I mea e pono aikāohi i nā makikaa me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka nui o nā maʻi a lākou e lawe nei, pono nā koho ʻē aʻe i nā pesticides kemika, hoʻomau a pili i ke kaiapuni. Ua loiloi mākou i nā ʻai hua mai kekahi mau Brassicaceae (ʻohana Brassica) ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā isothiocyanates i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu i hana ʻia e ka hydrolysis enzymatic o nā glucosinolates biologically inactive no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kaohi ʻana o nā Aedes ʻAigupita (L., 1762). ʻO ka palaoa hua ʻelima-momona (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 a me Thlaspi arvense - ʻekolu mau ʻano nui o ka hoʻopau wela a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa enzymatic Nā huahana kemika No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻawahia (LC50) o ka allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate a me 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate i nā larvae Aedes aegypti ma ka hōʻike ʻana i 24 hola = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Nā waiwai LC50 no ka sinapi, ka sinapi keʻokeʻo a me ka huelo lio. ʻO ka ʻai hua he 0.05, 0.08 a me 0.05 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) a ʻo 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa i nā larvae ma o 24 mau hola ma hope o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o 0.1 g/120 ml dH2O. Kūlike kēia mau hopena me ka hana ʻana o ka ʻai hua alfalfa. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pono o nā benzyl esters e kūlike me nā waiwai LC50 i helu ʻia. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻai hua ke hāʻawi i kahi ala kūpono no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika. ka pono o ka pauka hua cruciferous a me kāna mau ʻāpana kemika nui e kūʻē i nā larvae makika a hōʻike pehea e hiki ai i nā hui kūlohelohe i loko o ka pauka hua cruciferous ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he larvicide aloha kaiapuni no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika.
ʻO nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā vector i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā makika Aedes e noho mau nei i kahi pilikia olakino lehulehu honua. Hoʻolaha ka nui o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika ma ka ʻāina1,2,3 a puka hou mai, e alakaʻi ana i nā maʻi ahulau o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi4,5,6,7. ʻO ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi i waena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona (e like me ka chikungunya, dengue, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever a me ka Zika virus) he mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka maʻi Dengue wale nō e hoʻoweliweli i kahi 3.6 biliona mau kānaka i ka maʻi ma nā ʻāina wela, me kahi manaʻo he 390 miliona mau maʻi e hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e hopena ana i ka make ʻana o 6,100-24,300 i kēlā me kēia makahiki8. ʻO ka puka hou ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o ka maʻi Zika ma ʻAmelika Hema ua huki i ka manaʻo o ka honua holoʻokoʻa ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana o ka lolo i hana ʻia i nā keiki i hānau ʻia e nā wahine i loaʻa i ka maʻi2. Ua wānana ʻo Kremer et al 3 e hoʻomau ka laulā ʻāina o nā makika Aedes a ma ka makahiki 2050, e pilikia ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua i ka maʻi ʻia e nā arboviruses i lawe ʻia e nā makika.
Me ka ʻokoʻa o nā lāʻau pale i hoʻomohala hou ʻia e kūʻē i ka dengue a me ke kuni melemele, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia nā lāʻau pale e kūʻē i ka hapa nui o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika9,10,11. Loaʻa mau nā lāʻau pale i nā nui palena a hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau. ʻO ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea lawe makika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides synthetic he ala nui ia e kaohi ai i ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā makika12,13. ʻOiai he maikaʻi nā pesticides synthetic i ka pepehi ʻana i nā makika, ʻo ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides synthetic e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole i nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia a hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni14,15,16. ʻOi aku ka hopohopo o ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā makika i nā insecticides kemika17,18,19. Ua wikiwiki kēia mau pilikia e pili ana me nā pesticides i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā koho kūpono a pili i ke kaiapuni e kaohi ai i nā mea lawe maʻi.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā phytopesticides no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino20,21. ʻO nā mea kanu he mea aloha i ke kaiapuni ma ke ʻano laulā no ka mea he biodegradable lākou a he haʻahaʻa a liʻiliʻi paha ka ʻawaʻawa i nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā mammals, nā iʻa a me nā amphibians20,22. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau lāʻau lapaʻau e hana i nā ʻano hui bioactive like ʻole me nā ʻano hana like ʻole e kaohi pono i nā pae ola like ʻole o nā makika23,24,25,26. Ua loaʻa ka nānā ʻana i nā hui i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu e like me nā aila koʻikoʻi a me nā mea kanu hana ʻē aʻe a ua hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no nā mea hana hou e kaohi i nā vectors makika. Hana nā aila koʻikoʻi, monoterpenes a me sesquiterpenes ma ke ʻano he repellents, mea hoʻopau hānai a me ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33. He nui nā aila mea kanu e make ai nā larvae makika, nā pupae a me nā mākua34,35,36, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka nerve, ka hanu, ka endocrine a me nā ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe o nā pepeke37.
