ʻO Chlormequat kahimea hoʻoponopono uluke hoʻohana ʻia nei i nā mea kanu cereal ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina Toxicology e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka ulu ʻana o ka chlormequat a hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana o ka fetus ma lalo o ka nui o kēlā me kēia lā i ʻae ʻia e nā luna hoʻoponopono.Ma ʻaneʻi, hōʻike mākou i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka chlormequat i loko o nā ʻāpana mimi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka heluna kanaka US, me nā helu ʻike o 69%, 74%, a me 90% i nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma 2017, 2018–2022, a me 2023.Mai 2017 a 2022, ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka chlormequat i nā laʻana, a mai 2023, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o ka chlormequat i nā laʻana.Ua ʻike pū mākou ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ka chlormequat i nā huahana oat.ʻO kēia mau hopena a me ka ʻikepili toxicity no ka chlormequat e hoʻāla i nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā pae o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia manawa a kāhea aku i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻona nui, ka nānā ʻana i ka meaʻai, a me nā noiʻi epidemiological e loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka chlormequat i ke olakino kanaka.
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ka ʻike mua ʻana o ka chlormequat, kahi agrochemical me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana, i ka heluna US a me ka lako meaʻai US.ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia nā pae like o ka kemika i loko o nā laʻana mimi mai 2017 a 2022, ʻike ʻia nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa i ka laʻana 2023.Hōʻike kēia hana i ka pono o ka nānā ʻana i ka chlormequat i ka meaʻai a me nā laʻana kanaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a me ka toxicology a me ka toxicology.ʻO nā haʻawina epidemiological o ka chlormequat, no ka mea, he mea haumia kēia kemika me nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole i kākau ʻia ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā haʻawina holoholona.
ʻO Chlormequat kahi mea kanu mahiʻai i kākau mua ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1962 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoponopono ulu ulu.ʻOiai ʻae ʻia i kēia manawa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu mea kanu ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻae ʻia kahi hoʻoholo 2018 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā huahana meaʻai (ka hapa nui o ka palaoa) i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat [1].Ma EU, UK a me Kanada, ua ʻae ʻia ka chlormequat no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai, ka nui o ka palaoa, oats a me ka bale.Hiki i ka Chlormequat ke hoʻemi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu, no laila e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke wili ʻia ka hua, e paʻakikī ai ka ʻohi ʻana.Ma UK a me EU, ʻo chlormequat ka mea maʻamau i ʻike ʻia i ke koena pesticide i nā cereals a me nā cereals, e like me ka mea i kākau ʻia i nā haʻawina nānā lōʻihi [2, 3].
ʻOiai ua ʻae ʻia ka chlormequat no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu ma nā ʻāpana o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, hōʻike ia i nā waiwai toxicological e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala a i hoʻopuka hou ʻia i nā haʻawina holoholona hoʻokolohua.Ua wehewehe mua ʻia nā hopena o ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat i ka ʻawaʻawa hānau a me ka momona i nā makahiki 1980 mua e nā mahiʻai puaʻa Denemaka i ʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka hana hānau ʻana i nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia ma ka palaoa chlormequat-treated.Ua nānā ʻia kēia mau ʻike ma nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua hoʻomalu ʻia i nā puaʻa a me nā ʻiole, kahi i hānai ai nā puaʻa wahine i ka palaoa i mālama ʻia i ka chlormequat i hōʻike ʻia i nā haunaele i nā pōʻai estrous a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā holoholona mālama i hānai ʻia me ka chlormequat.Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻiole kāne i hōʻike ʻia i ka chlormequat ma o ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka wai inu i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana ua hōʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka hiki ke hoʻomoʻa i ka sperm in vitro.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻawaʻawa hānau hou o ka chlormequat i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻiole i ka chlormequat i nā wā koʻikoʻi o ka ulu ʻana, me ka hāpai ʻana a me ke ola mua ʻana, ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka wā ʻōpio, hoʻemi i ka motility sperm, hoʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke kino hānau kāne, a hoʻemi i nā pae testosterone.Hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina ʻona hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat i ka wā hāpai e hoʻoulu ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal a me nā maʻi kūlohelohe.ʻAʻole i ʻike nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i ka hopena o ka chlormequat i ka hana hānau ʻana i nā ʻiole wahine a me nā puaʻa kāne, a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā noiʻi hope kahi hopena o ka chlormequat i ka momona o nā ʻiole kāne i hōʻike ʻia i ka chlormequat i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana a me ke ola postnatal.ʻO ka ʻikepili like ʻole e pili ana i ka chlormequat i loko o ka palapala toxicological ma muli paha o nā ʻokoʻa o nā ana hoʻāʻo a me nā ana, a me ke koho ʻana i nā mea ola hoʻohālike a me ka wahine o nā holoholona hoʻokolohua.No laila, pono ke noiʻi hou aku.
ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina toxicological hou i nā hopena o ka chlormequat i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka hana hou ʻana a me ka ʻōnaehana endocrine, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana e hiki ai kēia mau hopena toxicological.Ke hōʻike nei kekahi mau haʻawina ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻo chlormequat ma o nā hana i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia o nā kinikona endocrine-disrupting, me ka estrogen a i ʻole androgen receptors, a ʻaʻole hoʻololi i ka hana aromatase.Hōʻike nā hōʻike ʻē aʻe e hiki i ka chlormequat ke hoʻoulu i nā hopena ʻaoʻao ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka biosynthesis steroid a hoʻoulu i ke koʻikoʻi endoplasmic reticulum.
ʻOiai aia ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai maʻamau o ʻEulopa, he liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā haʻawina biomonitoring e loiloi ana i ka ʻike kanaka i ka chlormequat.He pōkole ka hapalua o ke ola o Chlormequat i loko o ke kino, ma kahi o 2-3 mau hola, a ma nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā mea manawaleʻa kanaka, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hoʻokolohua mai ke kino i loko o 24 mau hola.Ma nā laʻana heluna nui mai UK a me Suedena, ua ʻike ʻia ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi o kahi kokoke i 100% o ka poʻe i komo i ke aʻo ʻana i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka ʻike ʻana ma mua o nā pesticides ʻē aʻe e like me chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids, thiabendazole a me mancozeb metabolites.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i nā puaʻa hiki ke loaʻa ka chlormequat i loko o ka serum a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka waiū, akā ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia kēia mau matrices i ke kanaka a i ʻole nā ʻano holoholona hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo kona hele ʻana i ka serum a me ka waiū e pili pū me ka pōʻino hānau mai ka kemika..Loaʻa nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wā hāpai a me nā pēpē.
I ʻApelila 2018, ua hoʻolaha ka US Environmental Protection Agency i nā pae ʻae ʻia o ka ʻai no ka chlormequat i lawe ʻia mai nā oats, palaoa, bale, a me kekahi mau huahana holoholona, e ʻae ana i ka chlormequat e lawe ʻia i loko o ka lako meaʻai US.Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka maʻiʻo oat i ʻae ʻia i ka makahiki 2020. No ka ʻike ʻana i ka hopena o kēia mau hoʻoholo i ka hanana a me ka laha ʻana o ka chlormequat i ka heluna kanaka makua US, ua ana kēia noiʻi pilot i ka nui o ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi o nā kānaka mai ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻāina o US mai 2017. i 2023 a hou i 2022. a me ka chlormequat maʻiʻo o ka oat a me ka hua palaoa i kūʻai ʻia ma United States i 2023.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ʻekolu mau ʻāina ma waena o 2017 a me 2023 e ana i nā pae mimi o chlormequat i nā kamaʻāina US.Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he iwakāluakūmākahi mau mimi mai nā wahine hāpai i ʻike ʻia i ʻae ʻia i ka manawa o ka hānau ʻana e like me kahi protocol 2017 Institutional Review Board (IRB)-i ʻae ʻia mai ke Kauka Lapaʻau o South Carolina (MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA).Mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma 4 ° C no nā hola 4, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a maloʻo ma -80 ° C.Ua kūʻai ʻia he iwakāluakūmālima mau laʻana mimi makua mai Lee Biosolutions, Inc (Maryland Heights, MO, USA) i Nowemapa 2022, e hōʻike ana i kahi laʻana hoʻokahi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ʻOkakopa 2017 a i Kepakemapa 2022, a ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai nā mea manawaleʻa (13 kāne a me 12 wahine).) ma ka hōʻaiʻē ʻana i ka ʻohi ʻo Maryland Heights, Missouri.Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma -20°C ma hope koke o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana.Eia kekahi, ua kūʻai ʻia mai BioIVT, LLC (Westbury, NY, USA).Mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma 4 ° C a hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā laʻana a pau, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a maloʻo ma -20 ° C.Ua loaʻa i ka hui hoʻolako ka ʻae ʻana o ka IRB pono e hana i nā laʻana kanaka a ʻae i ka hōʻiliʻili laʻana.ʻAʻohe ʻike pilikino i hāʻawi ʻia i kekahi o nā laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia.Hoʻouna ʻia nā laʻana a pau i ka hau no ka nānā ʻana.Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike kikoʻī kikoʻī ma ka Papa ʻIke ʻIke kākoʻo S1.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi kanaka e LC-MS/MS ma ka HSE Research Laboratory (Buxton, UK) e like me ke ʻano i paʻi ʻia e Lindh et al.Hoʻololi iki ʻia i ka makahiki 2011.ʻO ka pōkole, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā laʻana ma ka hui ʻana i 200 μl o ka mimi unfiltered me 1.8 ml o 0.01 M ammonium acetate i loaʻa i ka maʻamau kūloko.Lawe ʻia ka hāpana me ka kolamu HCX-Q, hoʻopili mua ʻia me ka methanol, a laila me 0.01 M ammonium acetate, holoi ʻia me 0.01 M ammonium acetate, a eluted me 1% formic acid i ka methanol.A laila ua hoʻouka ʻia nā laʻana ma luna o kahi kolamu C18 LC (Synergi 4 µ Hydro-RP 150 × 2 mm; Phenomenex, UK) a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana paʻa isocratic nona ka 0.1% formic acid: methanol 80:20 ma ke kahe kahe 0.2.ml/min.Ua wehewehe ʻia e Lindh et al nā hoʻololi hoʻololi i koho ʻia e ka mass spectrometry.2011. ʻO ka palena ʻike he 0.1 μg/L e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe.
Hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo chlormequat urinary e like me μmol chlormequat/mol creatinine a hoʻololi ʻia i μg chlormequat/g creatinine e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā haʻawina mua (e hoʻonui i ka 1.08).
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Anresco Laboratories, LLC i nā laʻana meaʻai o nā oats (25 maʻamau a me 8 organik) a me ka palaoa (9 maʻamau) no ka chlormequat (San Francisco, CA, USA).Ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana me nā hoʻololi e like me nā ʻano i paʻi ʻia [19].LOD/LOQ no ka oat samples ma 2022 a no ka palaoa a me ka oat samples ma 2023 i hoonohoia ma 10/100 ppb a me 3/40 ppb, pakahi.Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike kikoʻī kikoʻī ma ka papa ʻike kākoʻo S2.
Ua hui pū ʻia nā manaʻo chlormequat urinary e ka wahi ʻāina a me ka makahiki o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, koe wale nō ʻelua mau laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma 2017 mai Maryland Heights, Missouri, i hui pū ʻia me nā laʻana 2017 mai Charleston, South Carolina.Ua mālama ʻia nā laʻana ma lalo o ka palena ʻike o ka chlormequat ma ke ʻano he pākēneka i puʻunaue ʻia e ke kumu huinahā o 2. ʻAʻole i puunaue maʻamau ka ʻikepili, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric a me ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike lehulehu a Dunn e hoʻohālikelike i waena o nā hui.Ua hana ʻia nā helu helu āpau ma GraphPad Prism (Boston, MA).
