Akā, ʻo ke alo o nā serotypes like ʻole o ka maʻi, i hoʻouna ʻia e ka makika Aedes aegypti, ua alakaʻi i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā papahana lāʻau pale. No laila, i ka wā e kū mai ai ia mau maʻi, ʻo nā papahana kaohi vector wale nō ke koho e pale ai i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi. I ke kūlana o kēia manawa, he mea nui loa ka kaohi ʻana i ka Aedes aegypti no ka mea he mea lawe nui ia o nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole a me kā lākou mau serotypes e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi dengue, Zika, ka maʻi dengue hemorrhagic, ka maʻi melemele, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻo ia ka nui o nā hihia o nā maʻi Aedes āpau e lawe ʻia e nā vector e piʻi nei i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ʻAigupita a ke piʻi nei ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. No laila, ma kēia ʻano, aia kahi pono wikiwiki e hoʻomohala i nā hana kaohi pili i ke kaiapuni a me ka maikaʻi no nā heluna Aedes aegypti. ʻO nā moho kūpono ma kēia ʻano he EO, kā lākou mau hui, a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana. No laila, ua hoʻāʻo kēia haʻawina e ʻike i nā hui synergistic kūpono o nā hui EO mea kanu koʻikoʻi mai nā mea kanu ʻelima me nā waiwai insecticidal (ʻo ia hoʻi, mint, basil hemolele, Eucalyptus spotted, Allium sulfur a me melaleuca) e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti.
Ua hōʻike nā EO i koho ʻia i ka hana larvicidal hiki ke kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti me 24-h LC50 mai 0.42 a 163.65 ppm. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hana larvicidal kiʻekiʻe loa no ka peppermint (Mp) EO me ka waiwai LC50 o 0.42 ppm ma 24 h, ukali ʻia e ke kālika (As) me ka waiwai LC50 o 16.19 ppm ma 24 h (Papa 1).
Me ka ʻokoʻa o Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, ua hōʻike nā ʻehā EO i nānā ʻia i nā hopena allercidal maopopo, me nā waiwai LC50 mai 23.37 a 120.16 ppm i loko o ka manawa hōʻike 24 hola. ʻO Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO ka mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka pepehi ʻana i nā pākeke me ka waiwai LC50 o 23.37 ppm i loko o 24 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana, ukali ʻia e Eucalyptus maculata (Em) nona ka waiwai LC50 o 101.91 ppm (Papa 1). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka waiwai LC50 no Os ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ka make ʻana o 53% i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka mahele kiʻekiʻe loa (Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3).
Ua ʻike ʻia a koho ʻia nā hui ʻelua nui i loko o kēlā me kēia EO ma muli o nā hopena waihona ʻikepili waihona puke NIST, ka pakeneka ʻāpana GC chromatogram, a me nā hopena MS spectra (Papa 2). No EO As, ʻo nā hui nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo diallyl disulfide a me diallyl trisulfide; no EO Mp ʻo nā hui nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo carvone a me limonene, no EO Em ʻo nā hui nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo eudesmol a me eucalyptol; No EO Os, ʻo nā hui nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo eugenol a me methyl eugenol, a no EO Cl, ʻo nā hui nui i ʻike ʻia ʻo eugenol a me α-pinene (Kiʻi 1, Nā Kiʻi Hoʻohui 5–8, Papa Hoʻohui 1–5).
Nā hopena o ka spectrometry mass o nā terpenoids nui o nā aila koʻikoʻi i koho ʻia (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole; R-eudamol).
Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻeiwa mau hui (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) he mau hui kūpono ʻo ia nā ʻāpana nui o EO a ua bioassay ʻia kēlā me kēia kanaka e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti i nā pae larval. . ʻO ka hui eudesmol ka mea i loaʻa ka hana larvicidal kiʻekiʻe loa me ka waiwai LC50 o 2.25 ppm ma hope o 24 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi nā hui diallyl disulfide a me diallyl trisulfide he mau hopena larvicidal hiki, me nā awelika sublethal doses ma ka pae o 10-20 ppm. Ua ʻike hou ʻia ka hana larvicidal maʻamau no nā hui eugenol, limonene a me eucalyptol me nā waiwai LC50 o 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm. a me 181.33 ppm ma hope o 24 mau hola, kēlā me kēia (Papa 3). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe mana larvicidal koʻikoʻi o ka methyl eugenol a me carvone i loaʻa ma nā dosis kiʻekiʻe loa, no laila ʻaʻole i helu ʻia nā waiwai LC50 (Papa 3). ʻO ka larvicide synthetic Temephos he awelika make o 0.43 ppm e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti ma luna o 24 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana (Papa 3, Papa Hoʻohui 6).
