Ma ke ʻano he hōʻoia koʻikoʻi no nā mea kanu kūpaʻa a paʻa, pāʻani nā pesticides kemika i kahi hana hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka mālama ʻana i nā pest.ʻO nā neonicotinoids nā pesticides kemika nui loa ma ka honua.Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma Kina a ʻoi aku ma mua o 120 mau ʻāina me ka European Union, United States, a me Canada.ʻOi aku ka nui o ka mākeke ma mua o 25% o ka honua.Hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻokipa nicotinic acetylcholinesterase (nAChRs) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nīnū pepeke, hoʻopale i ke kikowaena waena a make i nā pepeke, a loaʻa iā ia nā hopena hoʻomalu maikaʻi loa ma Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, a me nā mea hoʻomake kūʻē.Ma Sepatemaba 2021, aia he 12 pesticides neonicotinoid i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma koʻu ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Aia ma mua o 3,400 mau ʻano o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana me ka nitrile, chloropridothiline a me ka chloroprazone. , i waena o ia mau mea hoʻomākaukau hoʻohuihui ʻoi aku ma mua o 31%.Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram a pēlā aku.
Me ka hoʻomau nui ʻana o ka neonicotinoid insecticides i loko o ke kaiaola kaiaola mahiʻai, ua kaulana pū kekahi mau pilikia ʻepekema e like me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pahuhopu, nā pilikia ékological, a me ke olakino kanaka.I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻomohala ka heluna kanaka āpau o ka pulupulu aphid ma Xinjiang i nā pae haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticides neonicotinoid, ma waena o ke kū'ē ʻana i imidacloprid, acetamiprid a me thiamethoxam i hoʻonui ʻia e 85.2-412 mau manawa a me 221-777 mau manawa, a me 122 a 1,095 mau manawa. .Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina honua e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau o Bemisia tabaci heluna mai 2007 a 2010, ua hōʻike ʻo Bemisia tabaci i ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i nā pesticides neonicotinoid, ʻoi aku ka imidacloprid a me thiacloprid.ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka neonicotinoid insecticides ʻaʻole pili wale i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka, ka hānai ʻana, ka spatial dynamics a me ka thermoregulation o nā pi, akā he hopena maikaʻi ʻole nō hoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā ilo honua.Eia kekahi, mai ka makahiki 1994 a hiki i ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o ka ʻike ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid i loko o ka mimi kanaka, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻonui ʻia ka indirect indirect a me ka hōʻiliʻili kino o nā pesticides neonicotinoid i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Ma o ka microdialysis i loko o ka lolo ʻiole, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka clothianidin a me ka thiamethoxam stress hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka dopamine i nā ʻiole, a hiki i ka thiacloprid ke hoʻoulu i ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae hormone thyroid i loko o ka plasma rat.Ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki i nā pesticides neonicotinoid ke hoʻopilikia i ka lactation Poino i nā ʻōnaehana hopohopo a endocrine o nā holoholona.Ua hōʻoia ka haʻawina in vitro o ka iwi iwi iwi mesenchymal stem cell e hiki i ka nitenpyram ke hoʻopōʻino i ka DNA a me nā aberrations chromosomal, ka hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive intracellular, a laila e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻokoʻa osteogenic.Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻomaka ka Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) i kahi kaʻina loiloi hou no kekahi mau neonicotinoid insecticides, a ua pāpā pū ka European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) i ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me clothianidin.
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides ʻokoʻa ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe wale i ke kūʻē ʻana o kahi pahu pesticide hoʻokahi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pesticide, akā e hōʻemi hoʻi i ka nui o nā pesticides a hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka ʻike ʻana i ke kaiapuni, e hāʻawi ana i nā manaʻo ākea no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pilikia ʻepekema ma luna aʻe. hoʻohana mau i nā lāʻau pesticides.No laila, ke manaʻo nei kēia pepa e wehewehe i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana mahiʻai maoli, e uhi ana i nā pesticides organophosphorus, pesticides carbamate, pyrethroids I mea e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻike ʻepekema no ka hoʻohana kūpono a me ka hoʻokele maikaʻi ʻana o neonicotinoid. pesticides.