Ua hāʻawi nā haʻawina hou i ka ʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia o nā mea kanu sinapi a me kā lākou mau hua ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā pūhui bioactive. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka palaoa hua sinapi ma ke ʻano he biofumigant38,39,40,41 a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi lepo no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka nāhelehele42,43,44 a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā pathogens mea kanu i lawe ʻia e ka lepo45,46,47,48,49,50, meaʻai mea kanu. nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 a me nā mea ʻino 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. ʻO ka hana fungicidal o kēia mau pauka hua e pili ana i nā pūhui pale mea kanu i kapa ʻia ʻo isothiocyanates38,42,60. I loko o nā mea kanu, mālama ʻia kēia mau pūhui pale i loko o nā cell mea kanu ma ke ʻano o nā glucosinolates non-bioactive. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e hōʻino ʻia ai nā mea kanu e ka hānai pepeke a i ʻole ka maʻi pathogen, ua hydrolyzed ʻia nā glucosinolates e myrosinase i loko o nā isothiocyanates bioactive55,61. He mau pūhui volatile nā Isothiocyanates i ʻike ʻia he hana antimicrobial a me insecticidal ākea, a ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou ʻano, hana olaola a me ka nui ma waena o nā ʻano Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia nā isothiocyanates i loaʻa mai ka palaoa hua sinapi he hana insecticidal, ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻikepili ma ka hana olaola e kūʻē i nā mea lawe arthropod koʻikoʻi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua nānā kā mākou noiʻi i ka hana larvicidal o ʻehā mau pauka hua i hoʻohemo ʻia ka momona e kūʻē i nā makika Aedes. ʻO nā larvae o Aedes aegypti. ʻO ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻo ia ke loiloi i ko lākou hoʻohana hiki ke lilo i biopesticides aloha i ke kaiapuni no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia hoʻi ʻekolu mau ʻāpana kemika nui o ka palaoa hua, ʻo allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a me 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) e hoʻāʻo i ka hana olaola o kēia mau ʻāpana kemika ma nā larvae makika. ʻO kēia ka hōʻike mua e loiloi i ka pono o ʻehā mau pauka hua kāpeti a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana kemika nui e kūʻē i nā larvae makika.
Ua mālama ʻia nā kolone keʻena hoʻokolohua o Aedes aegypti (ʻano Rockefeller) ma 26°C, 70% ka haʻahaʻa pili (RH) a me 10:14 h (L:D photoperiod). Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahine i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o nā hale palaki (ke kiʻekiʻe he 11 cm a me ke anawaena he 9.5 cm) a hānai ʻia ma o kahi ʻōnaehana hānai ʻōmole e hoʻohana ana i ke koko bipi citrated (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, USA). Ua hana ʻia ka hānai koko e like me ka mea maʻamau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hānai multi-glass membrane (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, USA) i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi paipu ʻauʻau wai e kaʻapuni ana (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) me ka mana mahana 37 °C. E hohola i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni o Parafilm M ma lalo o kēlā me kēia keʻena hānai aniani (kahi 154 mm2). A laila ua kau ʻia kēlā me kēia mea hānai ma ka ʻaoʻao luna e uhi ana i ka hale paʻahao e loaʻa ana ka wahine i hoʻopili ʻia. Ma kahi o 350–400 μl o ke koko bipi i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o kahi funnel hānai aniani me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pipette Pasteur (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) a ua ʻae ʻia nā ilo makua e hoʻokahe no hoʻokahi hola ma ka liʻiliʻi. A laila ua hāʻawi ʻia nā wahine hāpai i kahi hopena sucrose 10% a ʻae ʻia e waiho i nā hua ma ka pepa kānana pulu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā kīʻaha soufflé ultra-clear pākahi (1.25 fl oz ka nui, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA). hale manu me ka wai. E kau i ka pepa kānana i loaʻa nā hua i loko o kahi ʻeke sila (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) a mālama ma 26°C. Ua pahū ʻia nā hua a ua hānai ʻia ma kahi o 200–250 larvae i loko o nā pā plastik i loaʻa ka hui ʻana o ka rabbit chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) a me ka pauka ake (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA). a me ka fillet iʻa (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Kelemānia) ma ka lakio o 2:1:1. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā larvae o ka instar ʻekolu hope loa i kā mākou bioassays.
