Ma ke ʻano he hōʻoia koʻikoʻi no nā mea kanu paʻa a nui, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā pesticides kemika i ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino. ʻO Neonicotinoids nā pesticides kemika koʻikoʻi loa ma ka honua. Ua kākau inoa ʻia lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma Kina a ma mua o 120 mau ʻāina e komo pū ana me ka ʻAhahui ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me Kanada. ʻOi aku ma mua o 25% o ka honua ka māhele mākeke. Hoʻomalu koho ia i nā nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nerve pepeke, hoʻopale i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena a hoʻoulu i ka make o nā pepeke, a he hopena kaohi maikaʻi loa ma Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, a me nā mea ʻino kūpaʻa. I Kepakemapa 2021, aia he 12 mau pesticides neonicotinoid i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma koʻu ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Aia ma mua o 3,400 mau ʻano huahana hoʻomākaukau e komo pū ana me ka nitrile, piperazine, chlorothiline, cycloploprid a me ka fluoropyranone, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻomākaukau hui ma mua o 31%. ʻO Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram a pēlā aku.
Me ka hoʻopukapuka nui ʻana o nā insecticides neonicotinoid i loko o ke kaiapuni mahiʻai, ua lilo pū kekahi mau pilikia ʻepekema e like me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pahuhopu, nā pilikia kaiapuni, a me ke olakino kanaka i mea koʻikoʻi. I ka makahiki 2018, ua ulu ka heluna kanaka o ka ʻāina ʻo Xinjiang i nā pae kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā insecticides neonicotinoid, a ma waena o ia mea ua piʻi ke kūʻē ʻana i ka imidacloprid, acetamiprid a me thiamethoxam ma 85.2-412 mau manawa a me 221-777 mau manawa, a me 122 a 1,095 mau manawa. Ua kuhikuhi pū nā haʻawina honua e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau o nā heluna kanaka Bemisia tabaci mai 2007 a 2010, ua hōʻike ʻo Bemisia tabaci i ke kūʻē kiʻekiʻe i nā pesticides neonicotinoid, ʻoiai ʻo imidacloprid a me thiacloprid. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole wale nā insecticides neonicotinoid e hoʻopilikia nui i ka nui o ka heluna kanaka, ka ʻano hānai, ka dynamics spatial a me ka thermoregulation o nā pi, akā he hopena maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā ilo honua. Eia kekahi, mai ka makahiki 1994 a i ka makahiki 2011, ua piʻi nui ka helu ʻike ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid i loko o ka mimi kanaka, e hōʻike ana ua piʻi ka lawe ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ke kino o nā pesticides neonicotinoid i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ma o ka microdialysis i loko o ka lolo ʻiole, ua ʻike ʻia hiki i ka clothianidin a me ke kaumaha thiamethoxam ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka dopamine i loko o nā ʻiole, a hiki i ka thiacloprid ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā pae hormone thyroid i loko o ka plasma ʻiole. Ua manaʻo ʻia hiki i nā pesticides neonicotinoid ke hoʻopilikia i ka lactation. Ka hōʻino ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana nerve a me endocrine o nā holoholona. Ua hōʻoia ka noiʻi hoʻohālike in vitro o nā cell kumu mesenchymal iwi kanaka e hiki i ka nitenpyram ke hoʻopilikia i ka DNA a me nā aberrations chromosomal, e hopena ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive intracellular, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale osteogenic. Ma muli o kēia, ua hoʻomaka ka Canadian Pest Management Agency (PMRA) i kahi kaʻina hana loiloi hou no kekahi mau insecticides neonicotinoid, a ua pāpā pū ka European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) i ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me clothianidin.
ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā pesticides like ʻole ke hoʻopaneʻe wale i ke kūʻē ʻana o kahi pahuhopu pesticide hoʻokahi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pesticide, akā e hōʻemi pū i ka nui o nā pesticides a hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ke kaiapuni, e hāʻawi ana i nā manaʻolana ākea no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pilikia ʻepekema i luna a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o nā pesticides. No laila, manaʻo kēia pepa e wehewehe i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana mahiʻai maoli, e uhi ana i nā pesticides organophosphorus, nā pesticides carbamate, pyrethroids I mea e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻike ʻepekema no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana a me ka hoʻokele pono ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid.
