He mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Chlormequatmea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanunona ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu cereal e piʻi nei ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina toxicology e hiki i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat ke hōʻemi i ka momona a hōʻeha i ka fetus e ulu ana ma nā dosis ma lalo o ka dosis i ʻae ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā luna hoʻoponopono. Maanei, hōʻike mākou i ke alo o ka chlormequat i loko o nā laʻana mimi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka heluna kanaka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, me nā helu ʻike o 69%, 74%, a me 90% i nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma 2017, 2018–2022, a me 2023, kēlā me kēia. Mai 2017 a 2022, ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka chlormequat i loko o nā laʻana, a mai 2023, ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka chlormequat i loko o nā laʻana. Ua ʻike pū mākou ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ka chlormequat i nā huahana oat. ʻO kēia mau hopena a me ka ʻikepili toxicity no ka chlormequat e hāpai i nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā pae hōʻike o kēia manawa a kāhea no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka toxicity ākea, ka nānā ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me nā haʻawina epidemiological e loiloi i ka hopena o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka chlormequat i ke olakino kanaka.
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka ʻike mua ʻana o ka chlormequat, kahi agrochemical me ka ʻawahia ulu a me ka hānau hou ʻana, i ka heluna kanaka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka lako meaʻai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻOiai ua loaʻa nā pae like o ke kemika i nā laʻana mimi mai 2017 a 2022, ua loaʻa nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa i ka laʻana 2023. Hōʻike kēia hana i ka pono no ka nānā nui ʻana i ka chlormequat i nā laʻana meaʻai a me ke kanaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me ka toxicology a me ka toxicology. Nā haʻawina epidemiological o ka chlormequat, ʻoiai he mea haumia kēia kemika me nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā dosis haʻahaʻa i nā haʻawina holoholona.
He kemika mahiʻai ʻo Chlormequat i hoʻopaʻa inoa mua ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1962 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono ulu mea kanu. ʻOiai ua ʻae ʻia i kēia manawa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu hoʻonaninani ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻae ʻia kahi hoʻoholo a ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i ka makahiki 2018 i ka lawe ʻana mai o nā huahana meaʻai (ʻo ka hapa nui he mau palaoa) i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat [1]. Ma EU, UK a me Kanada, ua ʻae ʻia ka chlormequat no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu meaʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka palaoa, ka ʻoka a me ka bale. Hiki i ka Chlormequat ke hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ka hiki ke wili ʻia ka mea kanu, e paʻakikī ai ka ʻohi ʻana. Ma UK a me EU, ʻo ka chlormequat ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i nā cereals a me nā cereals, e like me ka palapala ʻana i nā haʻawina nānā lōʻihi [2, 3].
ʻOiai ua ʻae ʻia ka chlormequat no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā mea kanu ma nā ʻāpana o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, hōʻike ia i nā waiwai toxicological e pili ana i nā haʻawina holoholona hoʻokolohua mōʻaukala a i paʻi ʻia nei. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia nā hopena o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka chlormequat i ka ʻawahia hānau a me ka momona i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1980 e nā mahiʻai puaʻa Denemaka nāna i ʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka hana hānau i nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia ma ka palaoa i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat. Ua nānā ʻia kēia mau nānā ma hope i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i kāohi ʻia i nā puaʻa a me nā ʻiole, kahi i hōʻike ai nā puaʻa wahine i hānai ʻia i ka palaoa i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat i nā haunaele i nā pōʻaiapuni estrous a me ka male ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā holoholona hoʻomalu i hānai ʻia me ka ʻole o ka chlormequat. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā ʻiole kāne i hōʻike ʻia i ka chlormequat ma o ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka wai inu i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana i ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka sperm in vitro. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻawahia hānau hou o ka chlormequat i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ʻiole i ka chlormequat i nā wā koʻikoʻi o ka ulu ʻana, me ka hāpai ʻana a me ke ola mua, ua hopena i ka lohi o ka wā ʻōpiopio, ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka sperm, ka emi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ke kino hānau kāne, a me ka emi ʻana o nā pae testosterone. Hōʻike pū nā haʻawina ʻawahia ulu e hiki i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat i ka wā hāpai ke kumu i ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal a me nā ʻano metabolic. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ka hopena o ka chlormequat i ka hana hānau ʻana i nā ʻiole wahine a me nā puaʻa kāne, a ʻaʻohe haʻawina ma hope i loaʻa ka hopena o ka chlormequat i ka momona o nā ʻiole kāne i hōʻike ʻia i ka chlormequat i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana a me ke ola postnatal. ʻO ka ʻikepili kānalua e pili ana i ka chlormequat i loko o nā palapala toxicological ma muli paha o nā ʻokoʻa o nā dosis hoʻāʻo a me nā ana, a me ke koho ʻana o nā meaola hoʻohālike a me ke kāne o nā holoholona hoʻokolohua. No laila, pono ka noiʻi hou aku.
ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina toxicological hou i nā hopena o ka chlormequat ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hānau hou ʻana a me ka ʻōnaehana endocrine, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana e hana ai kēia mau hopena toxicological. Hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina ʻaʻole paha e hana ka chlormequat ma o nā ʻano hana i wehewehe pono ʻia o nā kemika hoʻopilikia endocrine, me nā mea loaʻa estrogen a androgen paha, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻololi i ka hana aromatase. Hōʻike nā hōʻike ʻē aʻe e hiki i ka chlormequat ke hana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka biosynthesis steroid a me ke kumu ʻana i ke kaumaha endoplasmic reticulum.
ʻOiai aia ka chlormequat ma nā wahi āpau i nā meaʻai maʻamau o ʻEulopa, ʻo ka nui o nā haʻawina biomonitoring e loiloi ana i ka ʻike ʻana o ke kanaka i ka chlormequat he liʻiliʻi loa ia. He pōkole ka hapalua ola o Chlormequat i loko o ke kino, ma kahi o 2-3 mau hola, a ma nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā mea manawaleʻa kanaka, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā dosis hoʻokolohua mai ke kino i loko o 24 mau hola. Ma nā laʻana heluna kanaka maʻamau mai UK a me Suedena, ua ʻike ʻia ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi o kahi kokoke i 100% o nā mea komo i ka noiʻi ma nā alapine a me nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe loa ma mua o nā pesticides ʻē aʻe e like me chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids, thiabendazole a me nā metabolites mancozeb. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i nā puaʻa hiki ke loaʻa ka chlormequat i loko o ke koko a hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia i loko o ka waiū, akā ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia kēia mau matrices i loko o ke kanaka a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohālike holoholona hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo kona alo i loko o ke koko a me ka waiū e pili ana i ka pōʻino hānau mai nā kemika. . Aia nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i ka wā hāpai a me nā pēpē.
I ʻApelila 2018, ua hoʻolaha ka US Environmental Protection Agency i nā pae hoʻomanawanui meaʻai i ʻae ʻia no ka chlormequat i loko o nā oats i lawe ʻia mai, ka palaoa, ka bale, a me kekahi mau huahana holoholona, e ʻae ana i ka chlormequat e lawe ʻia mai i loko o ka lako meaʻai o ʻAmelika. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka oat i ʻae ʻia i ka makahiki 2020. No ka wehewehe ʻana i ka hopena o kēia mau hoʻoholo i ka hanana a me ka laha ʻana o ka chlormequat i ka heluna kanaka makua o ʻAmelika, ua ana kēia haʻawina hoʻāʻo i ka nui o ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi o ka poʻe mai ʻekolu mau ʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika mai 2017 a 2023 a ma 2022 hou. a me ka nui o ka chlormequat o nā huahana oat a me ka palaoa i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2023.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻāina ma waena o 2017 a me 2023 e ana i nā pae mimi o ka chlormequat i nā kamaʻāina o ʻAmelika. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he iwakāluakūmākahi mau laʻana mimi mai nā wahine hāpai i wehe ʻia ko lākou ʻike i ʻae i ka manawa hānau e like me kahi protocol i ʻāpono ʻia e ka Papa Hoʻoponopono Hoʻonohonoho (IRB) o 2017 mai ke Kulanui Lapaʻau o South Carolina (MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA). Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma 4°C a hiki i 4 mau hola, a laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻopaʻahau ʻia ma -80°C. Ua kūʻai ʻia he iwakāluakūmālima mau laʻana mimi makua mai Lee Biosolutions, Inc (Maryland Heights, MO, USA) i Nowemapa 2022, e hōʻike ana i hoʻokahi laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ʻOkakopa 2017 a i Kepakemapa 2022, a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā mea manawaleʻa (13 mau kāne a me 12 mau wahine). ) ma ka hōʻaiʻē i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻo Maryland Heights, Missouri. Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma -20°C ma hope koke iho o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. Eia kekahi, ua kūʻai ʻia he 50 mau laʻana mimi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā mea manawaleʻa Florida (25 kāne, 25 wahine) i Iune 2023 mai BioIVT, LLC (Westbury, NY, USA). Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma 4°C a hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻana o nā laʻana āpau, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻopaʻahau ʻia ma -20°C. Ua loaʻa i ka hui hoʻolako ka ʻae IRB e pono ai e hana i nā laʻana kanaka a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili laʻana. ʻAʻohe ʻike pilikino i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o kekahi o nā laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia. Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā laʻana āpau i hoʻopaʻahau ʻia no ka nānā ʻana. Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka laʻana ma ka Papa ʻIke Kākoʻo S1.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka helu ʻana o ka chlormequat i loko o nā hāpana mimi kanaka e ka LC-MS/MS ma ka HSE Research Laboratory (Buxton, UK) e like me ke ʻano i paʻi ʻia e Lindh et al. Hoʻololi iki ʻia i ka makahiki 2011. I ka pōkole, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā hāpana ma ke kāwili ʻana i 200 μl o ka mimi kānana ʻole me 1.8 ml o 0.01 M ammonium acetate e loaʻa ana ke kūlana kūloko. A laila ua unuhi ʻia ka hāpana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kolamu HCX-Q, i hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻia me ka methanol, a laila me 0.01 M ammonium acetate, holoi ʻia me 0.01 M ammonium acetate, a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me 1% formic acid i loko o ka methanol. A laila ua hoʻouka ʻia nā hāpana ma luna o kahi kolamu C18 LC (Synergi 4 µ Hydro-RP 150 × 2 mm; Phenomenex, UK) a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pae mobile isocratic i haku ʻia me 0.1% formic acid:methanol 80:20 ma ka helu kahe 0.2. ml/min. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hoʻololi hopena i koho ʻia e ka spectrometry mass e Lindh et al. 2011. ʻO ka palena ʻike ʻana he 0.1 μg/L e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā nui o ka chlormequat mimi ma ke ʻano he μmol chlormequat/mol creatinine a ua hoʻololi ʻia i μg chlormequat/g creatinine e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua (hoʻonui ʻia e 1.08).
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Anresco Laboratories, LLC i nā laʻana meaʻai o ka oats (25 maʻamau a me 8 organik) a me ka palaoa (9 maʻamau) no ka chlormequat (San Francisco, CA, USA). Ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana me nā hoʻololi e like me nā ʻano i paʻi ʻia [19]. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo LOD/LOQ no nā laʻana oat i ka makahiki 2022 a no nā laʻana palaoa a me ka oat āpau i ka makahiki 2023 ma 10/100 ppb a me 3/40 ppb, kēlā me kēia. Hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka laʻana ma ka Papa ʻIke Kākoʻo S2.
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano chlormequat mimi e ka wahi ʻāina a me ka makahiki o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, koe wale nō ʻelua mau laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka makahiki 2017 mai Maryland Heights, Missouri, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me nā laʻana ʻē aʻe o 2017 mai Charleston, South Carolina. Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma lalo o ka palena ʻike o ka chlormequat ma ke ʻano he pakeneka ʻike i puʻunaue ʻia e ke aʻa huinaha o 2. ʻAʻole i hoʻolaha maʻamau ʻia nā ʻikepili, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric a me ka hoʻāʻo hoʻohālikelike lehulehu a Dunn e hoʻohālikelike i nā median ma waena o nā hui. Ua hana ʻia nā helu āpau ma GraphPad Prism (Boston, MA).