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Chlormequat ma 77 o 96 mau laʻana mimi, e hōʻike ana i ka 80% o nā laʻana mimi a pau.Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2017 a me 2018–2022, ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā laʻana 2023: 16 mai 23 mau laʻana (a i ʻole 69%) a me 17 mai 23 mau laʻana (a i ʻole 74%), kēlā me kēia, a me 45 mai 50 mau laʻana (ie 90%) .) ua hoʻāʻo ʻia (Table 1).Ma mua o 2023, ua like ka nui o ka chlormequat i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu ʻelua, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka chlormequat i ʻike ʻia ma nā laʻana 2023 ma mua o nā laʻana mai nā makahiki i hala (Figure 1A,B).ʻO nā pae hoʻonaʻauao ʻike ʻia no ka 2017, 2018–2022, a me 2023 nā laʻana he 0.22 a 5.4, 0.11 a 4.3, a me 0.27 a 52.8 micrograms o ka chlormequat no ka gram creatinine.ʻO nā koina median no nā laʻana a pau ma 2017, 2018–2022, a me 2023 he 0.46, 0.30, a me 1.4.Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili e hiki ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hapalua o ke ola o ka chlormequat i loko o ke kino, me nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma waena o 2017 a me 2022 a me nā pae hoʻolaha kiʻekiʻe ma 2023.
Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka chlormequat no kēlā me kēia mimi pākahi ma ke ʻano he kiko hoʻokahi me nā kī ma luna o ka mean a me nā pahu kuhi e hōʻike ana i ka hewa maʻamau.Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka chlormequat urinary ma ka mcg o ka chlormequat no ka gram of creatinine ma ka unahi laina a me ka unahi logarithmic.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis o ka ʻokoʻa me ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike lehulehu a Dunn no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi helu.
ʻO nā laʻana meaʻai i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i 2022 a me 2023 i hōʻike i nā pae ʻike ʻia o ka chlormequat i nā mea āpau akā ʻelua o 25 mau huahana oat kuʻuna, me ka ʻike ʻana mai ka undetectable a hiki i ka 291 μg/kg, e hōʻike ana i ka chlormequat i ka oats.He kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka vegetarianism.ʻO nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka makahiki 2022 a me 2023 ua like nā pae awelika: 90 µg/kg a me 114 µg/kg, kēlā me kēia.Hoʻokahi wale nō laʻana o nā huahana oat organik ʻewalu i loaʻa ka maʻiʻo chlormequat ʻike ʻia he 17 µg/kg.Ua ʻike pū mākou i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka chlormequat i ʻelua o nā huahana palaoa ʻeiwa i hoʻāʻo ʻia: 3.5 a me 12.6 μg/kg, kēlā me kēia.
ʻO kēia ka hōʻike mua o ke ana ʻana o ka urinary chlormequat i nā pākeke e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā heluna ma waho o United Kingdom a me Suedena.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻano o ka biomonitoring pesticide ma mua o 1,000 mau ʻōpio ma Suedena i ka helu 100% ʻike no ka chlormequat mai 2000 a 2017. ʻO ka awelika o ka neʻe ʻana i ka makahiki 2017 he 0.86 micrograms o ka chlormequat i kēlā me kēia gram o ka creatinine a ʻike ʻia ua emi iho i ka manawa, me ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa. he 2.77 i ka makahiki 2009.Ma UK, ua ʻike ʻia ka biomonitoring i ka awelika o ka chlormequat ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o 15.1 micrograms o ka chlormequat i ka gram of creatinine ma waena o 2011 a me 2012, ʻoiai ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kēia mau laʻana mai ka poʻe e noho ana i nā wahi mahiʻai.ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka ʻike.ʻO ka hana hoʻopā[15].ʻO kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i ka hōʻike US mai 2017 a i 2022 ua loaʻa nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā haʻawina mua ma ʻEulopa, ʻoiai ma ka 2023 sample median pae i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka laʻana Suedena akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hōʻike UK.
ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma waena o nā wahi a me nā manawa manawa e hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa i nā hana mahiʻai a me ke kūlana hoʻoponopono o ka chlormequat, ka mea i hoʻololi hope i nā pae o ka chlormequat i nā huahana meaʻai.No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi ma 2023 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā makahiki i hala, e hōʻike ana i nā loli e pili ana i nā hana hoʻoponopono EPA e pili ana i ka chlormequat (me nā palena meaʻai chlormequat i 2018).Nā lako meaʻai ʻAmelika i ka wā e hiki mai ana.E hoʻokiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana hoʻohana oat ma 2020. ʻAe kēia mau hana i ka lawe ʻana mai a kūʻai aku i nā huahana mahiʻai i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat, no ka laʻana, mai Kanada.ʻO ka lag ma waena o nā hoʻololi hoʻoponopono EPA a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka chlormequat i loaʻa i ka urine samples ma 2023 hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e kekahi mau kūlana, e like me ka lohi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana mahiʻai e hoʻohana ana i ka chlormequat, nā lohi e nā hui US i ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā ʻaelike kālepa, a kanaka pilikino.ke loaʻa nei ka lohi i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻoat ma muli o ka pau ʻana o nā waihona huahana kahiko a/a i ʻole ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā huahana oat.
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā e hōʻike ana nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā hōʻailona mimi US i ka ʻike ʻana i ka meaʻai i ka chlormequat, ua ana mākou i ka chlormequat i ka oat a me nā huahana palaoa i kūʻai ʻia ma US ma 2022 a me 2023. Loaʻa i nā huahana oat ka chlormequat ma mua o nā huahana palaoa, a me ka nui o ka chlormequat i loko. ʻokoʻa nā huahana oat like ʻole, me ka pae awelika o 104 ppb, ma muli paha o ka hoʻolako ʻana mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia.ma waena o nā huahana i hana ʻia mai ka oats i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat.I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ma nā ʻano meaʻai UK, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka chlormequat i nā huahana huapalaoa e like me ka berena, me ka chlormequat i ʻike ʻia ma 90% o nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma UK ma waena o Iulai a me Kepakemapa 2022. ʻO ka awelika o ka ʻike he 60 ppb.Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka chlormequat ma 82% o nā laʻana oat UK ma ka awelika o ka 1650 ppb, ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka US samples, hiki ke wehewehe i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka urinary concentrations i ʻike ʻia ma UK samples.
Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena biomonitoring i ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlormequat ma mua o 2018, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻae ʻana i ka meaʻai i ka chlormequat.ʻOiai ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻaʻohe ʻikepili mōʻaukala e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hapalua o ke ola o ka chlormequat, manaʻo mākou he meaʻai paha kēia ʻike.Hoʻohui ʻia, hana maoli nā choline precursors i nā huahana palaoa a me nā pauka hua manu i ka chlormequat i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka hana ʻana, e hopena ana i nā ʻano chlormequat mai 5 a 40 ng/g.Hōʻike kā mākou hopena hoʻāʻo meaʻai i kekahi mau laʻana, me ka huahana oat organik, i loaʻa i ka chlormequat ma nā pae e like me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia i nā haʻawina o ka chlormequat kūlohelohe, aʻo nā mea hoʻohālike ʻē aʻe i loaʻa nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka chlormequat.No laila, ʻo nā pae a mākou i ʻike ai i ka mimi a hiki i ka makahiki 2023 ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana i ka meaʻai i ka chlormequat i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana.ʻO nā pae i ʻike ʻia ma 2023 ma muli paha o ka ʻike ʻana i ka meaʻai i ka chlormequat i hana ʻia a me nā huahana lawe ʻia i mālama ʻia me ka chlormequat i ka mahiʻai.ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka chlormequat ma waena o kā mākou mau laʻana ma muli paha o ka wahi ʻāina, nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole, a i ʻole ka ʻike ʻana i ka hana i ka chlormequat ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā kahu hānai.