1 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides organophosphorus
ʻO nā pesticides Organophosphorus he mau insecticides maʻamau i ka kaohi ʻana i nā pest mua ma koʻu ʻāina. Hoʻopaʻa lākou i ka hana o ka acetylcholinesterase a hoʻopilikia i ka neurotransmission maʻamau, e alakaʻi ana i ka make ʻana o nā mea ʻino. He lōʻihi ka manawa koena o nā pesticides Organophosphorus, a ʻo nā pilikia o ka ʻawahia o ke kaiapuni a me ka palekana o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona he mea koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana iā lākou me nā pesticides neonicotinoid hiki ke hoʻomaha maikaʻi i nā pilikia ʻepekema i luna. Ke 1:40-1:5 ka ratio hui o ka imidacloprid a me nā pesticides organophosphorus maʻamau ʻo malathion, chlorpyrifos a me phoxim, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena kaohi ma nā ilo leek, a hiki i ka coefficient co-toxicity ke hiki i 122.6-338.6 (e nānā i ka Papa 1). . I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hopena kaohi kahua o imidacloprid a me phoxim ma nā aphids rape he kiʻekiʻe ia e like me 90.7% a 95.3%, a ʻoi aku ka manawa kūpono ma mua o 7 mau mahina. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau hui o ka imidacloprid a me ka phoxim (ka inoa kālepa o Diphimide) ma 900 g/hm2, a ʻo ka hopena kaohi ma luna o nā aphids rape i ka wā ulu holoʻokoʻa ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 90%. ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau hui o ka thiamethoxam, acephate a me chlorpyrifos he hana insecticidal maikaʻi e kūʻē i ka kāpeti, a hiki ke coefficient co-toxicity i 131.1 a 459.0. Eia kekahi, i ka wā o ka ratio o ka thiamethoxam a me chlorpyrifos he 1:16, ʻo ka hapalua-lethal concentration (LC50 value) no S. striatellus he 8.0 mg/L, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 201.12; Hopena maikaʻi loa. I ka wā o ka ratio hui o nitenpyram a me chlorpyrifos he 1:30, he hopena synergistic maikaʻi kona ma luna o ka kaohi ʻana o ka planthopper keʻokeʻo-backed, a ʻo ka waiwai LC50 he 1.3 mg/L wale nō. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, a me dichlorvos he hopena synergistic maikaʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā aphids palaoa, ka pulupulu bollworm a me ka flea beetle, a ʻo ke coefficient co-toxicity he 134.0-280.0. I ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ka fluoropyranone a me ka phoxim ma ka ratio o 1:4, ʻo ke coefficient co-toxicity he 176.8, kahi i hōʻike i kahi hopena synergistic maopopo i ka kaohi ʻana i nā ilo leek 4 makahiki.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā pesticides neonicotinoid me nā pesticides organophosphorus e like me malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, a pēlā aku. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka pono o ka hoʻomalu ʻana, a ua hoʻemi maikaʻi ʻia ka hopena ma ke kaiapuni kaiaola. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala hou aku i ka hoʻomākaukau hui o nā insecticides neonicotinoid, phoxim a me malathion, a hoʻokō hou aku i nā pono hoʻomalu o nā hoʻomākaukau hui.