1 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides organophosphorus
ʻO nā pesticides organophosphorus nā mea lāʻau insecticides maʻamau i ka hoʻomalu pest mua ma koʻu ʻāina.Kāohi lākou i ka hana o ka acetylcholinesterase a pili i ka neurotransmission maʻamau, e alakaʻi ana i ka make ʻana o nā pests.He lōʻihi ke koena o nā pesticides organophosphorus, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia o ka toxicity a me ka palekana o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana iā lākou me nā pesticides neonicotinoid hiki ke hoʻopau maikaʻi i nā pilikia ʻepekema ma luna.I ka manawa o ka ratio hui o imidacloprid a me organophosphorus pesticides malathion, chlorpyrifos a me phoxim he 1:40-1:5, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o ka mana o nā ilo leek, a hiki i ka coefficient co-toxicity ke hiki i 122.6-338.6 (e nānā i ka Papa 1)..Ma waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka imidacloprid a me ka phoxim i ka 90.7% a i ka 95.3%, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o 7 mau mahina.I ka manawa like, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me ka phoxim (ka inoa kālepa o Diphimide) ma 900 g / hm2, a ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka mana o ka rape aphids i ka wā ulu holoʻokoʻa ma mua o 90%.ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka thiamethoxam, acephate a me chlorpyrifos he hana insecticidal maikaʻi e kūʻē i ke kāpena, a hiki i ka co-toxicity coefficient i 131.1 a 459.0.Eia kekahi, i ka manawa o ka lakene o thiamethoxam a me chlorpyrifos he 1:16, he 8.0 mg/L ka hapalua o ka make (waiwai LC50) no S. striatellus, a he 201.12 ka co-toxicity coefficient;Ka hopena maikaʻi loa.I ka 1∶30 ka ratio hui o nitenpyram a me chlorpyrifos, he hopena synergistic maikaʻi kona i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mea kanu keʻokeʻo, a ʻo ka waiwai LC50 he 1.3 mg/L wale nō.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, a me dichlorvos he hopena synergistic maikaʻi i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā aphids palaoa, pulupulu bollworm a me nā ʻōpala, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 134.0-280.0.I ka hui ʻana o ka fluoropyranone a me ka phoxim i ka ratio o 1: 4, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 176.8, kahi i hōʻike i kahi hopena synergistic maopopo i ka mana o nā ilo leek 4 makahiki.
No ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana, ua hui pinepineʻia nā pesticides neonicotinoid me nā pesticides organophosphorus e like me ka malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, etc. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻiʻia ka mana hoʻomalu, a ua hoʻemi maikaʻiʻia ka hopena o ka nohona kaiaola.Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala hou i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka neonicotinoid insecticides, phoxim a me malathion, a e hoʻoikaika hou i nā pono o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana.
2 E holomua i ka hui ʻana me nā pesticides carbamate
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pesticides Carbamate i ka mahiʻai, ka ululāʻau, a me ka mahiʻai holoholona ma ke kāohi ʻana i nā hana o ka insect acetylcholinease a me ka carboxylesterase, ka hopena i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka acetylcholine a me ka carboxylesterase a me ka pepehi ʻana i nā pepeke.He pōkole ka manawa, a he koʻikoʻi ka pilikia o ka pale ʻana i nā pest.Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka manawa hoʻohana o nā pesticides carbamate ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides neonicotinoid.I ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me ka isoprocarb i ka mālama ʻana i ka mea kanu keʻokeʻo-backed planthopper ma ka ratio o 7:400, hiki i ka co-toxicity coefficient i ke kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ia ka 638.1 (e nānā i ka Papa 1).Inā he 1∶16 ka ratio o ka imidacloprid a me ka iprocarb, ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka lāʻau kanu lāʻau i ʻike loa ʻia, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 178.1, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hopena ma mua o ka hoʻokahi.Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka haʻawina ʻo ka 13% microencapsulated suspension o thiamethoxam a me carbosulfan i loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi a me ka palekana i nā aphids palaoa ma ke kula.Ua piʻi ka d mai 97.7% a i 98.6%.Ma hope o ka 48% acetamiprid a me ka carbosulfan dispersible aila hoʻokuʻu ʻia i hoʻopili ʻia ma 36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, ʻo ka hopena o ka mana o ka pulupulu aphids he 87.1% ~ 96.9%, a hiki i ka manawa kūpono ke hiki i nā lā 14, a palekana nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe ʻo Aphid. .
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā insecticides neonicotinoid me isoprocarb, carbosulfan, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā pests target e like me Bemisia tabaci a me nā aphids, a hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o nā pesticides., ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hui ma mua o ka mea hoʻokahi, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana mahiʻai maoli.Eia naʻe, pono e makaʻala i ka carbosulfur, ka huahana degradation o carbosulfan, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa a ua pāpā ʻia i ka mahi ʻai meaʻai.