Ua loaʻa nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi mai nā kumu kālepa a me ke aupuni: Brassica juncea (mustard ʻeleʻele-Pacific Gold) a me Brassica juncea (mustard keʻokeʻo-Ida Gold) mai ka Pacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, USA; (Garden Cress) mai Kelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, USA a me Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) mai USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA; ʻAʻohe o nā hua i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke noiʻi i mālama ʻia me nā pesticides. Ua hana ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu a pau ma kēia noiʻi e like me nā lula kūloko a me nā lula aupuni a e like me nā lula kūloko a me nā lula aupuni. ʻAʻole i nānā kēia noiʻi i nā ʻano mea kanu transgenic.
Ua wili ʻia nā hua Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White mustard (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) i pauka maikaʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wili ultracentrifugal Retsch ZM200 (Retsch, Haan, Kelemānia) i lako me kahi ʻupena 0.75 mm a me ka rotor kila kila, 12 niho, 10,000 rpm (Papa 1). Ua hoʻoili ʻia ka pauka hua i wili ʻia i kahi thimble pepa a ua hoʻokahe ʻia ka momona me ka hexane i loko o kahi mea hana Soxhlet no 24 hola. Ua mālama ʻia kahi subsample o ka mustard kula i hoʻokahe ʻia ka momona ma 100 °C no 1 hola e hoʻokahe i ka myrosinase a pale i ka hydrolysis o glucosinolates e hana i nā isothiocyanates biologically active. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka hua horsetail i mālama ʻia i ka wela (DFP-HT) ma ke ʻano he kaohi maikaʻi ʻole ma ka hoʻokahe ʻana i ka myrosinase.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka Glucosinolate o ka palaoa hua i hoʻohemo ʻia i ka ʻekolu mau manawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chromatography wai hana kiʻekiʻe (HPLC) e like me kahi protocol i paʻi mua ʻia 64. I ka pōkole, ua hoʻohui ʻia he 3 mL o ka methanol i kahi laʻana 250 mg o ka pauka hua i hoʻohemo ʻia. Ua sonicated ʻia kēlā me kēia laʻana i loko o kahi ʻauʻau wai no 30 mau minuke a waiho ʻia i ka pouli ma 23°C no 16 mau hola. A laila ua kānana ʻia kahi 1 mL aliquot o ka papa organik ma o kahi kānana 0.45 μm i loko o kahi autosampler. Ke holo nei ma kahi ʻōnaehana Shimadzu HPLC (ʻelua mau pamu LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector no ka nānā ʻana ma 237 nm; a me ka module bus kamaʻilio CBM-20A), ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka glucosinolate o ka palaoa hua i ka ʻekolu mau manawa. me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Shimadzu LC Solution mana 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA). ʻO ke kolamu he kolamu pae hoʻohuli C18 Inertsil (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, USA). Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā kūlana pae neʻe mua ma 12% methanol/88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide i loko o ka wai (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) me ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o 1 mL/min. Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o 15 μl o ka laʻana, ua mālama ʻia nā kūlana mua no 20 mau minuke, a laila ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka lakio solvent i 100% methanol, me ka manawa loiloi laʻana holoʻokoʻa o 65 mau minuke. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi piʻo maʻamau (nM/mAb) e nā dilutions serial o nā kūlana sinapine, glucosinolate a me myrosin i hoʻomākaukau hou ʻia (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) e kuhi i ka nui o ka sulfur o ka palaoa hua i hoʻohemo ʻia ka momona. glucosinolates. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā pae Glucosinolate i loko o nā laʻana ma kahi Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) i lako me ke kolamu like a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano hana i wehewehe mua ʻia. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā pae Glucosinolate; e hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana HPLC.
Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, paʻa) a me benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) mai Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate mai ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA). I ka wā i hydrolyzed ʻia ai ka enzymatically e myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, a me glucosinolates e hana i ka allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, a me 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate.