2 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides carbamate
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pesticides Carbamate i ka mahiʻai, ka ululāʻau, a me ka mahi holoholona ma ke kāohi ʻana i nā hana o nā pepeke acetylcholinease a me carboxylesterase, e hopena ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka acetylcholine a me carboxylesterase a me ka pepehi ʻana i nā pepeke. He pōkole ka manawa, a he koʻikoʻi ka pilikia o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pest. Hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka manawa hoʻohana o nā pesticides carbamate ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides neonicotinoid. I ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me ka isoprocarb i ka kaohi ʻana i ka planthopper keʻokeʻo ma ka lakio o 7:400, ua hiki i ka coefficient co-toxicity ke kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 638.1 (e nānā i ka Papa 1). I ka wā i 1:16 ka lakio o ka imidacloprid a me ka iprocarb, ʻo ka hopena o ka kaohi ʻana i ka planthopper laiki ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia, ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 178.1, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hopena ma mua o ka mahele hoʻokahi. Ua hōʻike pū ka noiʻi ʻana he hopena maikaʻi ka hoʻomalu ʻana o ka 13% microencapsulated suspension o thiamethoxam a me carbosulfan a palekana hoʻi i nā aphids palaoa ma ke kula. Ua piʻi aʻe ʻo d mai 97.7% a i 98.6%. Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o 48% acetamiprid a me ka carbosulfan dispersible oil suspension ma 36～60 g ai/hm2, ʻo ka hopena hoʻomalu ma nā aphids pulupulu he 87.1%～96.9%, a hiki i ka manawa kūpono ke hiki i 14 mau lā, a palekana nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka pulupulu Aphid.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā insecticides neonicotinoid me isoprocarb, carbosulfan, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea ʻino i manaʻo ʻia e like me Bemisia tabaci a me nā aphids, a hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o nā pesticides. , ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena kaohi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka hui ma mua o ka mea hoʻokahi, a hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i ka hana mahiʻai maoli. Eia nō naʻe, pono e makaʻala i ka carbosulfur, ka huahana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o carbosulfan, he mea ʻawahia loa ia a ua pāpā ʻia i ka mahi ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu.
3 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides pyrethroid
Hoʻoulu nā insecticides Pyrethroid i nā maʻi neurotransmission ma o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā kahawai ion sodium i loko o nā membrane nerve, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka make ʻana o nā mea ʻino. Ma muli o ka hoʻopukapuka nui ʻana, hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki ke detoxification a me ka metabolism o nā mea ʻino, hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻike o ka pahuhopu, a maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau. Kuhikuhi ka Papa 1 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me ka fenvalerate ma ka aphid ʻuala, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity o 2:3 ratio e hiki i 276.8. ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka hui o ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me ka etherethrin he ala kūpono ia e pale aku ai i ke kahe ʻana o ka heluna o ka mea kanu brown, kahi e hui maikaʻi ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me ka etherethrin ma ka ratio o 5:1, thiamethoxam a me ka etherethrin ma ka ratio o 7:1 ʻO ka hui ʻana ka mea maikaʻi loa, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 174.3-188.7. ʻO ka hui hoʻokuʻu microcapsule o 13% thiamethoxam a me 9% beta-cyhalothrin he hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi, a ʻo ke koina co-toxicity he 232, aia ma ka pae o 123.6- I loko o ka pae o 169.5 g/hm2, hiki i ka hopena kaohi ma nā aphids paka ke hiki i ka 90%, a ʻo ia ka pesticide hui nui no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino paka. I ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ʻo clothianidin a me beta-cyhalothrin ma ka lakio o 1:9, ʻo ke koina co-toxicity no ka flea beetle ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa (210.5), ka mea i hoʻopaneʻe i ka hanana o ke kūʻē ʻana o clothianidin. I ka wā o nā lakio o acetamiprid i bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin a me fenvalerate he 1:2, 1:4 a me 1:4, ʻo ke koina co-toxicity ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, mai 409.0 a 630.6. I ka wā i like ai nā lakio o ka thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin me 5:1, ʻo nā coefficients co-toxicity he 414.0 a me 706.0, kēlā me kēia, a ʻo ka hopena kaohi hui pū ʻia ma nā aphids ka mea koʻikoʻi loa. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena kaohi o ka clothianidin a me ka hui beta-cyhalothrin (LC50 waiwai 1.4-4.1 mg/L) ma ka melon aphid ma mua o ka mea hoʻokahi (LC50 waiwai 42.7 mg/L), a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena kaohi ma 7 mau lā ma hope o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o 92%.