ʻEhiku mau hui (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene a me carvone) i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia nā hui nui o ka EO kūpono a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia e kūʻē i nā makika ʻAigupita makua ʻAedes. Wahi a ka loiloi regression Probit, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Eudesmol ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa me ka waiwai LC50 o 1.82 ppm, ukali ʻia e Eucalyptol me ka waiwai LC50 o 17.60 ppm i ka manawa hōʻike 24-hola. ʻO nā hui ʻelima i koe i hoʻāʻo ʻia he mea hōʻino iki i nā pākeke me LC50s mai 140.79 a 737.01 ppm (Papa 3). ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka organophosphorus malathion synthetic ma mua o eudesmol a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā hui ʻeono ʻē aʻe, me ka waiwai LC50 o 5.44 ppm ma luna o ka manawa hōʻike 24-hola (Papa 3, Papa Hoʻohui 6).
Ua koho ʻia ʻehiku mau hui alakaʻi ikaika a me ka organophosphorus tamephosate e hana i nā hui binary o kā lākou mau lāʻau LC50 ma kahi ratio 1:1. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia he 28 mau hui binary a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia no ko lākou hopena larvicidal e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti. Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻeiwa mau hui i synergistic, he 14 mau hui i antagonistic, a ʻelima mau hui ʻaʻole larvicidal. Ma waena o nā hui synergistic, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o diallyl disulfide a me temofol ka mea kūpono loa, me ka make 100% i ʻike ʻia ma hope o 24 mau hola (Papa 4). Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike nā hui ʻana o limonene me diallyl disulfide a me eugenol me thymetphos i ka hiki maikaʻi me ka make larval i ʻike ʻia he 98.3% (Papa 5). ʻO nā hui pū ʻana he 4 i koe, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo eudesmol me eucalyptol, eudesmol me limonene, eucalyptol me alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene me temephos, ua hōʻike pū i ka hopena larvicidal koʻikoʻi, me nā helu make i ʻike ʻia ma mua o 90%. ʻO ka helu make i manaʻo ʻia ua kokoke i 60-75%. (Papa 4). Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o limonene me α-pinene a i ʻole eucalyptus i hōʻike i nā hopena antagonistic. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia nā hui ʻana o Temephos me eugenol a i ʻole eucalyptus a i ʻole eudesmol a i ʻole diallyl trisulfide he mau hopena antagonistic. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o diallyl disulfide a me diallyl trisulfide a me ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi o kēia mau hui me eudesmol a i ʻole eugenol he antagonistic i kā lākou hana larvicidal. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka antagonism me ka hui pū ʻana o eudesmol me eugenol a i ʻole α-pinene.
Ma waena o nā hui binary 28 a pau i hoʻāʻo ʻia no ka hana waikawa makua, 7 mau hui i synergistic, 6 ʻaʻohe hopena, a he 15 i antagonistic. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hui ʻana o eudesmol me eucalyptus a me limonene me carvone he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā hui synergistic ʻē aʻe, me nā helu make ma 24 mau hola o 76% a me 100%, kēlā me kēia (Papa 5). Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Malathion e hōʻike i kahi hopena synergistic me nā hui āpau o nā hui koe wale nō ka limonene a me ka diallyl trisulfide. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa ka antagonism ma waena o diallyl disulfide a me diallyl trisulfide a me ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi o lākou me ka eucalyptus, a i ʻole eucalyptol, a i ʻole carvone, a i ʻole limonene. Pēlā nō, ʻo nā hui ʻana o α-pinene me eudesmol a i ʻole limonene, eucalyptol me carvone a i ʻole limonene, a me limonene me eudesmol a i ʻole malathion i hōʻike i nā hopena larvicidal antagonistic. No nā hui ʻeono i koe, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka make i manaʻo ʻia a me ka make i ʻike ʻia (Papa 5).
Ma muli o nā hopena synergistic a me nā dosis sublethal, ua koho hope ʻia ko lākou ʻawahia larvicidal e kūʻē i ka nui o nā makika Aedes aegypti a ua hoʻāʻo hou ʻia. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua 100% ka make ʻana o ka larval i ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui binary eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene a me diallyl disulfide-timephos, ʻoiai ʻo ka make larval i manaʻo ʻia he 76.48%, 72.16% a me 63.4%, kēlā me kēia (Papa 6). . ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o limonene a me eudesmol ʻaʻole i kūpono loa, me ka 88% o ka make larval i ʻike ʻia ma luna o ka manawa hōʻike 24-hola (Papa 6). I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ua hōʻike pū nā hui binary ʻehā i koho ʻia i nā hopena larvicidal synergistic e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti i ka wā i hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi pae nui (Papa 6).