3 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides pyrethroid
Hoʻopilikia ka Pyrethroid insecticides i nā maʻi neurotransmission ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kahawai sodium ion i loko o nā membrane nerve, a laila e alakaʻi i ka make ʻana o nā pests.Ma muli o ka nui o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā, hoʻonui ʻia ka detoxification a me ka hiki o ka metabolism o nā pests, hoʻemi ʻia ka naʻau o ka pahuhopu, a maʻalahi ke kūʻē i ka lāʻau.Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me ka fenvalerate i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka ʻuala aphid, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient o 2:3 ratio hiki i 276.8.ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me etherethrin he ala kūpono ia e pale aku ai i ke kahe ʻana o ka heluna o nā mea kanu brown, kahi e hui maikaʻi ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me ka etherethrin i ka ratio o 5:1, thiamethoxam a me etherethrin i ka ratio o 7:1 ʻO ka hui ʻana. ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 174.3-188.7.ʻO ka microcapsule suspension compound o 13% thiamethoxam a me 9% beta-cyhalothrin he hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 232, aia ma ka laulā o 123.6- I loko o ka laulā o 169.5 g / hm2, ka hopena mana ma luna. Hiki i nā aphids paka ke hiki i ka 90%, a ʻo ia ka pesticide hui nui no ka mālama ʻana i nā pests paka.I ka hui ʻana o clothianidin a me beta-cyhalothrin ma ka ratio o 1:9, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient no ka pīkī flea ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa (210.5), ka mea i hoʻopaneʻe i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka pale ʻana i ka clothianidin.I ka 1:2, 1:4 a me 1:4 ka ratio o ka acetamiprid i ka bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin a me fenvalerate, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, mai 409.0 a 630.6.I ka 5:1 o ka ratio o ka thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin, he 414.0 a me 706.0 ka hui pu ana o na aphids.Ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mana o ka clothianidin a me ka hui beta-cyhalothrin (LC50 waiwai 1.4-4.1 mg/L) ma ka melon aphid ma mua o ka mea hoʻokahi (LC50 waiwai 42.7 mg/L), a ʻo ka hopena mana ma 7 mau lā ma hope o ka mālama ʻana. kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 92%.
I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka makua o ka ʻenehana hui o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides pyrethroid, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā pests insect i koʻu ʻāina, kahi e hoʻopaneʻe ai i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā pesticides pyrethroid a hōʻemi i nā pesticides neonicotinoid.kiʻekiʻe o ke koena a me ka make ʻole.Eia kekahi, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu neonicotinoid me deltamethrin, butoxide, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hoʻomalu iā Aedes aegypti a me Anopheles gambiae, nā mea kūʻē i nā pesticides pyrethroid, a hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe a puni ka honua.koʻikoʻi.
4 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides amide
ʻO ka Amide insecticides ka mea e kaʻe nui ai i nā iʻa nitin receptors o nā pepeke, e hoʻomau i ka ʻokoʻa a paʻakikī i ko lākou mau ʻiʻo a make.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides neonicotinoid a me kā lākou hui ʻana hiki ke hōʻoluʻolu i ka pale ʻana i nā pest a hoʻolōʻihi i ko lākou ola.No ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pests, ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 121.0 a 183.0 (e nānā i ka Papa 2).Ke hui pū ʻia ka thiamethoxam a me ka chlorantraniliprole me 15∶11 e hoʻomalu i nā larvae o B. citricarpa, ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity kiʻekiʻe he 157.9;ʻO thiamethoxam, clothianidin a me nitenpyram i hui pū ʻia me ka snailamide I ka manawa o ka ratio he 10: 1, hiki i ka co-toxicity coefficient i 170.2-194.1, a i ka manawa o ka ratio o dinotefuran a me spirulina i 1: 1, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, a he mea kupaianaha ka hopena hoʻomalu ma N. lugens.I ka wā o nā ratios o imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran a me sflufenamid he 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 a me 10: 1, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena mana, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient ka mea maikaʻi loa.He 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 a me 403.8.ʻO ka hopena hoʻomalu i ka pulupulu aphid (7 mau lā) hiki ke piʻi i ka 92.4% a i ka 98.1%, a ʻo ka hopena hoʻomalu i ka moth diamondback (7 mau lā) hiki ke piʻi i 91.9% a i 96.8%, a nui ka mana o ka noi.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka hui ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me amide ʻaʻole e hoʻohaʻahaʻa wale i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau o nā pests target, akā e hōʻemi hoʻi i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai waiwai, a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala kūpono me ka kaiaola.He mea koʻikoʻi nā pesticides Amide i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pests target kūʻē, a he hopena hoʻololi maikaʻi no kekahi mau lāʻau pesticides me ka ʻawaʻawa kiʻekiʻe a me ke koena manawa lōʻihi.Ke piʻi mālie nei ka māhele mākeke, a loaʻa iā lākou nā manaʻo hoʻomohala ākea i ka hana mahiʻai maoli.