I kēia manawa, ua ʻano oʻo ka ʻenehana hui o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides pyrethroid, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā mea ʻino pepeke ma koʻu ʻāina, kahi e hoʻopaneʻe ai i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā pesticides pyrethroid a hoʻemi i ka nui o nā koena a me nā mea ʻawahia ma waho o ka pahuhopu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻopili pū ʻana o nā insecticides neonicotinoid me deltamethrin, butoxide, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe hiki ke kaohi iā Aedes aegypti a me Anopheles gambiae, he kūʻē i nā pesticides pyrethroid, a hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi no ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
4 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides amide
Hoʻopaʻa nui nā insecticides amide i nā mea loaʻa nitin iʻa o nā pepeke, e hoʻomau ana i ka ʻaelike a me ka hoʻopaʻakikī ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻiʻo a make. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides neonicotinoid a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana e hiki ke hōʻoluʻolu i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pest a hoʻolōʻihi i ko lākou ola. No ka kaohi ʻana i nā pests i manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ke coefficient co-toxicity he 121.0 a 183.0 (e nānā i ka Papa 2). I ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ka thiamethoxam a me ka chlorantraniliprole me 15:11 e kaohi i nā larvae o B. citricarpa, ʻo ke coefficient co-toxicity kiʻekiʻe loa he 157.9; ua hui pū ʻia ka thiamethoxam, clothianidin a me ka nitenpyram me ka snailamide. I ka wā he 10:1 ka lakio, ua hiki ke coefficient co-toxicity i 170.2-194.1, a i ka wā he 1:1 ka lakio o ka dinotefuran a me ka spirulina, ʻo ke coefficient co-toxicity ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, a he mea kupaianaha ka hopena kaohi ma N. lugens. I ka wā i loaʻa ai nā lakio o ka imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran a me sflufenamid he 5:1, 5:1, 1:5 a me 10:1, kēlā me kēia, ʻo ka hopena kaohi ka mea maikaʻi loa, a ʻo ke koina co-toxicity ka mea maikaʻi loa. ʻO lākou he 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 a me 403.8, kēlā me kēia. Hiki i ka hopena kaohi e kūʻē i ka cotton aphid (7 lā) ke hiki i 92.4% a i 98.1%, a ʻo ka hopena kaohi e kūʻē i ka diamondback moth (7 lā) hiki ke hiki i 91.9% a i 96.8%, a nui loa ka hiki ke hoʻohana.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo ka hui ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me amide ʻaʻole wale ia e hōʻoluʻolu i ke kūpaʻa lāʻau o nā mea ʻino i manaʻo ʻia, akā e hōʻemi pū i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau, e hōʻemi ana i ke kumukūʻai waiwai, a paipai i ka hoʻomohala kūpono me ke kaiapuni kaiaola. He mea koʻikoʻi nā pesticides amide i ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino i manaʻo ʻia, a he hopena hoʻololi maikaʻi no kekahi mau pesticides me ka ʻawahia kiʻekiʻe a me ka manawa koena lōʻihi. Ke piʻi mālie nei ka māhele mākeke, a he mau manaʻolana ākea ko lākou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana mahiʻai maoli.
5 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides benzoylurea
ʻO nā insecticides Benzoylurea he mau mea hoʻopaʻa i ka synthesis chitinase, ka mea e luku ai i nā mea ʻino ma ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ko lākou ulu maʻamau. ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i ke kū'ē ʻana me nā ʻano pesticides ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke kāohi pono i nā mea ʻino i manaʻo ʻia e kūʻē i nā pesticides organophosphorus a me pyrethroid. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā ʻano pesticide neonicotinoid. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2: ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me diflubenzuron he hopena synergistic maikaʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā larvae leek, a ʻo ka hopena ka maikaʻi loa ke hui pū ʻia ka thiamethoxam a me diflubenzuron ma 5: 1. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mea make ma 207.4. I ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ka clothianidin a me flufenoxuron he 2: 1, ʻo ke coefficient co-toxicity e kūʻē i nā larvae o ka larvae leek he 176.5, a ua hiki ka hopena kaohi ma ke kula i 94.4%. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka cyclofenapyr a me nā pesticides benzoylurea like ʻole e like me ka polyflubenzuron a me ka flufenoxuron he hopena kaohi maikaʻi i ka moth diamondback a me ka wili lau laiki, me kahi coefficient co-toxicity o 100.7 a 228.9, hiki ke hōʻemi pono i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā o ka nui o nā pesticides.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pesticides organophosphorus a me pyrethroid, ʻoi aku ka like o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides benzoylurea me ka manaʻo hoʻomohala o nā pesticides ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hiki ke hoʻonui pono i ka spectrum kaohi a hōʻemi i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pesticides. ʻOi aku ka palekana o ke kaiapuni kaiaola.