ʻEkolu mau hui synergistic i koho ʻia no ka bioassay adultocidal e kāohi i nā heluna nui o nā Aedes aegypti makua. No ke koho ʻana i nā hui e hoʻāʻo ai ma nā kolone pepeke nui, ua kālele mua mākou i nā hui terpene synergistic ʻelua maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo carvone me ka limonene a me eucalyptol me eudesmol. ʻO ka lua, ua koho ʻia ka hui synergistic maikaʻi loa mai ka hui pū ʻana o ka organophosphate malathion synthetic a me nā terpenoids. Manaʻo mākou ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka malathion a me ka eudesmol ka hui maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma nā kolone pepeke nui ma muli o ka make kiʻekiʻe loa i ʻike ʻia a me nā waiwai LC50 haʻahaʻa loa o nā mea hoʻohui moho. Hōʻike ʻo Malathion i ka synergism i ka hui pū ʻana me α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone a me eudesmol. Akā inā mākou e nānā i nā waiwai LC50, ʻo Eudesmol ka waiwai haʻahaʻa loa (2.25 ppm). ʻO nā waiwai LC50 i helu ʻia o ka malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol a me carvone he 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 a me 140.79 ppm. pakahi. Hōʻike kēia mau waiwai ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka malathion a me ka eudesmol ka hui kūpono loa ma ke ʻano o ka dosage. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua loaʻa i ka hui pū ʻana o ka carvone me ka limonene a me ka eudesmol me ka malathion he 100% ka make i ʻike ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka make i manaʻo ʻia he 61% a 65%. ʻO kekahi hui pū ʻana, ʻo eudesmol me ka eucalyptol, ua hōʻike i ka nui o ka make o 78.66% ma hope o 24 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ka make i manaʻo ʻia he 60%. Ua hōʻike nā hui ʻekolu i koho ʻia i nā hopena synergistic ʻoiai ke hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi pālākiō nui e kūʻē i ka Aedes aegypti makua (Papa 6).
Ma kēia noiʻi, ua hōʻike nā EO mea kanu i koho ʻia e like me Mp, As, Os, Em a me Cl i nā hopena make maikaʻi ma nā pae larval a me nā pae makua o Aedes aegypti. ʻO Mp EO ka hana larvicidal kiʻekiʻe loa me ka waiwai LC50 o 0.42 ppm, ukali ʻia e As, Os a me Em EO me ka waiwai LC50 ma lalo o 50 ppm ma hope o 24 h. Kūlike kēia mau hopena me nā noiʻi mua o nā makika a me nā nalo dipterous ʻē aʻe10,11,12,13,14. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ikaika larvicidal o Cl ma mua o nā aila pono ʻē aʻe, me ka waiwai LC50 o 163.65 ppm ma hope o 24 mau hola, ʻo kona hiki ke makua ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa me ka waiwai LC50 o 23.37 ppm ma hope o 24 mau hola. Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Mp, As a me Em EOs i ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā allercidal me nā waiwai LC50 ma ka pae o 100-120 ppm ma 24 hola o ka hōʻike ʻana, akā ua haʻahaʻa iki ia ma mua o ko lākou hopena larvicidal. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo EO Os i kahi hopena allercidal liʻiliʻi ʻoiai ma ka nui o ka therapeutic kiʻekiʻe loa. No laila, hōʻike nā hopena e ʻokoʻa paha ka ʻawaʻawa o ka ethylene oxide i nā mea kanu ma muli o ke kahua hoʻomohala o nā makika15. Aia nō hoʻi ia i ka wikiwiki o ke komo ʻana o nā EO i loko o ke kino o ka pepeke, kā lākou launa pū ʻana me nā enzymes kikoʻī, a me ka hiki ke detoxification o ka makika i kēlā me kēia pae hoʻomohala16. Ua hōʻike ʻia he nui nā haʻawina he mea nui ka hui nui i ka hana olaola o ka ethylene oxide, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka hapa nui o nā hui āpau3,12,17,18. No laila, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i ʻelua mau hui nui i kēlā me kēia EO. Ma muli o nā hopena GC-MS, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo diallyl disulfide a me diallyl trisulfide ʻo ia nā hui nui o EO As, kahi e kūlike me nā hōʻike mua19,20,21. ʻOiai ua hōʻike nā hōʻike mua ʻo menthol kekahi o kāna mau hui nui, ua ʻike hou ʻia ʻo carvone a me limonene ʻo ia nā hui nui o Mp EO22,23. Ua hōʻike ka ʻano hana o Os EO ʻo eugenol a me methyl eugenol nā hui nui, kahi e like me nā ʻike o nā mea noiʻi mua16,24. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Eucalyptol a me eucalyptol ʻo ia nā hui nui i loaʻa i ka ʻaila lau Em, kahi e kūlike me nā ʻike o kekahi mau mea noiʻi25,26 akā kūʻē i nā ʻike o Olalade et al.27. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mana o cineole a me α-pinene i ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi melaleuca, kahi e like me nā haʻawina mua28,29. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa intraspecific i ka haku mele ʻana a me ka nui o nā aila pono i unuhi ʻia mai nā ʻano mea kanu like ma nā wahi like ʻole a ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi i loko o kēia noiʻi, i hoʻohuli ʻia e nā kūlana ulu mea kanu honua, ka manawa ʻohi, ke kahua hoʻomohala, a i ʻole ka makahiki mea kanu. ke ʻano o nā chemotypes, etc.22,30,31,32. A laila ua kūʻai ʻia nā hui koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia no kā lākou hopena larvicidal a me nā hopena ma nā makika Aedes aegypti makua. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ua like ka hana larvicidal o ka diallyl disulfide me ka EO As crude. Akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana o ka diallyl trisulfide ma mua o EO As. Ua like kēia mau hopena me nā mea i loaʻa iā Kimbaris et al. 33 ma Culex philippines. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike kēia mau hui ʻelua i ka hana autocidal maikaʻi e kūʻē i nā makika i manaʻo ʻia, kahi e kūlike me nā hopena o Plata-Rueda et al 34 ma Tenebrio molitor. He kūpono ʻo Os EO e kūʻē i ke kahua larval o Aedes aegypti, akā ʻaʻole e kūʻē i ke kahua makua. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ua haʻahaʻa ka hana larvicidal o nā hui pākahi nui ma mua o ka Os EO maka. Hōʻike kēia i kahi kuleana no nā hui ʻē aʻe a me kā lākou pilina ma ka ethylene oxide maka. ʻO Methyl eugenol wale nō he hana liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai ʻo eugenol wale nō he hana larvicidal waena. Hōʻoia kēia hopena, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao,35,36, a ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, kūʻē i nā hopena o nā mea noiʻi mua37,38. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i nā hui hana o eugenol a me methyleugenol e hopena i nā ʻona like ʻole i ka pepeke pahuhopu like39. Ua ʻike ʻia he hana larvicidal waena ʻo Limonene, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nui ka hopena o carvone. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka limonene i nā pepeke makua a me ka ʻona kiʻekiʻe o carvone e kākoʻo i nā hopena o kekahi mau haʻawina mua40 akā kūʻē i nā mea ʻē aʻe41. ʻO ke alo o nā pilina pālua ma nā kūlana intracyclic a me exocyclic e hoʻonui paha i nā pono o kēia mau hui e like me larvicides3,41, ʻoiai ʻo carvone, he ketone me nā alpha unsaturated a me beta carbons, hiki ke hōʻike i kahi kiʻekiʻe aʻe no ka toxicity i nā pākeke42. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā ʻano pilikino o ka limonene a me ka carvone ma mua o ka huina EO Mp (Papa 1, Papa 3). Ma waena o nā terpenoids i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo eudesmol ka hana larvicidal nui loa a me ka pākeke me ka waiwai LC50 ma lalo o 2.5 ppm, e lilo ia i hui hoʻohiki no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika Aedes. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna hana ma mua o ka EO Em holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kūlike kēia me nā ʻike a Cheng et al.40. ʻO Eudesmol kahi sesquiterpene me ʻelua mau ʻāpana isoprene i emi iki ka volatile ma mua o nā monoterpenes oxygenated e like me eucalyptus a no laila he nui ka hiki ke lilo i pesticide. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hana makua o Eucalyptol ma mua o ka hana larvicidal, a ʻo nā hopena mai nā haʻawina mua e kākoʻo a hōʻole i kēia37,43,44. ʻO ka hana wale nō ua aneane like me ka hana o ka EO Cl holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi monoterpene bicyclic, ʻo α-pinene, he emi iki ka hopena makua ma Aedes aegypti ma mua o ka hopena larvicidal, ʻo ia ke kū'ē i ka hopena o ka EO Cl piha. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hana insecticidal holoʻokoʻa o nā terpenoids e ko lākou lipophilicity, volatility, carbon branching, projection area, surface area, functional groups a me ko lākou mau kūlana45,46. Hiki i kēia mau hui ke hana ma ka luku ʻana i nā hōʻiliʻili cell, ke ālai ʻana i ka hana hanu, ke kāpae ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā impulses nerve, etc.47 Ua ʻike ʻia ka organophosphate synthetic Temephos he hana larvicidal kiʻekiʻe loa me ka waiwai LC50 o 0.43 ppm, kahi e kūlike me ka ʻikepili a Lek -Utala48. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hana makua o ka organophosphorus malathion synthetic ma 5.44 ppm. ʻOiai ua hōʻike kēia mau organophosphates ʻelua i nā pane maikaʻi e kūʻē i nā ʻano hana o Aedes aegypti, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana o nā makika i kēia mau hui ma nā wahi like ʻole o ka honua49. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe hōʻike like o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau i loaʻa50. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea kanu he mau koho kūpono i nā pesticides kemika i nā papahana kaohi vector.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hopena larvicidal ma 28 mau hui binary (1:1) i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai nā terpenoids ikaika a me nā terpenoids me thymetphos, a ua ʻike ʻia he 9 mau hui he synergistic, 14 antagonistic a me 5 antagonistic. ʻAʻohe hopena. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ka bioassay potency makua, ua ʻike ʻia he 7 mau hui he synergistic, 15 mau hui he antagonistic, a ua hōʻike ʻia he 6 mau hui ʻaʻohe hopena. ʻO ke kumu e hana ai kekahi mau hui i kahi hopena synergistic ma muli paha o nā hui moho e launa pū ana ma nā ala koʻikoʻi like ʻole, a i ʻole i ka pale ʻana o nā enzymes koʻikoʻi like ʻole o kahi ala olaola kikoʻī51. Ua ʻike ʻia he synergistic ka hui pū ʻana o limonene me diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus a i ʻole eugenol ma nā noi liʻiliʻi a me nā noi nui (Papa 6), ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia kona hui pū ʻana me eucalyptus a i ʻole α-pinene he hopena antagonistic ma nā larvae. Ma ka awelika, ʻike ʻia ʻo limonene he synergist maikaʻi, malia paha ma muli o ke alo o nā hui methyl, ke komo maikaʻi ʻana i loko o ka stratum corneum, a me kahi ʻano hana ʻokoʻa52,53. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia e hiki i ka limonene ke hoʻoulu i nā hopena ʻawahia ma ke komo ʻana i nā cuticles pepeke (contact toxicity), e hoʻopilikia ana i ka ʻōnaehana digestive (antifeedant), a i ʻole e hoʻopilikia ana i ka ʻōnaehana hanu (fumigation activity), 54 ʻoiai ʻo phenylpropanoids e like me eugenol e hoʻopilikia i nā enzymes metabolic 55. No laila, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā hui me nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hoʻonui i ka hopena make holoʻokoʻa o ka hui ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Eucalyptol he synergistic me diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus a i ʻole α-pinene, akā ʻo nā hui ʻē aʻe me nā hui ʻē aʻe he non-larvicidal a antagonistic paha. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina mua he hana inhibitory ka eucalyptol ma acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a me nā octaamine a me nā GABA receptors56. ʻOiai ʻo nā monoterpenes cyclic, eucalyptol, eugenol, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he like ke ʻano hana me kā lākou hana neurotoxic, 57 no laila e hōʻemi ana i kā lākou hopena i hui pū ʻia ma o ka pale ʻana like. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o Temephos me diallyl disulfide, α-pinene a me limonene he synergistic, e kākoʻo ana i nā hōʻike mua o kahi hopena synergistic ma waena o nā huahana lāʻau a me nā organophosphates synthetic58.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o eudesmol a me eucalyptol he hopena synergistic ma nā pae larval a me nā pae makua o Aedes aegypti, malia paha ma muli o kā lākou ʻano hana like ʻole ma muli o ko lākou ʻano kemika like ʻole. Hiki iā Eudesmol (kahi sesquiterpene) ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana hanu 59 a hiki i ka eucalyptol (kahi monoterpene) ke hoʻopilikia i ka acetylcholinesterase 60. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau wahi pahuhopu e hoʻonui i ka hopena make holoʻokoʻa o ka hui pū ʻana. I nā bioassays mea makua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo malathion he synergistic me carvone a i ʻole eucalyptol a i ʻole eucalyptol a i ʻole diallyl disulfide a i ʻole α-pinene, e hōʻike ana he synergistic ia me ka hoʻohui ʻana o limonene a me di. He mau moho allercide synergistic maikaʻi no ka waihona holoʻokoʻa o nā pūhui terpene, koe wale nō ka allyl trisulfide. Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Thangam lāua ʻo Kathiresan61 i nā hopena like o ka hopena synergistic o ka malathion me nā mea kanu. Hiki ke loaʻa kēia pane synergistic ma muli o nā hopena ʻawahia i hui pū ʻia o ka malathion a me nā phytochemicals ma nā enzymes detoxifying pepeke. Hana maʻamau nā Organophosphates e like me ka malathion ma ke kāohi ʻana i nā cytochrome P450 esterases a me nā monooxygenases62,63,64. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka malathion me kēia mau ʻano hana a me nā terpenes me nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hoʻonui i ka hopena make holoʻokoʻa ma nā makika.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ka antagonism ʻaʻole ikaika loa nā hui i koho ʻia i ka hui pū ʻana ma mua o kēlā me kēia hui wale nō. ʻO ke kumu o ka antagonism i kekahi mau hui pū ʻana, ʻo ia paha ka hoʻololi ʻana o kekahi hui i ke ʻano o ka hui ʻē aʻe ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka omo ʻana, ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ka metabolism, a i ʻole ka excretion. Ua manaʻo nā mea noiʻi mua he kumu kēia o ka antagonism i nā hui lāʻau. Nā Molecules Hiki ke hana 65. Pēlā nō, pili paha nā kumu o ka antagonism i nā ʻano hana like, ka hoʻokūkū o nā hui hoʻohui no ka mea loaʻa like a i ʻole kahi pahuhopu. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke hana ʻia ka pale ʻole o ka protein pahuhopu. Ma kēia haʻawina, ʻelua mau hui organosulfur, diallyl disulfide a me diallyl trisulfide, i hōʻike i nā hopena antagonistic, ma muli paha o ka hoʻokūkū no kahi pahuhopu like. Pēlā nō, ua hōʻike kēia mau hui sulfur ʻelua i nā hopena antagonistic a ʻaʻohe hopena i ka wā i hui pū ʻia me eudesmol a me α-pinene. He cyclic ke ʻano o Eudesmol a me alpha-pinene, ʻoiai ʻo diallyl disulfide a me diallyl trisulfide he aliphatic ke ʻano. Ma muli o ke ʻano kemika, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau hui e hoʻonui i ka hana make holoʻokoʻa no ka mea he ʻokoʻa pinepine kā lākou mau wahi i manaʻo ʻia34,47, akā ma ke ʻano hoʻokolohua ua ʻike mākou i ka antagonism, kahi paha ma muli o ke kuleana o kēia mau hui i kekahi mau meaola i ʻike ʻole ʻia in vivo. nā ʻōnaehana ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka cineole a me ka α-pinene i hana i nā pane antagonistic, ʻoiai ua hōʻike mua nā mea noiʻi he ʻokoʻa nā pahuhopu hana o nā hui ʻelua47,60. ʻOiai he mau monoterpenes cyclic nā hui ʻelua, aia paha kekahi mau wahi pahuhopu maʻamau e hoʻokūkū no ka nakinaki ʻana a hoʻohuli i ka toxicity holoʻokoʻa o nā hui combinatorial i aʻo ʻia.
Ma muli o nā waiwai LC50 a me ka make i ʻike ʻia, ua koho ʻia nā hui terpene synergistic ʻelua maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hui o carvone + limonene a me eucalyptol + eudesmol, a me ka organophosphorus malathion synthetic me nā terpenes. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hui synergistic kūpono o nā hui malathion + Eudesmol i loko o kahi bioassay insecticide pākeke. E kuhikuhi i nā kolone pepeke nui e hōʻoia inā hiki i kēia mau hui kūpono ke hana kūʻē i nā helu he nui o nā kānaka ma luna o nā wahi hōʻike nui. Hōʻike kēia mau hui āpau i kahi hopena synergistic e kūʻē i nā ʻōpū nui o nā pepeke. Ua loaʻa nā hopena like no kahi hui larvicidal synergistic kūpono i hoʻāʻo ʻia e kūʻē i nā heluna nui o nā larvae Aedes aegypti. No laila, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka hui synergistic larvicidal a me ka adulticidal kūpono o nā hui EO mea kanu he moho ikaika e kūʻē i nā kemika synthetic e kū nei a hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia e kāohi i nā heluna Aedes aegypti. Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hui kūpono o nā larvicides synthetic a i ʻole nā mea pepehi kanaka makua me nā terpenes e hōʻemi i nā dosis o thymetphos a i ʻole malathion i hāʻawi ʻia i nā makika. Hiki i kēia mau hui synergistic ikaika ke hāʻawi i nā hopena no nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā makika Aedes.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā hua o Aedes aegypti mai ke Kikowaena Noiʻi Lapaʻau ʻĀpana, Dibrugarh, ʻAha Kūkākūkā Noiʻi Lapaʻau ʻInia a mālama ʻia ma lalo o ka mahana i kāohi ʻia (28 ± 1 °C) a me ka haʻahaʻa (85 ± 5%) ma ka ʻOihana Zoology, ke Kulanui ʻo Gauhati ma lalo o nā kūlana penei: Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Arivoli et al. Ma hope o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, ua hānai ʻia nā larvae i ka meaʻai larval (pauka biscuit ʻīlio a me ka hū ma ka lakio 3:1) a ua hānai ʻia nā pākeke i kahi hopena glucose 10%. E hoʻomaka ana ma ke kolu o ka lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai, ua ʻae ʻia nā makika wahine makua e omo i ke koko o nā ʻiole albino. E hoʻomohu i ka pepa kānana i loko o ka wai i loko o ke aniani a waiho i loko o ka pā hua.