Ua hana ʻia nā bioassays keʻena hoʻokolohua e like me ke ʻano o Muturi et al. 32 me nā hoʻololi. ʻElima mau mea hānai hua momona haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ke aʻo ʻana: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG a me Ls. Ua waiho ʻia he iwakālua mau larvae i loko o kahi beaker ʻekolu ala hoʻolei 400 mL (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, USA) me 120 mL wai deionized (dH2O). Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻehiku mau ʻano palaoa hua no ka ʻawahia o ka larva namu: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 a me 0.12 g palaoa hua/120 ml dH2O no ka palaoa hua DFP, DFP-HT, IG a me PG. Hōʻike nā bioassays mua he ʻoi aku ka ʻawahia o ka palaoa hua Ls i hoʻohemo ʻia ka momona ma mua o ʻehā mau palaoa hua ʻē aʻe i hoʻāʻo ʻia. No laila, ua hoʻoponopono mākou i nā ʻehiku mau nui o ka palaoa hua Ls i nā nui aʻe: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, a me 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi hui hoʻomalu i mālama ʻole ʻia (dH20, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui ʻai hua) e loiloi i ka make maʻamau o nā pepeke ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻāʻo. ʻO nā bioassays toxicological no kēlā me kēia ʻai hua i hoʻokomo i ʻekolu mau kīʻaha ʻekolu-kiʻekiʻe (20 larvae instar ʻekolu hope no kēlā me kēia kīʻaha), no ka huina o 108 mau vial. Ua mālama ʻia nā ipu i mālama ʻia ma ka mahana o ka lumi (20-21°C) a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ʻana o ka larval i loko o 24 a me 72 mau hola o ka hoʻomau ʻana i nā ʻano lapaʻau. Inā ʻaʻole neʻe ke kino o ka makika a me nā appendages i ka wā i hou ʻia a hoʻopā ʻia paha me kahi spatula kila kila lahilahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ua make nā larvae makika. ʻO ka maʻamau, noho mau nā larvae make me ka neʻe ʻole ma ke kūlana dorsal a i ʻole ventral ma lalo o ka ipu a i ʻole ma luna o ka wai. Ua hana hou ʻia ka hoʻokolohua ʻekolu manawa i nā lā like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui larvae like ʻole, no ka huina o 180 larvae i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻano lapaʻau.
Ua loiloi ʻia ka ʻawaʻawa o AITC, BITC, a me 4-HBITC i nā ʻenuhe makika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana bioassay like akā me nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole. E hoʻomākaukau i nā hopena waihona 100,000 ppm no kēlā me kēia kemika ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i 100 µL o ke kemika i 900 µL o ka ethanol piha i loko o kahi paipu centrifuge 2-mL a lulu no 30 kekona e hui maikaʻi. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻano lapaʻau ma muli o kā mākou bioassays mua, kahi i ʻike ai he ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa o BITC ma mua o AITC a me 4-HBITC. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻawaʻawa, 5 mau ʻano o BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 a me 12 ppm), 7 mau ʻano o AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 a me 35 ppm) a me 6 mau ʻano o 4-HBITC (15, 15, 20, 25, 30 a me 35 ppm). (30, 45, 60, 75 a me 90 ppm). Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka lāʻau hoʻomalu me 108 μL o ka ethanol piha, ʻo ia ka mea like me ka nui o ka lāʻau kemika. Ua hana hou ʻia nā bioassays e like me luna, e hōʻike ana i ka huina o 180 larvae no kēlā me kēia ʻano lapaʻau. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka make ʻana o ka larval no kēlā me kēia ʻano o AITC, BITC, a me 4-HBITC ma hope o 24 h o ka hoʻomau ʻana.
Ua hana ʻia ka loiloi Probit o 65 mau ʻikepili make e pili ana i ka mahele lāʻau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, mana 1.0) e helu i ka 50% lethal concentration (LC50), 90% lethal concentration (LC90), slope, lethal dose coefficient, a me 95% lethal concentration. ma muli o nā manawa hilinaʻi no nā lakio dosis lethal no ka log-transformed concentration a me nā dose-mortality curves. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻikepili make ma ka ʻikepili replicate i hui pū ʻia o 180 larvae i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻano mālama. Ua hana ʻokoʻa ʻia nā loiloi probabilistic no kēlā me kēia ʻai hua a me kēlā me kēia ʻāpana kemika. Ma muli o ka manawa hilinaʻi 95% o ka lakio dosis lethal, ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻai hua a me nā ʻāpana kemika i nā larvae makika, no laila ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka manawa hilinaʻi e loaʻa ana ka waiwai o 1, P = 0.0566.
Ua helu ʻia nā hopena HPLC no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā glucosinolates nui i loko o nā palaoa hua i hoʻohemo ʻia ka momona ʻo DFP, IG, PG a me Ls ma ka Papa 1. ʻOkoʻa nā glucosinolates nui i loko o nā palaoa hua i hoʻāʻo ʻia me ka ʻokoʻa o DFP a me PG, nona nā myrosinase glucosinolates. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka myrosinin i loko o PG ma mua o DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 a me 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, kēlā me kēia. Loaʻa i ka pauka hua Ls he 36.6 ± 1.2 mg/g glucoglycone, ʻoiai ʻo ka pauka hua IG he 38.0 ± 0.5 mg/g sinapine.