5 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides benzoylurea
ʻO Benzoylurea insecticides he chitinase synthesis inhibitors, e hoʻopau ana i nā pests ma ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ko lākou ulu maʻamau.ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i ke kūʻē kūʻē me nā ʻano pesticides ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻomalu pono i nā pests i kū i ka organophosphorus a me nā pesticides pyrethroid.Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻano pesticide neonicotinoid.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2: ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me diflubenzuron he hopena synergistic maikaʻi i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā larvae leek, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena ke hoʻohui ʻia ka thiamethoxam a me diflubenzuron ma 5: 1.He kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka mea make e like me 207.4.I ka 2:1 o ka hui ana o ka clothianidin a me ka flufenoxuron, he 176.5 ka nui o ka co-toxicity e ku e i ka larvae o ka leek, a ua hiki i ka 94.4%.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka cyclofenapyr a me nā pesticides benzoylurea e like me polyflubenzuron a me flufenoxuron he hopena maikaʻi loa ia ma ka moth diamondback a me ka lau laiki, me ka co-toxicity coefficient o 100.7 a 228.9, hiki ke hoʻemi pono i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o ka nui o nā pesticides.
Ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia me ka organophosphorus a me ka pyrethroid pesticides,ʻo ka hoʻohana pūʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides benzoylurea iʻoi aku i ka laina me ka manaʻo hoʻomohala o nā pesticides'ōmaʻomaʻo, hiki ke hoʻonui pono i ka spectrum mana a hoʻemi i ka hoʻokomoʻana o nā pesticides.ʻOi aku ka palekana o ke kaiaola.
6 Holomua i ka hui ʻana me nā pesticides necrotoxin
Neretoxin insecticides he nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibitors, hiki ke hoʻomake i nā pepeke a me ka make ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka lawe maʻamau o nā neurotransmitters.Ma muli o kāna noi ākea, ʻaʻohe suction systemic a me ka fumigation, maʻalahi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kū'ē.He maikaʻi ka hopena hoʻomalu o ka poʻe lāʻau lāʻau a me ka tri stem borer i hoʻomohala ʻia i ke kūʻē ʻana ma o ka hui ʻana me nā insecticides neonicotinoid.Hōʻike ka papa 2: i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me ka insecticidal single i ka ratio o 2:68, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pests o Diploxin, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 146.7.Inā he 1:1 ka ratio o ka thiamethoxam a me ka mea hoʻokahi insecticidal, aia kahi hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi ma nā aphids kulina, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 214.2.ʻO ka hopena hoʻomalu o 40% thiamethoxam·insecticide hoʻokahi mea hoʻokuʻu ʻia e like me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lā 15th 93.0%～97.0%, hopena lōʻihi, a palekana no ka ulu ʻana o ke kulina.ʻO ka 50% imidacloprid·insecticide ring soluble powder he mana maikaʻi loa ka hopena o ka moth apple gold stripe, a ʻo ka hopena hoʻomalu e like me 79.8% a 91.7% 15 mau lā ma hope o ka pua ʻana o ka pest.
Ma ke ʻano he insecticide i hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa e koʻu ʻāina, ua maʻalahi ka insecticide i nā mauʻu, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai kona hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi ʻano.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides necrotoxin a me nā pesticides neonicotinoid e hāʻawi i nā hoʻonā hoʻomalu hou aʻe no ka mālama ʻana i nā pests i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hana maoli, a he hihia hoʻohana maikaʻi nō hoʻi i ka huakaʻi hoʻomohala o ka hoʻohuihui pesticide.