Nā laʻana mea kanu i koho ʻia ʻo ia hoʻi nā lau eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), basil hemolele (Lamiaceae), mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) a me nā ʻōpuʻu allium (Amaryllidaceae). Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai Guwahati a ua ʻike ʻia e ka 'Oihana Botany, ke Kulanui ʻo Gauhati. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana mea kanu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia (500 g) i ka hydrodistillation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana Clevenger no 6 mau hola. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka EO i unuhi ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole aniani maʻemaʻe a mālama ʻia ma 4°C no ka hoʻopaʻa hou ʻana.
Ua aʻo ʻia ka ʻawahia larvicidal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka World Health Organization 67 i hoʻololi iki ʻia. E hoʻohana iā DMSO ma ke ʻano he emulsifier. Ua hoʻāʻo mua ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano EO ma 100 a me 1000 ppm, e hōʻike ana i 20 larvae i kēlā me kēia replicate. Ma muli o nā hopena, ua hoʻopili ʻia kahi pae ʻano a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make mai 1 hola a 6 hola (ma nā manawa 1 hola), a ma 24 hola, 48 hola a me 72 hola ma hope o ka mālama ʻana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻano sublethal (LC50) ma hope o 24, 48 a me 72 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano ma ka triplicate me hoʻokahi kaohi maikaʻi ʻole (wai wale nō) a me hoʻokahi kaohi maikaʻi (wai i mālama ʻia me DMSO). Inā hana ʻia ka pupation a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10% o nā larvae o ka hui kaohi e make, hana hou ʻia ka hoʻokolohua. Inā ma waena o 5-10% ka nui o ka make ma ka hui kaohi, e hoʻohana i ke ʻano hoʻoponopono Abbott 68.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hana i wehewehe ʻia e Ramar et al. 69 no kahi bioassay makua e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes aegypti me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka acetone ma ke ʻano he solvent. Ua hoʻāʻo mua ʻia kēlā me kēia EO e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes aegypti makua ma nā ʻano he 100 a me 1000 ppm. E hoʻopili i 2 ml o kēlā me kēia hopena i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i ka helu Whatman. 1 ʻāpana pepa kānana (ka nui 12 x 15 cm2) a e hoʻokuʻu i ka acetone e mahu no 10 mau minuke. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pepa kānana i mālama ʻia me 2 ml wale nō o ka acetone ma ke ʻano he kaohi. Ma hope o ka mahu ʻana o ka acetone, ua waiho ʻia ka pepa kānana i mālama ʻia a me ka pepa kānana kaohi i loko o kahi ʻōmole cylindrical (10 cm ka hohonu). Ua hoʻoili ʻia he ʻumi mau makika hānai koko ʻole he 3 a 4 lā i nā triplicates o kēlā me kēia ʻano. Ma muli o nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua mua, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā aila i koho ʻia. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ma 1 hola, 2 hola, 3 hola, 4 hola, 5 hola, 6 hola, 24 hola, 48 hola a me 72 hola ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā makika. E helu i nā waiwai LC50 no nā manawa hōʻike o 24 mau hola, 48 mau hola a me 72 mau hola. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make o ka pūʻulu kaohi ma mua o 20%, e hana hou i ka hoʻāʻo holoʻokoʻa. Pēlā nō, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make ma ka hui kaohi ma mua o 5%, e hoʻoponopono i nā hopena no nā laʻana i mālama ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana a Abbott68.