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Chlormequat ma 77 o 96 mau laʻana mimi, e hōʻike ana i 80% o nā laʻana mimi āpau. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2017 a me 2018–2022, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā laʻana 2023: 16 mai 23 mau laʻana (a i ʻole 69%) a me 17 mai 23 mau laʻana (a i ʻole 74%), kēlā me kēia, a me 45 mai 50 mau laʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi 90%). ) i hoʻāʻo ʻia (Papa 1). Ma mua o 2023, ua like nā nui o ka chlormequat i ʻike ʻia ma nā hui ʻelua, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā nui o ka chlormequat i ʻike ʻia ma nā laʻana 2023 ma mua o nā laʻana mai nā makahiki i hala (Kiʻi 1A, B). ʻO nā pae hoʻohuihui i ʻike ʻia no nā laʻana 2017, 2018–2022, a me 2023 he 0.22 a 5.4, 0.11 a 4.3, a me 0.27 a 52.8 micrograms o ka chlormequat no ka gram o ka creatinine, kēlā me kēia. ʻO nā waiwai waena no nā laʻana āpau i ka makahiki 2017, 2018–2022, a me 2023 he 0.46, 0.30, a me 1.4, kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike kēia ʻikepili e hoʻomau paha ka ʻike ʻia ʻana ma muli o ka hapalua ola pōkole o ka chlormequat i loko o ke kino, me nā pae ʻike haʻahaʻa ma waena o 2017 a me 2022 a me nā pae ʻike kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 2023.
Hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka chlormequat no kēlā me kēia hāpana mimi pākahi ma ke ʻano he kiko hoʻokahi me nā kaola ma luna o ka awelika a me nā kaola hewa e hōʻike ana i ka +/- hewa maʻamau. Hōʻike ʻia nā nui o ka chlormequat mimi ma mcg o ka chlormequat no ka gram o ka creatinine ma kahi unahi linear a me kahi unahi logarithmic. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka loiloi Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric o ka variance me ka hoʻāʻo hoʻohālikelike lehulehu a Dunn e hoʻāʻo i ke koʻikoʻi helu.
Ua hōʻike nā hāpana meaʻai i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 2022 a me 2023 i nā pae ʻike ʻia o ka chlormequat i loko o nā huahana oat kuʻuna he 25 koe wale nō ʻelua, me nā ʻano like ʻole mai ka ʻike ʻole ʻia a i ka 291 μg/kg, e hōʻike ana i ka chlormequat i loko o ka oats. Kiʻekiʻe ka laha o ka ʻai mea kanu. ʻO nā hāpana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka makahiki 2022 a me 2023 he mau pae awelika like: 90 µg/kg a me 114 µg/kg, kēlā me kēia. Hoʻokahi wale nō hāpana o ʻewalu huahana oat organik i loaʻa ka ʻike chlormequat o 17 µg/kg. Ua ʻike pū mākou i nā ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka chlormequat i loko o ʻelua o nā huahana palaoa ʻeiwa i hoʻāʻo ʻia: 3.5 a me 12.6 μg/kg, kēlā me kēia.
ʻO kēia ka hōʻike mua o ke ana ʻana o ka chlormequat urinary i nā pākeke e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ma nā heluna kanaka ma waho o United Kingdom a me Suedena. ʻO nā ʻano biomonitoring pesticide ma waena o nā ʻōpio he 1,000 ma Suedena i hoʻopaʻa i kahi helu ʻike 100% no ka chlormequat mai 2000 a 2017. ʻO ka awelika o ka nui ma 2017 he 0.86 micrograms o ka chlormequat no ka gram o ka creatinine a me he mea lā ua emi iho i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, me ka pae awelika kiʻekiʻe loa he 2.77 i ka makahiki 2009. Ma UK, ua ʻike ka biomonitoring i kahi awelika kiʻekiʻe loa o ka nui o ka chlormequat he 15.1 micrograms o ka chlormequat no ka gram o ka creatinine ma waena o 2011 a me 2012, ʻoiai ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kēia mau laʻana mai ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā wahi mahiʻai. ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa i ka hōʻike ʻana. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa i ka hōʻike ʻana. ʻO ka hanana pīpī [15]. Ua ʻike ʻia i kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i ka hāpana ʻAmelika mai 2017 a i 2022 nā pae waena haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā noiʻi mua ma ʻEulopa, ʻoiai i ka makahiki 2023, ua like nā pae waena o ka hāpana me ka hāpana Suedena akā haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hāpana UK.
ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka hōʻike ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāina a me nā manawa manawa e hōʻike paha i nā ʻokoʻa i nā hana mahiʻai a me ke kūlana hoʻoponopono o ka chlormequat, ka mea e hoʻohuli hope loa i nā pae o ka chlormequat i nā huahana meaʻai. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka chlormequat i loko o nā laʻana mimi i ka makahiki 2023 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā makahiki i hala, kahi e hōʻike paha i nā loli e pili ana i nā hana hoʻoponopono EPA e pili ana i ka chlormequat (me nā palena meaʻai chlormequat i ka makahiki 2018). Nā lako meaʻai US i ka wā e hiki mai ana. E hoʻokiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana hoʻohana oat i ka makahiki 2020. ʻAe kēia mau hana i ka lawe ʻana mai a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā huahana mahiʻai i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat, no ka laʻana, mai Kanada mai. ʻO ka lohi ma waena o nā hoʻololi hoʻoponopono EPA a me nā nui kiʻekiʻe o ka chlormequat i loaʻa i nā laʻana mimi i ka makahiki 2023 hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e kekahi mau kūlana, e like me ka lohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana mahiʻai e hoʻohana ana i ka chlormequat, nā lohi e nā hui US i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā ʻaelike kālepa, a me nā poʻe pilikino. ke ʻike nei i nā lohi i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā oats ma muli o ka pau ʻana o nā waihona huahana kahiko a/a i ʻole ma muli o ke ola lōʻihi o nā huahana oat.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā paha e hōʻike ana nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia ma nā hāpana mimi US i ka hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i ka meaʻai i ka chlormequat, ua ana mākou i ka chlormequat i loko o nā huahana oat a me ka palaoa i kūʻai ʻia ma US i ka makahiki 2022 a me 2023. Loaʻa pinepine ka chlormequat i nā huahana oat ma mua o nā huahana palaoa, a ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka chlormequat i nā huahana oat like ʻole, me ka awelika o 104 ppb, ma muli paha o ka lako mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, kahi e hōʻike ai i nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana ma waena o nā huahana i hana ʻia mai ka oats i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ma nā hāpana meaʻai UK, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka chlormequat i nā huahana palaoa e like me ka berena, me ka chlormequat i ʻike ʻia ma 90% o nā hāpana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma UK ma waena o Iulai a me Kepakemapa 2022. ʻO ka awelika o ka nui he 60 ppb. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka chlormequat ma 82% o nā hāpana oat UK ma ka awelika o 1650 ppb, ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā hāpana US, kahi e wehewehe ai i nā ʻike mimi kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia ma nā hāpana UK.
Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena biomonitoring ua loaʻa ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat ma mua o 2018, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka meaʻai i ka chlormequat. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i kāohi ʻia ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻaʻohe ʻikepili mōʻaukala e pili ana i ka nui o ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, no ka pōkole o ka hapalua ola o ka chlormequat, ke manaʻo nei mākou he meaʻai paha kēia ʻike. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea mua o ka choline i nā huahana palaoa a me nā pauka hua manu e hana maoli i ka chlormequat ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, e hopena ana i nā nui chlormequat mai 5 a 40 ng/g. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena hoʻāʻo meaʻai aia kekahi mau laʻana, me ka huahana oat organik, i loaʻa ka chlormequat ma nā pae like me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina o ka chlormequat kūlohelohe, ʻoiai he nui nā laʻana ʻē aʻe i loaʻa nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka chlormequat. No laila, ʻo nā pae a mākou i ʻike ai i loko o ka mimi ma o 2023 ma muli paha o ka ʻike ʻana i ka meaʻai i ka chlormequat i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻO nā pae i ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2023, ma muli paha ia o ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat i hana ʻia me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai a me nā huahana i lawe ʻia mai i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat ma ka mahiʻai. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat ma waena o kā mākou mau laʻana, hiki ke pili pū i ka wahi ʻāina, nā ʻano ʻai like ʻole, a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā hale hānai.