7 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides heterocyclic
ʻO nā pesticides Heterocyclic ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia a me ka nui o nā pesticides organik i ka hana mahiʻai, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he manawa lōʻihi i ke koena o ke kaiapuni a paʻakikī ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides neonicotinoid hiki ke hoʻemi pono i ke ʻano o nā pesticides heterocyclic a hōʻemi i ka phytotoxicity, a ʻo ka hui ʻana o nā pesticides haʻahaʻa hiki ke pāʻani i kahi hopena synergistic.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 3: i ka manawa o ka ratio hui o imidacloprid a me pymetrozine he 1:3, hiki i ka co-toxicity coefficient i ka 616.2 kiʻekiʻe;ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka Planthopper he wikiwiki a mau loa.Ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Imidacloprid, dinotefuran a me thiacloprid me ka mesylconazole no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā ʻōnohi o ka pipi gill ʻeleʻele nunui, nā ʻōpala o ka ʻoki ʻoki liʻiliʻi, a me ka nalo auwai.Ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Thiacloprid, nitenpyram a me chlorothiline me ka hui pū ʻana o mesylconazole he hopena maikaʻi loa i ka citrus psyllids.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o 7 neonicotinoid insecticides e like me imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me chlorfenapyr he hopena synergistic i ka mālama ʻana i nā ilo leek.Inā ʻo ka ratio hui ʻana o thiamethoxam a me fipronil he 2:1-71:1, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient ʻo 152.2-519.2, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o thiamethoxam a me chlorfenapyr he 217:1, a ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 857.4, he maopopo. ka hopena hoʻomalu ma luna o nā termite.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o thiamethoxam a me fipronil ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau hua hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi i ka nui o nā pests palaoa ma ke kula a pale i nā hua kanu a me nā mea kanu germinated.I ka 1:10 o ka ratio huikau o ka acetamiprid a me ka fipronil, ʻo ka mana synergistic o ka housefly kū i ka lāʻau ka mea nui loa.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka heterocyclic pesticide compound ka nui o nā fungicides, me nā pyridines, pyrroles a me nā pyrazoles.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka ʻoihana mahiʻai e kāhiko i nā ʻanoʻano, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka helu germination, a hoʻemi i nā pests a me nā maʻi.He palekana no nā mea kanu a me nā mea ola ʻole.ʻO nā pesticides Heterocyclic, e like me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pōpoki a me nā maʻi, he kuleana maikaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hōʻike ana i nā pono o ka mālama ʻana i ka manawa, ka hana, ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana.
8 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā lāʻau pesticides olaola a me nā lāʻau antibiotic mahiʻai
ʻO nā lāʻau pesticides olaola a me nā lāʻau antibiotic mahiʻai ua lohi ka hopena, loaʻa ka hopena pōkole, a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e ke kaiapuni.Ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides neonicotinoid, hiki iā lākou ke pāʻani i kahi hopena synergistic maikaʻi, hoʻonui i ka spectrum control, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka pono a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 3 ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o imidacloprid a me Beauveria bassiana a i ʻole Metarhizium anisopliae i hoʻonui i ka hana insecticidal e 60.0% a me 50.6% ma hope o 96 h i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Beauveria bassiana a me Metarhizium anisopliae wale nō.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o thiamethoxam a me Metarhizium anisopliae hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka make a me ka nui o ka maʻi fungal o nā moena moe.ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me Metarhizium anisopliae he hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā beetles longhorned, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka conidia fungal.Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka imidacloprid a me nā nematodes ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka maʻi o nā sandflies, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ko lākou hoʻomau ʻana i ka māla a me ka hiki ke hoʻomalu ola.ʻO ka hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻana o 7 neonicotinoid pesticides a me ka oxymatrine i loaʻa ka hopena hoʻomalu maikaʻi i ka mea kanu lāʻau, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 123.2-173.0.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient o clothianidin a me abamectin i kahi hui 4: 1 i Bemisia tabaci he 171.3, a he mea nui ka synergy.I ka 1:4 o ka ratio hui o nitenpyram a me abamectin, hiki i ka 93.1% ka hopena o N. lugens no 7 mau lā.I ka 5∶44 ka ratio o ka clothianidin i ka spinosad, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena hoʻomalu e kūʻē i nā pākeke B. citricarpa, me ka co-toxicity coefficient o 169.8, a ʻaʻohe crossover ma waena o spinosad a me ka hapa nui o nā neonicotinoids i hōʻike ʻia Resistant, i hui pū ʻia me ka hopena mana maikaʻi. .
