I ka makahiki 2014, ʻo ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā herbicides aryloxyphenoxypropionate ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa he US$1.217 biliona, ʻo ia hoʻi he 4.6% o ka mākeke herbicide honua he US$26.440 biliona a me 1.9% o ka mākeke pesticide honua he US$63.212 biliona. ʻOiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi e like me nā herbicides e like me nā amino acids a me nā sulfonylureas, he wahi nō hoʻi ia ma ka mākeke herbicide (ʻo ke ono ia ma nā kūʻai aku honua).
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā herbicides Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) no ka kaohi ʻana i nā nāhelehele mauʻu. Ua ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki 1960 i ka wā i pani ai ʻo Hoechst (Kelemānia) i ka hui phenyl i loko o ka ʻano 2,4-D me ka diphenyl ether a hoʻomohala i ka hanauna mua o nā herbicides aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. "Grass Ling". I ka makahiki 1971, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo ke ʻano o ke apo makua ʻo A a me B. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā herbicides ma hope o kēia ʻano ma muli o ia mea, e hoʻololi ana i ke apo A benzene ma kekahi ʻaoʻao i loko o ke apo heterocyclic a i ʻole fused, a hoʻokomo i nā hui hana e like me nā ʻātoma F i loko o ke apo, e hopena ana i kahi moʻo o nā huahana me ka hana kiʻekiʻe. , nā herbicides koho hou aku.
ʻAno hana lāʻau herbicide APP
ʻO ka mōʻaukala hoʻomohala o nā herbicides propionic acid
ʻAno hana
ʻO nā herbicides waikawa Aryloxyphenoxypropionic he mau mea hoʻopaʻa ikaika ia o ka acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), no laila e pale ana i ka synthesis o nā waikawa momona, e hopena ana i ka synthesis o ka oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, a me nā papa waxy a me nā kaʻina hana cuticle i ālai ʻia, e hopena ana i ka luku wikiwiki ʻana o ka membrane o ka mea kanu, hoʻonui i ka permeability, a ma ka hopena ka make ʻana o ka mea kanu.
ʻO kona mau hiʻohiʻona o ka pono kiʻekiʻe, ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻawahia, ke koho kiʻekiʻe, ka palekana no nā mea kanu a me ka maʻalahi o ka hōʻino ʻana ua hoʻolaha nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā herbicides koho.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona o nā herbicides AAP, ʻo ia ka hana optically, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e nā isomers like ʻole ma lalo o ke ʻano kemika like, a he ʻokoʻa nā hana herbicidal o nā isomers like ʻole. I waena o lākou, hiki i ka isomer R(-)-isomer ke kāohi pono i ka hana o ka enzyme target, pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka auxin a me ka gibberellin i loko o nā nāhelehele, a hōʻike i ka hana herbicidal maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono ka S(+)-isomer. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka pono ma waena o nā mea ʻelua he 8-12 mau manawa.
Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā herbicides APP kalepa i nā esters, e maʻalahi ai ke komo ʻia e nā nāhelehele; akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka solubility o nā esters a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka adsorption, no laila ʻaʻole maʻalahi lākou e leach a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke komo ʻana i loko o nā nāhelehele i loko o ka lepo.
ʻO Clodinafop-propargyl
He phenoxypropionate herbicide ka Propargyl i hoʻomohala ʻia e ciba-Geigy i ka makahiki 1981. ʻO Topic kona inoa kālepa a ʻo (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro) kona inoa kemika. -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
He mea hoʻomakeʻe lāʻau ʻo Propargyl me ka fluorine, optically active aryloxyphenoxypropionate. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka mālama ʻana i ke kumu a me ka lau ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai e kāohi i nā nāhelehele gramineous i loko o ka palaoa, rai, triticale a me nā mahina ʻai cereal ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka mauʻu palaoa a me ka mauʻu palaoa. Kūpono i ka mālama ʻana i nā nāhelehele paʻakikī e like me ka ʻoka hihiu. Hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ke kumu a me ka lau ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai e kāohi i nā nāhelehele mauʻu makahiki, e like me ka ʻoka hihiu, ka mauʻu ʻoka ʻeleʻele, ka mauʻu foxtail, ka mauʻu kula, a me ka mauʻu palaoa. ʻO ka nui he 30 ~ 60g / hm2. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohana kikoʻī: mai ke kahua 2-lau o ka palaoa a hiki i ke kahua hui, e hoʻopili i ka pesticide i nā nāhelehele ma ke kahua 2-8 lau. I ka hoʻoilo, e hoʻohana i 20-30 grams o Maiji (15% clofenacetate wettable powder) no kēlā me kēia ʻeka. 30-40g o ka extremely (15% clodinafop-propargyl wettable powder), e hoʻohui i 15-30kg o ka wai a pīpī like.
ʻO ke ʻano hana a me nā ʻano o ka clodinafop-propargyl he mau mea hoʻopaʻa acetyl-CoA carboxylase a me nā herbicides conductive systemic. Hoʻopili ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma o nā lau a me nā ʻūpā lau o ka mea kanu, alakaʻi ʻia ma o ka phloem, a hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka meristem o ka mea kanu, e kāohi ana i ka acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor. Hoʻōki ʻo Coenzyme A carboxylase i ka synthesis fatty acid, pale i ka ulu ʻana o nā cell maʻamau a me ka mahele ʻana, a luku i nā ʻano lipid e like me nā ʻōnaehana membrane, a laila alakaʻi i ka make ʻana o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka manawa mai ka clodinafop-propargyl a hiki i ka make ʻana o nā nāhelehele he lohi iki, ma ke ʻano he 1 a 3 mau pule.