Ua pepehi ʻia nā ʻenuhe o nā makika Ae. Aedes aegypti i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai me ka palaoa hua i hoʻohemo ʻia ka momona, ʻoiai ua ʻokoʻa ka pono o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mea kanu. ʻO DFP-NT wale nō ka mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole i nā ʻenuhe makika ma hope o 24 a me 72 mau hola o ka hōʻike ʻana (Papa 2). Ua piʻi aʻe ka ʻawaʻawa o ka pauka hua ikaika me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui (Kiʻi 1A, B). Ua ʻokoʻa nui ka ʻawaʻawa o ka palaoa hua i nā ʻenuhe makika ma muli o ka 95% CI o ka lakio make o nā waiwai LC50 ma nā loiloi 24-hola a me 72-hola (Papa 3). Ma hope o 24 mau hola, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena ʻawaʻawa o ka palaoa hua Ls ma mua o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe o ka palaoa hua, me ka hana kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka ʻawaʻawa nui loa i nā ʻenuhe (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). ʻAʻole i emi ka ʻike o nā larvae i ka DFP i nā hola 24 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lāʻau lapaʻau IG, Ls a me PG, me nā waiwai LC50 o 0.115, 0.04 a me 0.08 g/120 ml dH2O, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka waiwai LC50. 0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Papa 3). ʻO nā waiwai LC90 o DFP, IG, PG a me Ls he 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 a me 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, kēlā me kēia (Papa 2). ʻO ka nui kiʻekiʻe loa o DPP he 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O. Ma hope o 24 mau hola o ka loiloi ʻana, ʻo ka awelika o ka make ʻana o nā larvae he 12% wale nō, ʻoiai ʻo ka awelika o ka make ʻana o nā larvae IG a me PG i hiki i ka 51% a me 82%. Ma hope o 24 mau hola o ka loiloi ʻana, ʻo ka awelika o ka make ʻana o ka larval no ka nui kiʻekiʻe loa o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻai hua Ls (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) he 99% (Kiʻi 1A).
Ua kuhi ʻia nā kiʻikuhi make mai ka pane ʻana o ka lāʻau (Probit) o ka ʻīlio Ae. ʻAigupita (ʻīlio instar 3) i ka nui o ka ʻai hua 24 mau hola (A) a me 72 mau hola (B) ma hope o ka mālama ʻana. Hōʻike ka laina kiko i ka LC50 o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻai hua. DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
Ma ka loiloi 72-hola, ʻo nā waiwai LC50 o ka DFP, IG a me ka palaoa hua PG he 0.111, 0.085 a me 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, kēlā me kēia. Ua make ka aneane o nā larvae i hōʻike ʻia i ka palaoa hua Ls ma hope o 72 hola o ka hōʻike ʻana, no laila ua kūlike ʻole ka ʻikepili make me ka loiloi Probit. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā palaoa hua ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i maʻalahi nā larvae i ka mālama ʻana i ka palaoa hua DFP a he kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou mau waiwai LC50 (Papa 2 a me 3). Ma hope o 72 mau hola, ua manaʻo ʻia nā waiwai LC50 no nā mālama ʻana i ka palaoa hua DFP, IG a me PG he 0.111, 0.085 a me 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, kēlā me kēia. Ma hope o 72 mau hola o ka loiloi ʻana, ʻo nā waiwai LC90 o nā pauka hua DFP, IG a me PG he 0.215, 0.254 a me 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, kēlā me kēia. Ma hope o 72 mau hola o ka loiloi ʻana, ʻo ka awelika o ka make ʻana o ka larval no nā lāʻau lapaʻau DFP, IG a me PG ma kahi nui o 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O he 58%, 66% a me 96%, kēlā me kēia (Kiʻi 1B). Ma hope o 72 mau hola o ka loiloi ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa o ka palaoa hua PG ma mua o ka palaoa hua IG a me DFP.