Manaʻo kā mākou noiʻi e pono nā nui hāpana nui a me kahi hāpana ʻokoʻa o nā meaʻai i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat e loiloi piha i nā kumu meaʻai kūpono o ka chlormequat i nā poʻe haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana me ka nānā ʻana i ka mimi mōʻaukala a me nā hāpana meaʻai, nā nīnau nīnau meaʻai a me ka hana, ka nānā mau ʻana i ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai maʻamau a me nā meaʻai organik ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me nā hāpana biomonitoring e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kumu maʻamau o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka chlormequat i ka heluna kanaka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻAʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka hiki ke piʻi aʻe o ka pae o ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi a me nā laʻana meaʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻae ʻia ka chlormequat i kēia manawa i nā huahana oat a me ka palaoa i lawe ʻia mai, akā ke noʻonoʻo nei ka Environmental Protection Agency i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahiʻai i nā mea kanu kūloko ʻole. Inā ʻae ʻia kēlā hoʻohana kūloko me ka hana mahiʻai ākea o ka chlormequat ma waho a ma ka home, hiki ke hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae o ka chlormequat i loko o ka oats, ka palaoa, a me nā huahana palaoa ʻē aʻe, e alakaʻi ana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat. Huina o ka heluna kanaka o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO nā nui o ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi o kēia manawa ma kēia a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea hāʻawi hāʻawi laʻana pākahi i ka chlormequat ma nā pae i emi iho ma mua o ka nui kuhikuhi o ka US Environmental Protection Agency (RfD) i paʻi ʻia (0.05 mg/kg ke kaumaha o ke kino i kēlā me kēia lā), no laila ua ʻae ʻia. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā he mau kauoha o ka nui i emi iho ma mua o ka waiwai lawe i paʻi ʻia e ka European Food Safety Authority (ADI) (0.04 mg/kg ke kaumaha o ke kino/lā). Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻomaopopo nei mākou ua hōʻike nā haʻawina toxicology i paʻi ʻia o ka chlormequat e pono paha ka loiloi hou ʻana o kēia mau paepae palekana. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻiole a me nā puaʻa i hōʻike ʻia i nā nui ma lalo o ka RfD a me ADI o kēia manawa (0.024 a me 0.0023 mg/kg ke kaumaha o ke kino/lā, kēlā me kēia) ua hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka momona. Ma kekahi haʻawina toxicology ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana i ka wā hāpai i nā nui e like me ka pae hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ʻike ʻole ʻia (NOAEL) o 5 mg/kg (i hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka nui kuhikuhi o ka US Environmental Protection Agency) ua hopena i nā loli i ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal a me ka metabolism, a me nā loli i ke ʻano o ke kino. ʻO nā ʻiole hānau hou. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo nā paepae hoʻoponopono i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā hui ʻana o nā kemika e hoʻopilikia paha i ka ʻōnaehana hānau, kahi i hōʻike ʻia he mau hopena hoʻohui a synergistic paha i nā dosis haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kemika pākahi, e hana ana i nā pilikia me ke olakino hānau. hopohopo e pili ana i nā hopena e pili ana i nā pae hōʻike o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka poʻe me nā pae hōʻike kiʻekiʻe ma ka heluna kanaka ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ua hōʻike kēia haʻawina hoʻāʻo o nā hōʻike kemika hou ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa aia ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā huahana oat, a ma ka hapa nui o nā laʻana mimi i ʻike ʻia i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kahi kokoke i 100 mau kānaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat. Eia kekahi, hōʻike nā ʻano i loko o kēia ʻikepili ua piʻi aʻe nā pae hōʻike a e hoʻomau paha i ka piʻi ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ma muli o nā hopohopo toxicological e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat i nā haʻawina holoholona, a me ka laha ʻana o ka heluna kanaka i ka chlormequat ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa (a i kēia manawa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), me nā haʻawina epidemiological a me nā holoholona, aia kahi pono wikiwiki e nānā i ka chlormequat i ka meaʻai a me nā kānaka Chlormequat. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i nā pōʻino olakino o kēia kemika mahiʻai ma nā pae hōʻike koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā hāpai.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-04-2024