6 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides necrotoxin
ʻO nā insecticides Neretoxin he mau mea hoʻopaʻa i ka nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka lāʻau make a me ka make o nā pepeke ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻoili maʻamau o nā neurotransmitters. Ma muli o kona hoʻohana ākea, ʻaʻohe omo systemic a me ka fumigation, maʻalahi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūʻē. Maikaʻi ka hopena kaohi o ka heluna borer kumu laiki a me nā heluna borer kumu tri i hoʻomohala i ke kūʻē ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā insecticides neonicotinoid. Kuhikuhi ka Papa 2: i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me ka insecticidal single i ka ratio o 2:68, ʻo ka hopena kaohi ma nā mea ʻino o Diploxin ka mea maikaʻi loa, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 146.7. Ke 1:1 ka ratio o ka thiamethoxam a me ka insecticidal single agent, aia kahi hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi ma nā aphids kulina, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 214.2. ʻO ka hopena kaohi o ka 40% thiamethoxam·insecticide single suspension agent e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lā 15 93.0% ~ 97.0%, hopena lōʻihi, a palekana no ka ulu ʻana o ka kulina. ʻO ka pauka 50% imidacloprid·insecticide ring soluble he hopena kaohi maikaʻi loa i ka ʻāpala gula gula, a ʻo ka hopena kaohi e like me 79.8% a 91.7% 15 mau lā ma hope o ka pua piha ʻana o ka pest.
Ma ke ʻano he mea pepehi kanaka i hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa ʻia e koʻu ʻāina, he ʻano maʻalahi ka mea pepehi kanaka i nā mauʻu, kahi e kaupalena ai i kona hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi ʻano. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides necrotoxin a me nā pesticides neonicotinoid e hāʻawi i nā hopena kaohi hou aku no ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino i manaʻo ʻia i ka hana maoli, a he hihia hoʻohana maikaʻi hoʻi ia i ka huakaʻi hoʻomohala o ka hoʻohuihui pesticide.
7 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides heterocyclic
ʻO nā pesticides heterocyclic ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia a me ka nui o nā pesticides organik i ka hana mahiʻai, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he manawa lōʻihi ke koena i ke kaiapuni a paʻakikī ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides neonicotinoid hiki ke hōʻemi pono i ka nui o nā pesticides heterocyclic a hōʻemi i ka phytotoxicity, a ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hiki ke pāʻani i kahi hopena synergistic. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 3: i ka wā o ka ratio hui o imidacloprid a me pymetrozine he 1: 3, hiki i ka coefficient co-toxicity ke kiʻekiʻe loa 616.2; He wikiwiki a mau loa ka kaohi ʻana o Planthopper. Ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Imidacloprid, dinotefuran a me thiacloprid me mesylconazole e kaohi i nā larvae o ka beetle ʻeleʻele nui, nā larvae o ka cutworm liʻiliʻi, a me ka beetle ʻauwai. Ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Thiacloprid, nitenpyram a me chlorothiline me ka hui pū ʻana o mesylconazole he hopena kaohi maikaʻi loa i nā citrus psyllids. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o 7 mau insecticides neonicotinoid e like me imidacloprid, thiamethoxam a me chlorfenapyr he hopena synergistic i ka kaohi ʻana i nā ilo leek. I ka wā o ka ratio hui o thiamethoxam a me fipronil he 2:1-71:1, ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 152.2-519.2, ʻo ka ratio hui o thiamethoxam a me chlorfenapyr he 217:1, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 857.4, he hopena kaohi maopopo i nā termites. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o thiamethoxam a me fipronil ma ke ʻano he mea mālama hua hiki ke hōʻemi pono i ka nui o nā mea ʻino palaoa ma ke kula a pale i nā hua kanu a me nā mea kanu i ulu. I ka wā o ka ratio hui o acetamiprid a me fipronil he 1:10, ʻo ka kaohi synergistic o ka nalo hale kūʻē i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ka mea nui loa.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo nā hoʻomākaukau pesticide heterocyclic he mau fungicides nui, me nā pyridines, pyrroles a me pyrazoles. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia i ka hana mahiʻai e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hua, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ka germination, a hōʻemi i nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi. He palekana ia no nā mea kanu a me nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia. ʻO nā pesticides heterocyclic, ma ke ʻano he mau hoʻomākaukau i hui pū ʻia no ka pale ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi, he kuleana maikaʻi ko lākou i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hōʻike ana i nā pono o ka mālama ʻana i ka manawa, ka hana, ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana.