Ke hōʻike nei kā mākou noiʻi ʻana e pono ana ka nui o ka laʻana a me kahi laʻana o nā meaʻai i mālama ʻia i ka chlormequat no ka loiloi piha ʻana i nā kumu meaʻai o ka chlormequat i nā poʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.ʻO nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana me ka nānā ʻana i ka mimi mōʻaukala a me nā laʻana meaʻai, nā nīnau nīnau meaʻai a me nā ʻoihana, ka nānā mau ʻana i ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai maʻamau a me nā meaʻai maʻamau i United States, a me nā laʻana biomonitoring e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kumu maʻamau o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka chlormequat i ka heluna kanaka US.
ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pae o ka chlormequat i loko o ka mimi a me nā meaʻai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana e hoʻoholo ʻia.Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻae ʻia ka chlormequat i nā huahana oat a me ka palaoa i lawe ʻia mai, akā ke noʻonoʻo nei ka Environment Protection Agency i kāna hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahiʻai i nā mea kanu non-organic home.Inā ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home me ka laha ʻana o ka hana mahiʻai o ka chlormequat ma waho a ma ka ʻāina, hiki ke piʻi aʻe nā pae o ka chlormequat i loko o ka oats, ka palaoa, a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe, e alakaʻi ana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka chlormequat.Huina heluna kanaka US.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o ka chlormequat mimi i kēia manawa a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea hāʻawi hāʻawi pākahi i ka chlormequat ma nā pae ʻelua ma lalo o ka US Environmental Protection Agency reference dose (RfD) (0.05 mg/kg kino kaumaha i kēlā me kēia lā), no laila ua ʻae ʻia. .ʻO ka lawe ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā he mau kauoha o ka nui ma mua o ka waiwai intake i paʻi ʻia e ka European Food Safety Authority (ADI) (0.04 mg / kg kino kino / lā).Eia naʻe, ʻike mākou i nā haʻawina toxicology i paʻi ʻia no ka chlormequat e hōʻike ana he pono ke loiloi hou ʻana i kēia mau paepae palekana.No ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻiole a me nā puaʻa i hōʻike ʻia i nā kau ma lalo o ka RfD a me ADI (0.024 a me 0.0023 mg/kg kino kino / lā, kēlā me kēia) hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka momona.Ma kahi noiʻi toxicology ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka wā hāpai i nā ʻano like me kahi pae hopena ʻino ʻole i nānā ʻia (NOAEL) o 5 mg/kg (hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka helu kuhikuhi US Environmental Protection Agency) i hopena i nā loli i ka ulu ʻana o ka fetal a me ka metabolism, pū kekahi. e like me ka hoololi ana i ke kino.ʻiole neonatal .Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo nā paepae hoʻoponopono i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hui ʻana o nā kemika i hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana hānau, i hōʻike ʻia e loaʻa nā hopena additive a i ʻole nā hopena synergistic ma nā doses haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā kemika pākahi, e hoʻopilikia ai i ka olakino hānau.olakino.ʻO ka hopohopo e pili ana i nā hopena e pili ana i nā pae hoʻolaha o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lehulehu ma ʻEulopa a me US.
ʻO kēia noiʻi pailaka o nā hōʻike kemika hou ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hōʻike ana aia ka chlormequat i nā meaʻai US, ka mea nui i nā huahana oat, a me ka hapa nui o nā ʻano mimi i ʻike ʻia i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kahi kokoke i 100 poʻe ma US, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana i ka chlormequat.Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano o kēia mau ʻikepili i ka piʻi ʻana o nā pae hoʻolaha a hiki ke hoʻomau i ka piʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana.Ma muli o nā hopohopo pili i ka chlormequat i nā haʻawina holoholona, a me ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana o ka lehulehu i ka chlormequat ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa (a i kēia manawa paha i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), i hui pū ʻia me nā noiʻi epidemiological a me nā holoholona, pono e nānā i ka chlormequat i loko. meaʻai a me nā kānaka Chlormequat.He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pōʻino olakino o kēia kemika mahiʻai ma nā pae hoʻolaha koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā hāpai.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-04-2024