Hiki i nā isothiocyanates synthetic, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) a me 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) ke pepehi pono i nā ʻenuhe makika. I 24 mau hola ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, ʻoi aku ka ʻawahia o BITC i nā ʻenuhe me ka waiwai LC50 o 5.29 ppm i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 19.35 ppm no AITC a me 55.41 ppm no 4-HBITC (Papa 4). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AITC a me BITC, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻawahia o 4-HBITC a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai LC50. Aia nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka ʻawahia o nā ʻenuhe makika o nā isothiocyanates nui ʻelua (Ls a me PG) i ka ʻai hua ikaika loa. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻona ma muli o ka lakio make o nā waiwai LC50 ma waena o AITC, BITC, a me 4-HBITC i kahi ʻokoʻa helu i ʻole ka 95% CI o ka lakio make o ka LC50 i hoʻokomo i ka waiwai o 1 (P = 0.05, Papa 4). Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe loa o BITC a me AITC e pepehi i 100% o nā larvae i hoʻāʻo ʻia (Kiʻi 2).
Ua kuhi ʻia nā kiʻikuhi make mai ka pane lāʻau (Probit) o Ae. 24 mau hola ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, ua hōʻea nā larvae ʻAigupita (larve instar 3) i nā ʻano isothiocyanate synthetic. Hōʻike ka laina kiko i ka LC50 no ka mālama ʻana i ka isothiocyanate. Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC a me 4-HBITC.
Ua lōʻihi ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biopesticides mea kanu ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻomalu vector makika. Hoʻopuka ka nui o nā mea kanu i nā kemika kūlohelohe i loaʻa ka hana insecticidal37. Hāʻawi kā lākou mau hui bioactive i kahi koho ʻē aʻe i nā insecticides synthetic me ka hiki ke kāohi i nā mea ʻino, me nā makika.
Hoʻoulu ʻia nā mea kanu sinapi ma ke ʻano he mea kanu no kā lākou mau hua, hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea ʻala a me ke kumu o ka ʻaila. Ke unuhi ʻia ka ʻaila sinapi mai nā hua a i ʻole ke unuhi ʻia ka sinapi no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he biofuel, 69 ʻo ka huahana ʻaoʻao he palaoa hua i hoʻohemo ʻia ka momona. Mālama kēia palaoa hua i nā mea biochemical kūlohelohe he nui a me nā enzyme hydrolytic. ʻO ka ʻawaʻawa o kēia palaoa hua e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o isothiocyanates55,60,61. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Isothiocyanates e ka hydrolysis o glucosinolates e ka enzyme myrosinase i ka wā o ka hydration o ka palaoa hua38,55,70 a ua ʻike ʻia he mau hopena fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal a me insecticidal, a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā hopena sensory kemika a me nā waiwai chemotherapeutic61,62,70. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi e hana maikaʻi ana nā mea kanu sinapi a me ka palaoa hua ma ke ʻano he fumigants e kūʻē i ka lepo a me nā mea ʻino i mālama ʻia57,59,71,72. Ma kēia haʻawina, ua loiloi mākou i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka palaoa ʻehā hua a me kāna mau huahana bioactive ʻekolu AITC, BITC, a me 4-HBITC i nā larvae makika Aedes. Aedes aegypti. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka palaoa hua pololei i ka wai i loaʻa nā larvae makika e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻāla i nā kaʻina hana enzymatic e hana i nā isothiocyanates i mea ʻawaʻawa i nā larvae makika. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia biotransformation ma kahi ʻāpana e ka hana larvicidal i ʻike ʻia o ka palaoa hua a me ka nalowale o ka hana insecticidal i ka wā i mālama ʻia ai ka palaoa hua sinapi dwarf ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana. Manaʻo ʻia e luku ka mālama wela i nā enzymes hydrolytic e hoʻāla i nā glucosinolates, no laila e pale ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā isothiocyanates bioactive. ʻO kēia ka haʻawina mua e hōʻoia i nā waiwai insecticidal o ka pauka hua kāpeti e kūʻē i nā makika i loko o kahi kaiapuni wai.
Ma waena o nā pauka hua i hoʻāʻo ʻia, ʻo ka pauka hua watercress (Ls) ka mea ʻawahia loa, e hoʻonui ana i ka make o Aedes albopictus. Ua hana mau ʻia nā larvae Aedes aegypti no 24 mau hola. ʻO nā pauka hua ʻekolu i koe (PG, IG a me DFP) he lohi ka hana a ua hoʻoulu mau i ka make nui ma hope o 72 mau hola o ka mālama mau ʻana. ʻO ka palaoa hua Ls wale nō ka nui o nā glucosinolates, ʻoiai ʻo PG a me DFP ka myrosinase a ʻo IG ka glucosinolate ma ke ʻano he glucosinolate nui (Papa 1). Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Glucotropaeolin i BITC a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo sinalbine i 4-HBITC61,62. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena bioassay he ʻawahia loa ka palaoa hua Ls a me ka BITC synthetic i nā larvae makika. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ka palaoa hua PG a me DFP ʻo ia ka myrosinase glucosinolate, kahi i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i AITC. He kūpono ka AITC i ka pepehi ʻana i nā larvae makika me ka waiwai LC50 o 19.35 ppm. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me AITC a me BITC, ʻo 4-HBITC isothiocyanate ka mea ʻawahia loa i nā larvae. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka ʻawahia o ka AITC ma mua o BITC, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kā lākou mau waiwai LC50 ma mua o nā aila pono he nui i hoʻāʻo ʻia ma nā larvae makika32,73,74,75.