8 Holomua i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana me nā pesticides biological a me nā antibiotics mahiʻai
ʻO nā pesticides biological a me nā antibiotics mahiʻai he lohi ka hopena, he pōkole ka hopena, a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e ke kaiapuni. Ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides neonicotinoid, hiki iā lākou ke pāʻani i kahi hopena synergistic maikaʻi, hoʻonui i ka spectrum control, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka pono a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 3 ua hoʻonui ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me Beauveria bassiana a i ʻole Metarhizium anisopliae i ka hana insecticidal ma 60.0% a me 50.6% ma hope o 96 h i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana o Beauveria bassiana a me Metarhizium anisopliae wale nō. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o thiamethoxam a me Metarhizium anisopliae hiki ke hoʻonui pono i ka make holoʻokoʻa a me ka helu maʻi fungal o nā ʻuku moe. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me Metarhizium anisopliae he hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā beetles longhorned, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā conidia fungal. ʻO ka hoʻohana hui ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me nā nematodes hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka maʻi o nā nalo one, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ko lākou kūpaʻa kahua a me ka hiki ke kaohi olaola. ʻO ka hoʻohana pū ʻana o 7 mau pesticides neonicotinoid a me oxymatrine he hopena maikaʻi ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mea kanu laiki, a ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity he 123.2-173.0. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka coefficient co-toxicity o clothianidin a me abamectin i loko o kahi hui 4: 1 iā Bemisia tabaci he 171.3, a he koʻikoʻi ka synergy. I ka wā i 1: 4 ai ka ratio hui o nitenpyram a me abamectin, hiki i ka hopena kaohi ma N. lugens no 7 mau lā ke hiki i ka 93.1%. I ka wā i 5:44 ai ka ratio o clothianidin i ka spinosad, ʻo ka hopena kaohi ka mea maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i nā pākeke B. citricarpa, me ka coefficient co-toxicity o 169.8, a ʻaʻohe crossover ma waena o spinosad a me ka hapa nui o nā neonicotinoids i hōʻike ʻia he Resistant, i hui pū ʻia me ka hopena kaohi maikaʻi.
ʻO ka kaohi hui ʻana o nā pesticides biological kahi wahi wela i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Loaʻa i nā Beauveria bassiana maʻamau a me Metarhizium anisopliae nā hopena kaohi synergistic maikaʻi me nā mea kemika. Hoʻopilikia maʻalahi ʻia kahi mea ola hoʻokahi e ke aniau, a paʻa ʻole kona pono. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me nā insecticides neonicotinoid e lanakila ai i kēia hemahema. ʻOiai e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā mea kemika, hōʻoiaʻiʻo ia i ka hopena wikiwiki a mau loa o nā hoʻomākaukau i hui ʻia. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka spectrum pale a me ka kaohi, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kaumaha o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides biological a me nā pesticides kemika e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pesticides ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a nui ka manaʻolana noi.