ʻO nā ʻano hana nui o ka clodinafop-propargyl he 8%, 15%, 20%, a me 30% mau emulsions wai, 15% a me 24% microemulsions, 15% a me 20% pauka pulu, a me 8% a me 14% mau hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila dispersible. 24% kirīmi.
Hoʻohuihui
Hoʻopuka mua ʻia ka waikawa (R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic ma o ka hopena o ka waikawa α-chloropropionic a me ka hydroquinone, a laila etherified ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, hana ia me ka chloropropyne e loaʻa ai ka clodinafop-propargyl. Ma hope o ka crystallization, hiki ka ʻike huahana i 97% a 98%, a hiki ka huina hua i 85%.
Kūlana hoʻokuʻu aku
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili dute i ka makahiki 2019, ua hoʻokuʻu aku koʻu ʻāina i ka huina o 35.77 miliona kālā ʻAmelika (nā helu helu piha ʻole, me nā hoʻomākaukau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau loea). I waena o lākou, ʻo Kazakhstan ka ʻāina lawe mua, ka mea e lawe mai ana i nā hoʻomākaukau nui, me ka nui o 8.6515 miliona kālā ʻAmelika, ukali ʻia e Rusia, me nā hoʻomākaukau. Aia ke koi no nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea maka, me ka nui o ka lawe mai o US $ 3.6481 miliona. ʻO ke kolu o kahi ʻo Netherlands, me ka nui o ka lawe mai o US $ 3.582 miliona. Eia kekahi, ʻo Kanada, India, Israel, Sudan a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe kekahi mau wahi hoʻokuʻu nui o clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
He lāʻau make laiki kūikawā ʻo Cyhalofop-ethyl i hoʻomohala ʻia a hana ʻia e Dow AgroSciences ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1987. ʻO ia wale nō ka lāʻau make waikawa aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic i palekana loa no ka laiki. I ka makahiki 1998, ʻo Dow AgroSciences o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ka mea mua i hoʻopaʻa inoa i ka ʻenehana cyhalofop ma koʻu ʻāina. Ua pau ka palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa i ka makahiki 2006, a ua hoʻomaka nā hoʻopaʻa inoa kūloko kekahi ma hope o kekahi. I ka makahiki 2007, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa kahi ʻoihana kūloko (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) no ka manawa mua.
ʻO Clincher ka inoa kālepa o Dow, a ʻo kona inoa kemika ʻo (R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo Qianjin (mea hana nui: 10% cyhalomefen EC) a me Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam) a Dow AgroSciences, i lilo i mea kaulana ma ka mākeke Kina, he kūpono loa a palekana hoʻi. Aia ia ma ka mākeke nui o nā herbicides ma ka mahinaʻai laiki ma koʻu ʻāina.
ʻO Cyhalofop-ethyl, e like me nā herbicides aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid ʻē aʻe, he mea hoʻopale i ka synthesis acid momona a kāohi i ka acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Hoʻopili nui ʻia ma o nā lau a ʻaʻohe hana lepo. He ʻōnaehana ʻo Cyhalofop-ethyl a hoʻopili koke ʻia ma o nā ʻiʻo mea kanu. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka kemika, oki koke ka ulu ʻana o nā mauʻu mauʻu, melemele i loko o 2 a 7 mau lā, a lilo ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa i necrotic a make i loko o 2 a 3 mau pule.
Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Cyhalofop ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai e kāohi i nā nāhelehele gramineous ma nā mahina ʻai laiki. ʻO ka nui o ka laiki no ka laiki tropical he 75-100g/hm2, a ʻo ka nui o ka laiki mehana he 180-310g/hm2. He mea kūpono loa ia e kūʻē iā Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Small chaff grass, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, Heart-leaf millet, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, etc.
E lawe i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 15% cyhalofop-ethyl EC ma ke ʻano he laʻana. Ma ke kahua lau 1.5-2.5 o ka barnyardgrass ma nā māla laiki a me ke kahua lau 2-3 o ka stephanotis ma nā māla laiki i lūlū pololei ʻia, ua pīpī ʻia nā kumu a me nā lau a pīpī like ʻia me ka noe maikaʻi. E hoʻokahe i ka wai ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pesticide i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2/3 o nā kumu a me nā lau nahele i hōʻike ʻia i ka wai. E hoʻoinu i loko o 24 mau hola a i 72 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pesticide, a mālama i kahi papa wai 3-5 cm no 5-7 mau lā. Mai hoʻohana ma mua o hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia kau ulu laiki. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he mea ʻawaʻawa loa kēia lāʻau i nā arthropods wai, no laila e pale i ke kahe ʻana i loko o nā wahi mahiʻai. Ke hui pū ʻia me kekahi mau herbicides broadleaf, hiki ke hōʻike i nā hopena antagonistic, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka pono o cyhalofop.
ʻO kona mau ʻano dosage nui: cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable concentrate (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), cyhalofop-methyl wettable powder (20%), cyhalofop-methyl aqueous emulsion (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop microemulsion (10%, 15%, 250g/L), cyhalofop aila suspension (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), cyhalofop-ethyl dispersible aila suspension (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); ʻo nā mea hoʻohuihui e komo pū me ka oxafop-propyl a me ka penoxsufen Compound of amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, etc.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Ian-24-2024