ʻO kā mākou pauka hua cruciferous no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenuhe makika he glucosinolate nui hoʻokahi, e helu ana ma mua o 98-99% o ka huina glucosinolates e like me ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e HPLC. Ua ʻike ʻia nā nui liʻiliʻi o nā glucosinolates ʻē aʻe, akā ʻo ko lākou mau pae he emi iho ma mua o 0.3% o ka huina glucosinolates. Loaʻa i ka pauka hua Watercress (L. sativum) nā glucosinolates lua (sinigrin), akā ʻo ko lākou hapa he 1% o ka huina glucosinolates, a ʻaʻole nui ko lākou ʻike (ma kahi o 0.4 mg/g pauka hua). ʻOiai ʻo PG a me DFP ka glucosinolate nui like (myrosin), ʻokoʻa loa ka hana larvicidal o kā lākou ʻai hua ma muli o kā lākou mau waiwai LC50. ʻOkoʻa ka ʻawaʻawa i ka pauka mildew. ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o nā larvae Aedes aegypti ma muli paha o nā ʻokoʻa o ka hana myrosinase a i ʻole ke kūpaʻa ma waena o nā hānai hua ʻelua. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka hana Myrosinase i ka bioavailability o nā huahana hydrolysis e like me isothiocyanates i nā mea kanu Brassicaceae76. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike mua e Pocock et al.77 lāua ʻo Wilkinson et al.78 e pili pū ana nā loli i ka hana myrosinase a me ke kūpaʻa me nā kumu genetic a me ke kaiapuni.
Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka isothiocyanate bioactive i manaʻo ʻia ma muli o nā waiwai LC50 o kēlā me kēia ʻai hua ma 24 a me 72 mau hola (Papa 5) no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā noi kemika like. Ma hope o 24 mau hola, ʻoi aku ka ʻawaʻawa o nā isothiocyanates i loko o ka ʻai hua ma mua o nā hui maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā waiwai LC50 i helu ʻia ma muli o nā ʻāpana no ka miliona (ppm) o nā mālama ʻana i ka hua isothiocyanate ua haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā waiwai LC50 no nā noi BITC, AITC, a me 4-HBITC. Ua ʻike mākou i nā larvae e ʻai ana i nā pellets ʻai hua (Kiʻi 3A). No laila, hiki i nā larvae ke loaʻa i ka ʻike nui ʻia i nā isothiocyanates ʻawaʻawa ma ka ʻai ʻana i nā pellets ʻai hua. ʻOi aku ka maopopo o kēia ma nā mālama ʻana i ka ʻai hua IG a me PG ma ka hōʻike ʻana i 24-h, kahi i emi ai ka nui o ka LC50 ma mua o nā mālama ʻana o AITC a me 4-HBITC maʻemaʻe. ʻOi aku ka ʻawahia o nā lāʻau Ls a me DFP ma mua o ka isothiocyanate maʻemaʻe, me nā waiwai LC50 24% a me 41% haʻahaʻa, kēlā me kēia. Ua hoʻopupaʻa pono ʻia nā larvae i ka lāʻau kaohi (Kiʻi 3B), ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopupaʻa ka hapa nui o nā larvae i ka lāʻau ʻai hua a ua lohi nui ka ulu ʻana o ka larval (Kiʻi 3B, D). Ma Spodopteralitura, pili nā isothiocyanates me ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana a me ka lohi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana79.
Ua hoʻopili mau ʻia nā ʻenuhe o nā makika Ae. Aedes aegypti i ka pauka hua Brassica no 24-72 mau hola. (A) ʻEnelu make me nā ʻāpana o ka palaoa hua i loko o nā waha (i hoʻopuni ʻia); (B) Hōʻike ka mālama ʻana (dH20 me ka ʻole o ka palaoa hua i hoʻohui ʻia) e ulu maʻamau nā ʻenuhe a hoʻomaka e pupate ma hope o 72 mau hola (C, D) ʻEnelu i mālama ʻia me ka palaoa hua; ua hōʻike ka palaoa hua i nā ʻokoʻa i ka ulu ʻana a ʻaʻole i pupate.