ʻO ka hoʻomalu hui ʻana o nā pesticides olaola he wahi wela i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Loaʻa i ka Beauveria bassiana maʻamau a me ka Metarhizium anisopliae nā hopena hoʻomalu synergistic maikaʻi me nā mea kemika.Hoʻopili maʻalahi ka lāʻau ola hoʻokahi i ka wā, a ʻaʻole paʻa kona pono.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me nā insecticides neonicotinoid e lanakila i kēia hemahema.ʻOiai e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā mea kemika, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hopena wikiwiki a mau loa o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana.Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka spectrum pale a me ka hoʻomalu, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha o ke kaiapuni.ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā lāʻau pesticides olaola a me nā pesticides kemika hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pesticides ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a nui ka manaʻo o ka noi.
9 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe i hōʻike pū i nā hopena hoʻomalu maikaʻi loa.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 3 i ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me ka thiamethoxam me ka tebuconazole ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau hua, ua maikaʻi nā hopena hoʻomalu i ka aphid palaoa, a me Biosafety non-target ʻoiai e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka helu germination hua.ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka imidacloprid, triazolone a me dinconazole i hōʻike i ka hopena maikaʻi i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā maʻi palaoa a me nā pests insect.%～99.1%.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides neonicotinoid a me ka syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) loaʻa ka hopena synergistic i ka pulupulu aphid.I ka 50:1-1:50 ka nuipa o ka thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram a me penpyramid, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 129.0-186.0, hiki ke pale a hoʻopaʻa i nā pests mouthpart piercing.Inā he 1:4 ka ratio o ka epoxifen a me ka phenoxycarb, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 250.0, a ʻo ka hopena hoʻomalu i ka lāʻau kanu laiki ka mea maikaʻi loa.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me ka amitimidine i ʻike maopopo ʻia ka hopena inhibitory i ka cotton aphid, a ʻo ka synergy rate ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i ka wā ʻo imidacloprid ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o LC10.I ka manawa o ka lakio nui o thiamethoxam a me spirotetramat he 10:30-30:10, ʻo ka co-toxicity coefficient he 109.8-246.5, a ʻaʻohe hopena phytotoxic.Eia hou, hiki i ka ʻaila mineral pesticides greengrass, diatomaceous earth a me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe a i ʻole adjuvants i hui pū ʻia me nā pesticides neonicotinoid hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena hoʻomalu i nā pests target.
ʻO ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o nā pesticides ʻē aʻe he triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, nā aila mineral a me ka honua diatomaceous, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. nā ʻano lāʻau pesticides.Hōʻike pū nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui e hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano lāʻau pesticides me nā pesticides neonicotinoid, e hāʻawi ana i nā koho hou aku no ka mālama ʻana i nā pest.
10 Ka hopena a me ka nānā ʻana
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid ua alakaʻi i ka piʻi nui o ke kūʻē ʻana o nā pests target, a ua lilo ko lākou mau pōʻino kaiaola a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ke olakino i nā wahi wela o ka noiʻi a me nā pilikia noi.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides like ʻole a i ʻole ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana insecticidal synergistic he mea nui ia e hoʻopaneʻe i ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau, hōʻemi i ka noi a hoʻonui i ka pono, a he hoʻolālā nui hoʻi no ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o ia mau pesticides i ka hana mahiʻai maoli.Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka holomua o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid maʻamau i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano pesticides ʻē aʻe, a wehewehe i nā pono o ka hui ʻana i nā pesticide: ① hoʻopaneʻe i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau;② hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena mana;③ hoʻonui i ka spectrum mana;④ hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ka hopena;⑤ hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena wikiwiki ⑥ Hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana o ka hua;⑦ E hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pesticide;⑧ E hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pilikia o ke kaiapuni;⑨ E hoemi i na koina waiwai;⑩ Hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pesticides kemika.I ka manawa like, pono e uku nui ʻia i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻike kaiapuni o nā formulations, ʻoi aku ka palekana o nā mea ola ʻole (no ka laʻana, nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā pests) a me nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi i nā pae ulu like ʻole, a me nā pilikia ʻepekema e like me. e like me nā ʻokoʻa o nā hopena hoʻomalu i hoʻololi ʻia i nā ʻano kemika o nā pesticides.ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau pesticides maʻamau ka manawa a me ka hana, me nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka lōʻihi o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana.Ma ke ʻano he ana kūpono ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pesticide, kāna noi noʻonoʻo, ʻepekema a me ka hoʻohana maʻamau ʻaʻole e hoʻolōʻihi i ka pōʻai noiʻi o nā pesticides, akā hoʻolaha pū kekahi i kahi pōʻai maikaʻi o ka mālama pest.Hāʻawi ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau o ke kaiaola i ke kākoʻo ikaika.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-23-2022