Ua hana ʻia ke kinoea chromatography (Agilent 7890A) a me ka mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) e kālailai i nā hui o nā aila pono i koho ʻia. Ua lako ka GC me kahi mea ʻike FID a me kahi kolamu capillary (HP5-MS). ʻO ke kinoea lawe he helium, ʻo ka nui o ke kahe he 1 ml/min. Hoʻonohonoho ka papahana GC iā Allium sativum i 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M a me Ocimum Sainttum i 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 - 280, no ka mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, no ka eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, a no ka ʻulaʻula No nā papa he tausani, ʻo ia lākou 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā hui nui o kēlā me kēia EO ma muli o ka pakeneka ʻāpana i helu ʻia mai ka GC chromatogram a me nā hopena spectrometry mass (i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka waihona ʻikepili kūlana NIST 70).
Ua koho ʻia nā hui nui ʻelua i loko o kēlā me kēia EO ma muli o nā hopena GC-MS a kūʻai ʻia mai Sigma-Aldrich ma 98-99% maʻemaʻe no nā bioassays hou aʻe. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hui no ka larvicidal a me ka pono o ka pākeke e kūʻē iā Aedes aegypti e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma luna. Ua kālailai ʻia nā larvicides synthetic tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) a me ka malathion lāʻau pākeke (Sigma Aldrich) e hoʻohālikelike i ko lākou pono me nā hui EO i koho ʻia, ma muli o ke kaʻina hana like.
Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā hui pālua o nā hui terpene i koho ʻia a me nā hui terpene me nā organophosphates kalepa (tilephos a me malathion) ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka mahele LC50 o kēlā me kēia hui moho ma ka lakio 1:1. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hui i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma nā pae larval a me nā pae makua o Aedes aegypti e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma luna. Ua hana ʻia kēlā me kēia bioassay ma ke ʻano he triplicate no kēlā me kēia hui a ma ke ʻano he triplicate no nā hui pākahi i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ʻana o nā pepeke i manaʻo ʻia ma hope o 24 mau hola. E helu i ka helu make i manaʻo ʻia no kahi hui binary me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana ma lalo nei.
kahi ʻo E = ka nui o ka make i manaʻo ʻia o nā makika Aedes aegypti i ka pane ʻana i kahi hui binary, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pilina (A + B).
Ua kapa ʻia ka hopena o kēlā me kēia hui binary he synergistic, antagonistic, a i ʻole ʻaʻohe hopena ma muli o ka waiwai χ2 i helu ʻia e ke ʻano i wehewehe ʻia e Pavla52. E helu i ka waiwai χ2 no kēlā me kēia hui pū ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana ma lalo nei.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hopena o kahi hui pū ʻana he synergistic i ka wā i ʻoi aku ai ka waiwai χ2 i helu ʻia ma mua o ka waiwai papa no nā kekelē o ke kūʻokoʻa e pili ana (95% waena hilinaʻi) a inā ua ʻike ʻia ka make i ʻike ʻia e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka make i manaʻo ʻia. Pēlā nō, inā ʻoi aku ka waiwai χ2 i helu ʻia no kekahi hui pū ʻana ma mua o ka waiwai papa me kekahi mau kekelē o ke kūʻokoʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka make i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka make i manaʻo ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻia ka lāʻau ʻana he antagonistic. A inā i loko o kekahi hui pū ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka waiwai i helu ʻia o χ2 ma mua o ka waiwai papa ma nā kekelē o ke kūʻokoʻa e pili ana, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe hopena o ka hui pū ʻana.
Ua koho ʻia ʻekolu a ʻehā mau hui pū ʻana (100 larvae a me 50 larvicidal a me ka hana pepeke makua) no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e kūʻē i ka nui o nā pepeke. Hoʻomau nā pākeke e like me luna. Me nā hui ʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hui pākahi i loaʻa i loko o nā hui i koho ʻia ma nā helu like o nā larvae Aedes aegypti a me nā pākeke. ʻO ka lakio hui ʻana he ʻāpana LC50 dose o hoʻokahi hui moho a me ka hapa LC50 dose o ka hui ʻē aʻe. I ka bioassay hana pākeke, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā hui i koho ʻia i loko o ka acetone solvent a ua hoʻopili ʻia i ka pepa kānana i kāʻei ʻia i loko o kahi pahu plastik cylindrical 1300 cm3. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka acetone no 10 mau minuke a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pākeke. Pēlā nō, i ka bioassay larvicidal, ua hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻia nā doses o nā hui moho LC50 i nā nui like o DMSO a laila hui pū ʻia me 1 lita o ka wai i mālama ʻia i loko o nā pahu plastik 1300 cc, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā larvae.
Ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi probabilistic o 71 mau ʻikepili make i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka SPSS (mana 16) a me ka polokalamu Minitab e helu i nā waiwai LC50.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-01-2024