ʻAʻole mākou i aʻo i ke ʻano o nā hopena ʻawahia o nā isothiocyanates ma nā ʻenuhe makika. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina mua i nā ʻanuhe ahi ʻulaʻula (Solenopsis invicta) ʻo ka pale ʻana o ka glutathione S-transferase (GST) a me ka esterase (EST) ke ʻano nui o ka bioactivity isothiocyanate, a hiki i ka AITC, ʻoiai ma ka hana haʻahaʻa, ke kāohi i ka hana GST. nā ʻanuhe ahi lawe ʻia mai i nā ʻano haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka nui he 0.5 µg/ml80. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, kāohi ka AITC i ka acetylcholinesterase i nā ʻuala kulina makua (Sitophilus zeamais)81. Pono e hana ʻia nā haʻawina like e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka hana isothiocyanate i nā ʻenuhe makika.
Hoʻohana mākou i ka mālama ʻana i ka DFP i hoʻopau ʻia e ka wela e kākoʻo i ka manaʻo e lawelawe ka hydrolysis o nā glucosinolates mea kanu e hana i nā isothiocyanates reactive ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana no ka kaohi ʻana i nā larva namu e ka palaoa hua sinapi. ʻAʻole ʻawahia ka palaoa hua DFP-HT ma nā helu noi i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻo Lafarga et al. 82 he maʻalahi nā glucosinolates i ka degradation i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Manaʻo ʻia hoʻi e hoʻololi ka mālama wela i ka enzyme myrosinase i loko o ka palaoa hua a pale i ka hydrolysis o nā glucosinolates e hana i nā isothiocyanates reactive. Ua hōʻoia pū ʻia kēia e Okunade et al. 75 i hōʻike ʻia he maʻalahi ka myrosinase i ka mahana, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻopau loa ʻia ka hana myrosinase i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai ka sinapi, ka sinapi ʻeleʻele, a me nā hua koko i nā mahana ma luna o 80°. C. Hiki i kēia mau ʻano hana ke hopena i ka nalowale ʻana o ka hana insecticidal o ka palaoa hua DFP i mālama ʻia me ka wela.
No laila, he mea ʻawahia ka palaoa hua sinapi a me kāna mau isothiocyanates nui ʻekolu i nā ʻenuhe makika. Ma muli o kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka palaoa hua a me nā lāʻau kemika, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palaoa hua he ala kūpono paha ia no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika. Pono e ʻike i nā ʻano hana kūpono a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻouna kūpono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono a me ke kūpaʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pauka hua. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia o ka palaoa hua sinapi ma ke ʻano he pani no nā pesticides synthetic. Hiki i kēia ʻenehana ke lilo i mea hana hou no ka kaohi ʻana i nā vectors makika. No ka mea, ulu nui nā ʻenuhe makika i nā wahi wai a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā glucosinolates palaoa hua i nā isothiocyanates hana ma hope o ka hydration, hāʻawi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palaoa hua sinapi i ka wai i hoʻopiha ʻia e nā makika i ka hiki ke kaohi nui. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa ka hana larvicidal o nā isothiocyanates (BITC > AITC > 4-HBITC), pono ka noiʻi hou aku e hoʻoholo ai inā hoʻonui ka hui ʻana i ka palaoa hua me nā glucosinolates he nui i ka toxicity synergistically. ʻO kēia ka haʻawina mua e hōʻike i nā hopena insecticidal o ka palaoa hua cruciferous defatted a me ʻekolu isothiocyanates bioactive ma nā makika. Ua wāwahi nā hopena o kēia noiʻi i kahi kahua hou ma ka hōʻike ʻana e hiki i ka palaoa kāpeti i hoʻohemo ʻia ka momona, kahi huahana ʻaoʻao o ka unuhi ʻaila mai nā hua, ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopōʻino larvicidal no ka kaohi ʻana i nā makika. Hiki i kēia ʻike ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea hoʻomalu biomea kanu a me ko lākou hoʻomohala ʻana ma ke ʻano he biopesticides makepono, kūpono, a aloha i ke kaiapuni.
Loaʻa nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia no kēia haʻawina a me nā loiloi hopena mai ka mea kākau pili ma ke noi kūpono. I ka pau ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana, ua luku ʻia nā mea āpau i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana (nā pepeke a me ka palaoa hua).
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-29-2024