9 Holomua i ka hui pū ʻana me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid a me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe i hōʻike pū i nā hopena kaohi maikaʻi loa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 3 i ka wā i hui pū ʻia ai ka imidacloprid a me thiamethoxam me tebuconazole ma ke ʻano he mau mea mālama hua, ua maikaʻi loa nā hopena kaohi ma ka aphid palaoa, a me ka Biosafety non-target me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka nui o ka germination hua. ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau hui o imidacloprid, triazolone a me dincolezole i hōʻike i ka hopena maikaʻi i ka kaohi ʻana i nā maʻi palaoa a me nā mea ʻino pepeke. % ~ 99.1%. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā insecticides neonicotinoid a me syringostrobin (1∶20 ~ 20∶1) he hopena synergistic maopopo i ka aphid pulupulu. Ke 50:1-1:50 ka lakio nui o thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram a me penpyramid, ʻo 129.0-186.0 ka coefficient co-toxicity, hiki ke pale a kaohi i nā mea ʻino waha e omo ana. I ka wā i 1:4 ka lakio o ka epoxifen a me ka phenoxycarb, ʻo 250.0 ka coefficient co-toxicity, a ʻo ka hopena kaohi ma ka planthopper ka mea maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka imidacloprid a me ka amitimidine he hopena inhibitory maopopo i ka cotton aphid, a ʻo ka nui o ka synergy ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i ka wā i emi ai ka imidacloprid ma ka LC10. I ka wā i 10:30-30:10 ka lakio nui o ka thiamethoxam a me ka spirotetramat, ʻo 109.8-246.5 ka coefficient co-toxicity, a ʻaʻohe hopena phytotoxic. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā pesticides aila mineral greengrass, diatomaceous earth a me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe a i ʻole adjuvants i hui pū ʻia me nā pesticides neonicotinoid ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena kaohi ma nā pests target.
ʻO ka hoʻopili pū ʻana o nā pesticides ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanides, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, mineral oils a me diatomaceous earth, a pēlā aku. I ka nānā ʻana i nā pesticides, pono mākou e makaʻala i ka pilikia o ka phytotoxicity a ʻike pono i nā hopena ma waena o nā ʻano pesticides like ʻole. Hōʻike pū nā hiʻohiʻona hui pū ʻana e hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano pesticides me nā pesticides neonicotinoid, e hāʻawi ana i nā koho hou aʻe no ka kaohi ʻana i nā pest.
10 Hopena a me ka Nānā
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pesticides neonicotinoid ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea ʻino i manaʻo ʻia, a ʻo ko lākou mau pōʻino kaiaola a me nā pilikia olakino ua lilo i mau wahi wela noiʻi o kēia manawa a me nā pilikia noi. ʻO ka hoʻohuihui kūpono ʻana o nā pesticides like ʻole a i ʻole ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea synergistic insecticidal he ana koʻikoʻi ia e hoʻopaneʻe i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau, hoʻemi i ka noi a hoʻonui i ka pono, a he hoʻolālā nui hoʻi no ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o ia mau pesticides i ka hana mahiʻai maoli. Nānā kēia pepa i ka holomua o ka noi ʻana o nā pesticides neonicotinoid maʻamau i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano pesticides ʻē aʻe, a wehewehe i nā pono o ka hoʻohuihui pesticide: ① hoʻopaneʻe i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau; ② hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena kaohi; ③ hoʻonui i ka spectrum kaohi; ④ hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ka hopena; ⑤ hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena wikiwiki ⑥ Hoʻoponopono i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu; ⑦ Hoʻēmi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pesticide; ⑧ Hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pilikia kaiapuni; ⑨ Hoʻēmi i nā kumukūʻai waiwai; ⑩ Hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pesticides kemika. I ka manawa like, pono e uku nui ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui i ke kaiapuni, ʻoiai ka palekana o nā meaola ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia (no ka laʻana, nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā mea ʻino) a me nā mea kanu koʻikoʻi i nā pae ulu like ʻole, a me nā pilikia ʻepekema e like me nā ʻokoʻa o nā hopena kaohi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā loli i nā ʻano kemika o nā pesticides. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā pesticides kuʻuna he manawa a he hana nui, me nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me kahi pōʻaiapuni noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala lōʻihi. Ma ke ʻano he hana ʻē aʻe kūpono, ʻo ka hoʻohuihui pesticide, ʻo kāna noi kūpono, ʻepekema a me ke kūlana maʻamau ʻaʻole wale ia e hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaʻina noi o nā pesticides, akā e paipai pū i kahi pōʻaiapuni maikaʻi o ka kaohi ʻana i nā mea ʻino. ʻO ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ke kaiapuni kaiaola e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo ikaika.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-23-2022